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ketoprofen spray

✓ Approved

Giuliani · PTGS1 · Small Molecule

What is ketoprofen spray?

ketoprofen spray is a small molecule developed by Giuliani. It is approved for therapeutic indications via transdermal.

Drug Profile

CompanyGiuliani
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetPTGS1, PTGS2
RouteTransdermal
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Giuliani

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

ketoprofen spray acts on 2 molecular targets:

PTGS1prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (COX3, PCOX1)
PTGS2prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (GRIPGHS, hCox-2)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

ketoprofen spray is developed for 2 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Hepatobiliary disordersHepatitis✓ Approved
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disordersMusculoskeletal pain✓ Approved

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PubMedExpert opinion on drug delivery2026-08-30

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The reduced diversity of the lung microbiome in respiratory conditions, including bronchiectasis, promotes bacterial infection and inflammation, contributing to worsening clinical outcomes. Traditional treatments often fail to address both infection and inflammation. Because of their potential dual-action, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) directly administered to the lungs could represent an innovative therapeutic approach for these diseases. Two powders for inhalation containing Lpb. plantarum, lactose, l-leucine with and without raffinose, a prebiotic, were produced by spray drying and in vitro tested. The focus was on investigating their potential in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities against S. aureus. The powders showed a fine particle fraction (<5 µm) >40% and allowed to maintain anti-inflammatory activity in vitro for both treatment and prevention. Moreover, both the powders led to a significant reduction in S. aureus growth. The stability study of the powders in capsules at different storage conditions showed the preservation of the LAB up to 90 days in refrigerated conditions (4°C/-20°C). This proof-of-concept study shows that inhalable spray-dried live LABs retain biological activity and are suitable for pulmonary delivery, supporting their potential as a microbiota-modulating therapy which, however, requires further preclinical validation.

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Protein-based therapeutics at high-concentrations often face significant development challenges, including high viscosity, limited solubility, poor injectability, and instability concerns. Non-aqueous protein suspensions offer a promising strategy to achieve high protein concentrations while maintaining acceptable viscosity and injectability. In this study, we evaluated the impact of two polymeric excipients (hydrolyzed gelatin, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin or HPβCD) and their combinations on the viscosity, injectability, and stability of high-concentration non-aqueous suspensions containing bovine serum albumin (BSA). Suspension viscosity was characterized by rheological measurement, while injectability was assessed using a custom-built setup to measure plunger force through a syringe with a 27G needle. Spray-dried powders and the corresponding suspensions were subjected to accelerated physical stability (monomer loss) studies. Protein stability and structural integrity were evaluated using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), circular dichroism (CD), and solid-state NMR (ssNMR), while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to assess surface chemical properties of spray-dried particles. Hydrolyzed gelatin provided approximately five-fold greater preservation of monomer content during storage, indicating enhanced protein stability (∼1.5% monomer loss in 90-day stressed storage). In contrast, HPβCD significantly improved injectability, reducing injection force by approximately 5 N compared with formulations containing protein alone (13 N to 8 N). The combination of hydrolyzed gelatin and HPβCD yielded stable and injectable suspensions with protein loadings of 150 - 250 mg/mL. The current work highlighted the potential of polymer-based excipient systems for developing high-concentration injectable suspensions of proteins.

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This study investigates the physicochemical modulation of egg white (EW) via targeted drying to develop dual-action protectants and prebiotics for Bifidobacterium animalis. Using yeast desugarization, freeze-drying (FDEW), and spray-drying (SDEW), we elucidated significant process-induced transformations. FTIR-PCA mapped distinct protein conformational shifts, highlighting heat-induced aggregation and the generation of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) during spray-drying. These chemical modifications strategically altered EW functionality. Desugared FDEW demonstrated superior cryoprotective efficacy, maintaining 63-94% B. animalis viability during lyophilization by mitigating detrimental MRP formation and osmotic stress, outperforming skim milk control. Conversely, heat-induced protein aggregation and MRP synthesis in SDEW prevented the complete mortality of probiotics under severe thermal stress. Furthermore, these thermally modified SDEW matrices exhibited remarkable prebiotic potential, significantly enhancing B. animalis growth kinetics beyond commercial inulin. Ultimately, modulating processing conditions systematically alter EW's structural composition, transforming a ubiquitous ingredient into a highly functional symbiotic delivery system.

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Vitamin A deficiency remains a major public health challenge worldwide, and β-carotene, as a provitamin A carotenoid, is widely used in food fortification to improve vitamin A intake. However, its application in foods is constrained by poor water solubility, limited bioaccessibility, and high susceptibility to heat, light, and oxygen. This review evaluates spray drying as an encapsulation strategy for β-carotene, focusing on the effects of wall materials and operating conditions on powder formation, encapsulation efficiency, stability, and release behavior. It also summarizes the chemical structure, health benefits, and major degradation pathways of β-carotene relevant to food systems. Current studies indicate that spray drying encapsulation can greatly enhance β-carotene performance, with encapsulation efficiencies of up to 99%. Carbohydrate-based carriers, especially maltodextrin, are most commonly used, while proteins such as whey protein isolate are often combined to improve emulsion stability and matrix integrity. Encapsulation has been shown to improve stability during storage and thermal exposure, with some systems retaining more than 99% activity after four weeks at 60°C, while collagen peptide-based crosslinked protein-peptide matrices increased β-carotene bioaccessibility to as high as 82.95% through improved protection during gastric digestion and controlled release in the intestinal phase. Overall, spray drying is a promising and scalable approach for β-carotene delivery in foods, although further research focusing on large-scale continuous processing, cost-effective wall material selection, and long-term stability in complex food matrices is needed to bridge laboratory findings with industrial application.

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