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ketoprofen spray

✓ Approved

Giuliani · PTGS1 · Small Molecule

What is ketoprofen spray?

ketoprofen spray is a small molecule developed by Giuliani. It is approved for therapeutic indications via transdermal.

Drug Profile

CompanyGiuliani
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetPTGS1, PTGS2
RouteTransdermal
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Giuliani

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

ketoprofen spray acts on 2 molecular targets:

PTGS1prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (COX3, PCOX1)
PTGS2prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (GRIPGHS, hCox-2)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

ketoprofen spray is developed for 2 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Hepatobiliary disordersHepatitis✓ Approved
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disordersMusculoskeletal pain✓ Approved

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PubMedCurrent medical research and opinion2026-07-17

Cost-effectiveness of nasal adrenaline in the treatment of anaphylaxis.

Nasser Shuaib S, Bottazzi Luca L, Lang Andrea A, Skou Rebecca R et al.

Nasal adrenaline spray is a novel needle-free alternative for the emergency treatment of anaphylaxis. Evidence on its cost-effectiveness versus adrenaline auto-injectors (AAIs) is currently limited. This analysis evaluates the cost-effectiveness of the nasal adrenaline spray versus an AAI in individuals ≥ 30 kg (approximately 8 years of age) at risk of all-cause anaphylaxis in the United Kingdom (UK). A de novo Markov cohort model was developed for the UK setting from a societal perspective over a lifetime horizon. Four health states captured the risks and consequences of anaphylaxis. Clinical inputs included the probability of initial and recurrent anaphylactic episodes, adrenaline carriage, whether used, administration accuracy and needle-related administration errors. Costs included product acquisition, training, emergency care, hospitalization, needle-related administration errors, and productivity loss. Outcomes were quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), with costs and benefits discounted at 3.5% annually. The impact of uncertainty was assessed using deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. In the base case, the nasal adrenaline spray was dominant versus the AAI, yielding 0.26 additional QALYs at a lower cost (-£681). Cost differences were mainly driven by product acquisition, hospitalization rates and productivity loss. Results were robust across scenario analyses but were sensitive to assumptions about adrenaline carriage and use. In the UK, the nasal adrenaline spray may be a cost-effective alternative to AAIs, largely due to assumed higher carriage and greater likelihood of use during anaphylactic episodes. Further real-world evidence is needed to validate these assumptions and their impact on cost-effectiveness.

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Variable fluid mechanics explain why static efficacy tests overestimate sanitizer performance against Listeria.

Jiao Yang Y, Baker Jakob J, Slaughter Calvin C, Daeschel Devin D et al.

Pathogen cross-contamination during food production is primarily controlled through environmental sanitation. However, sanitizer efficacy is often studied in bench-scale experiments that poorly approximate the fluid dynamics of sanitization and limit our understanding of commercial sanitization efficacy. This study paired computational fluid dynamics estimates of shear stress with experimental measurements of Listeria innocua reduction on stainless steel following treatment with 100 ppm hypochlorite sanitizer. At the pilot scale, sanitizer spray manually applied by researchers achieved a 2.6 ± 0.4 log CFU/surface reduction; however, microbial reduction from manual operation of sanitizer spray equipment differed significantly between researchers (P < 0.05). Microbial reduction varied by location following stationary, bench-scale spray application of sanitizer for 3 s. The greatest reduction was at the point of sanitizer spray impingement (7.5 ± 0.5 log CFU/surface) and directly adjacent to the impingement point (6.4 ± 0.7 log CFU/surface), where shear stress was the highest. Significantly less microbial reduction (0.4 ± 0.1 log CFU/surface) occurred where shear stress was lowest in the fluid film of sanitizer running down from the impingement point (P < 0.05). Static submersion of inoculated coupons in sanitizer for 3 s resulted in a log reduction of 2.3 ± 0.1 log CFU/surface. Discrepancies between bench-scale spraying, pilot-scale spraying, and submerged coupons demonstrate the need for sanitizer efficacy testing under realistic conditions to better estimate the risk reduction achieved through sanitation programs.IMPORTANCESanitation is critical for controlling pathogen cross-contamination during food production. These findings highlight the limitations of traditional approaches to sanitizer efficacy testing, not because they are invalid, but because they do not reflect the level of microbial reduction typically achieved in application. We demonstrate that these differences in outcomes are attributable to fluid dynamics and exposure, which are not well approximated in submerged coupon experiments. Accurate estimation of microbial reduction from sanitizer application is needed to guide food safety policy decisions. For example, overestimation of the risk reduction conferred by sanitizer treatment may result in food safety policies that neglect other sources of microbial reduction within sanitation programs.

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Availability of Naloxone in Retail Pharmacies Following Introduction of Over-the-Counter Status.

Eldridge Lori Ann LA, Kline David D, Fields Kayleigh K, Lewis Briana B et al.

Expanding access to naloxone is an essential strategy in addressing the overdose crisis in the US. In March 2023, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the first over-the-counter (OTC) naloxone nasal spray, representing a substantial shift in public health policy and pharmacy practice. To assess the same-day availability of naloxone without a prescription across US retail pharmacies and examine pharmacy and neighborhood factors associated with access following OTC approval. This cross-sectional study used a secret shopper design to assess availability of naloxone in retail pharmacies in the US from January 15 to April 30, 2024. Participants included a stratified random sample of 1108 pharmacies from the 7 largest corporate pharmacy chains and an eighth stratum incorporating other retail pharmacies. Pharmacy characteristics (chain size, type, and affiliation) and neighborhood sociodemographic indicators (racial and ethnic composition and area deprivation index). Same-day naloxone availability without a prescription, location of naloxone within the store, price, and alternative access suggestions. Among the 1108 pharmacies contacted, an estimated 61.40% (95% CI, 57.34%-65.46%) of those with naloxone in stock reported it was available without a prescription. Naloxone was located at the pharmacy counter (estimate, 58.14% [95% CI, 53.59%-62.68%]), self-service aisles (estimate, 31.74% [95% CI, 27.59%-35.89%]), and front checkout areas (estimate, 8.99% [95% CI, 6.64%-11.34%]). The mean (SE) cost was $52.07 ($1.50) (95% CI, $49.12-$55.02). Among pharmacies without same-day naloxone (estimate, 38.60% [95% CI, 34.54%-42.66%]), respondents equally referred callers to another pharmacy or had no suggestions (estimate, 45.84% [95% CI, 37.77%-53.91%]), 4.46% (95% CI, 0.70%-8.21%) offered other suggestions (hospital, public service agencies, online service, or cannabis dispensary), 3.87% (95% CI, 0.48%-7.25%) suggested the public health department, and 0.06% (95% CI, 0.00%-0.17%) suggested syringe service programs. Pharmacies classified as food and/or mass merchandisers, independent, or medical affiliated had a lower odds ratio of offering same-day naloxone compared with corporate chains. In separate analyses, pharmacies located in areas with higher proportions of White residents were more likely to offer naloxone. Area deprivation index-defined neighborhood disadvantage, which does not include race in its calculation, was not associated with naloxone availability. In this cross-sectional study of pharmacies across the US, same-day naloxone availability and price remained uneven following OTC approval. As an initial national evaluation of same-day naloxone availability and price after OTC approval, the findings showed differences in implementation across pharmacy types and community demographic features. Although enactment of the OTC policy was necessary, its intended benefits were not realized equally in practice. Expanding pharmacist education and targeting support for independent and medical-affiliated pharmacies may help improve naloxone access, especially in rural and underserved areas.

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Infection risk assessment and safe contact distance determination for multi-nozzle water spray aerosols using a DPM-QMRA approach.

Xu Peng-Cheng PC, Yao Shu-Qing SQ, Zhang Chong-Miao CM, Wang Xiaochang C XC

Reclaimed water is increasingly used in spray-based applications, including landscape fountains, urban greening, agricultural irrigation, and road cleaning, to alleviate urban water scarcity. However, these activities can generate pathogen-laden aerosols that pose potential health risks to exposed populations. This study developed an integrated quantitative framework for multi-nozzle spray scenarios to evaluate wind-dependent infection risks and determine differentiated safe contact distances. The discrete phase model (DPM) was used to simulate aerosol transport and spatial distribution, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Coxsackievirus were selected as representative bacterial and viral indicators. By coupling computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), inhalation exposure and associated infection risks were quantified under varying wind conditions. Results showed that aerosol concentrations and infection risks declined sharply within 10 m of the spray source, whereas higher wind speeds enhanced downwind transport and extended the exposure range. Sensitivity analysis identified pathogen concentration in reclaimed water as the most influential factor, followed by exposure frequency and exposure duration. Based on the U.S. EPA benchmark annual infection risk threshold of 10-4, recommended safe contact distances were >8 m upwind and >10 m downwind. This study provides a scientific basis for risk-informed design and management of reclaimed water spray systems.

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PubMedChemical communications (Cambridge, England)2026-07-16

Energetic multi-component salts of ammonium dinitramide with enhanced properties.

Khumsri Akachai A, Chandwani Monica C MC, Nichol Gary S GS, Kennedy Stuart R SR et al.

Three ADN-based energetic multicomponent salts with GDN, GN and NTO were synthesised. Phase-pure ADN:GDN and ADN:GN were produced in bulk by mechanochemistry and spray drying methods to give free-flowing powders with controlled particle size, reduced hygroscopicity, lower impact/friction sensitivity, favorable oxygen balance, and predictable DSC/TGA behavior, advancing the field of greener propellants.

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Moond Vishali V, Khan Arsalan A, Maan Soban S, Byale Anjali A et al.

Both fully covered self-expanding metal stents (FCSEMS) and liquid nitrogen spray cryotherapy with balloon dilation (cryodilation; LNSC) are established modalities for palliating malignant esophageal disease. FCSEMS offers immediate luminal patency, while LNSC provides non-contact tissue ablation. Comparative data on clinical efficacy and safety are limited. We aimed to compare outcomes between FCSEMS and LNSC in patients with esophageal malignancy. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing either FCSEMS (n=131) or cryodilation (n=38) for malignant esophageal obstruction. Clinical data included demographics, lesion characteristics, comorbidities, technical and clinical outcomes, and adverse events. Technical success was defined as successful completion of the intended procedure. Clinical success was defined as improvement or stabilization of dysphagia (Ogilvie scale), with pre- and post-procedural scores recorded. A sensitivity analysis restricted improvement to ≥1-point Ogilvie score change. Adverse events were classified by type, timing (early ≤14 days vs. late 15-30 days), and ASGE Lexicon severity. Multivariable logistic regression and a propensity score sensitivity analysis were performed to adjust for lesion location, comorbidities, disease stage, and prior therapy. A subgroup analysis was restricted to distal esophageal/GEJ lesions. Technical success was achieved in 100% of cases in both groups. Clinical success was observed in 86.8% of LNSC patients vs. 71.0% of FCSEMS patients (p = 0.057; OR 2.70, 95% CI 0.93-7.83). Median Ogilvie dysphagia score improved from 3 to 2 in FCSEMS (change -1, IQR 0 to -2) and from 3 to 1 in LNSC (change -2, IQR -1 to -2). Adverse events were significantly more common in the FCSEMS group (31.3% vs. 7.9%, p = 0.037; aOR 0.21, 95% CI 0.06-0.76 favouring LNSC). In the FCSEMS cohort, stent migration (19.1%) and intolerance requiring removal (7.6%) were the most frequent events, predominantly early (≤14 days). Minor bleeding (1.5%), tissue overgrowth (1.5%), and food impaction (1.5%) were infrequent. No perforations occurred in either group. In LNSC, three patients (7.9%) developed delayed stricture (late events). All complications were managed endoscopically. In this retrospective study, both FCSEMS and cryodilation are effective palliative options for malignant esophageal obstruction. Cryodilation was associated with fewer adverse events, while clinical success rates were comparable. Both modalities have distinct roles in a multidisciplinary palliative strategy, and prospective studies are needed to guide patient selection.

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