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Therapeutic Indications
tolterodine is developed for 2 unique indications across 1 therapeutic area.
Therapeutic Area
Condition
Phase
Renal and urinary disorders
Hypertonic bladder
✓ Approved
Renal and urinary disorders
Urinary incontinence
✓ Approved
Related Research Articles
PubMedInternational journal of pharmaceutics2026-07-17
A structure dosage form approach for solubility and dissolution rate enhancement.
Zuo Xianghao X, Jain Uday U, Deng Feihuang F, Hui Ho-Wah HW et al.
Despite various attempts at solubility enhancement and advances in formulation technologies, improving the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble compounds remains a significant challenge. Melt extrusion deposition (MED®) 3D printing is an additive manufacturing technology developed specifically for pharmaceutical applications to produce dosage forms with complex internal and external geometrical structures. This technology provides novel solutions and unique opportunities for enhancing the bioavailability of poorly soluble compounds through structurally engineered tablets and supports the development of patient-centric medications tailored to meet diverse clinical needs. This study describes the use of MED® technology to formulate a poorly water-soluble model compound, enhance its solubility, and modulate its release profile to achieve immediate release (IR), extended release (ER), and extended-plus-delayed release (ER + DR). After the model compound was formulated as an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD), the solubility in distilled water increased to around 60 μg/mL, representing up to a 4-fold increase relative to its thermodynamic solubility (∼15 μg/mL). Utilizing the same ASD drug-core formulation, two distinct 3D-printed tablet structures were designed and fabricated: a mesh structure for an IR tablet and a multi-compartment structure with variable-thickness delayed-release layers for an ER + DR tablet. These designs enabled tailored release profiles for the poorly water-soluble model compound. This structure-driven approach via MED® 3D printing enables both solubility enhancement and precise release modulation for poorly water-soluble drugs, thereby providing a new pathway for the rational design and efficient development of tablet dosage forms.
Green synthesized cobalt doped graphene quantum dots derived from Boswellia serrata for dual ligand targeted bioimaging and delivery of exemestane.
Harde Minal T MT, Ingle Rahul R, Dhamal Sakshi S, Deshmukh Prashant P et al.
Major objective of hydrothermal method is to achieve the synthesis of Cobalt doped Graphene quantum dots (Co-GQDs) using natural precursor (Boswellia serrata gum resin). The Co-GQDs were surface engineered with folic acid (FA) and hyaluronic acid (HA) to enable dual targeting module (Co-GQDFH), followed by loading of the anticancer drug Exemestane (EXE@Co-GQDs). The nanosized, crystallite structure with high luminescence intensity was maintained after functionalization and drug loading process was assessed from preliminary physicochemical analysis. The EXE@Co-GQDFH forms complex via passive loading approach and achieves and entrapment efficiency of 68.58%. The in-vitro drug release study shows extended release of EXE from the surface functionalized Co-GQDFH for 24 h and releases (~ 88%) maximum encapsulated drug. The dose dependent toxicity was observed for EXE@Co-GQDFH (49.5 µg/ml) on MCF-7 cell breast cancer cell types while IC50 value was comparable to 5-Fluorouracil. The fluorescent Co-GQD shows high bioimaging and cellular uptake efficiency in MCF-7 cells. The surface conjugation with FA and HA on Co-GQDs shows enhanced activity with zone of inhibition was found to be 25 mm while the Co-GQD shows 20 mm suggest conjugation improved the antimicrobial effect. Radical scavenging activity was also demonstrated, with Co-GQDs showing 77.92% and EXE@Co-GQDs was 59.02% DPPH inhibition. These results suggest that surface-engineered Co-GQDs offer a multidentate nanoplatform for targeted delivery, imaging, and therapy in breast cancer applications.
Carpal Tunnel Release: Technical Considerations for the Orthopaedic Trauma Surgeon.
Coscia Atticus A, Weinerman Jonathan J, Hake Mark M, Lawton Jeffrey J
Emergent carpal tunnel release is indicated for acute carpal tunnel syndrome, most commonly secondary to distal radius fracture and may be performed in the setting of forearm/hand compartment syndrome along with forearm and/or hand fasciotomies if median nerve compression is suspected. Carpal tunnel release can safely and efficiently be performed concurrent to fracture fixation and/or compartment release, generally with excellent results. This abstract is intended to serve as a succinct review for orthopaedic traumatologists who do not routinely perform carpal tunnel release on an elective basis, describing the relevant anatomy, structures at risk, and an incision design required to successfully perform open carpal tunnel release.
Quantifying turbulence-burst-induced PFASs release across the sediment-water interface: 3D coupled computation of the boundary layer zone.
Guo Peng P, Hua Zulin Z, Wang Peng P, Yu Liang L
Turbulence bursting induced by hydrodynamic forcing within the boundary layer is a dominant driver of PFASs release and transport. Existing models rarely account for the vortex structures generated during bursting events, leading to incomplete quantification of burst-driven release processes. To address this gap, a coupled numerical model was developed to simulate PFASs release from sediments under turbulence-burst forcing, including PFASs transport through pore water, and subsequent transfer across the sediment-water interface into the overlying water. The model employs a Detached Eddy Simulation approach to resolve boundary-layer vortex structures and incorporates a hydrodynamic effect factor to enhance PFASs release responsiveness. Velocity threshold, determined by comparing release depths, was used to define the effective range. By jointly resolving the overlying water and pore water domains, the model provides a more accurate characterisation of boundary-layer processes. The simulations reproduce pore-water PFASs gradients and align with measured residual sediment concentrations (R² = 0.84). The model captures the relationship between PFASs release and vortex intensity under three flow situations. Notably, short-chain PFASs exhibit greater downward penetration under high-intensity vortical structures. Localised high-concentration enrichment zones were observed within the sediments under weak vortex-driven conditions. The results demonstrate that vortex evolution during turbulence bursting significantly influences PFASs release dynamics. This model provides a valuable framework for understanding the micro-scale processes governing PFASs release at the sediment-water interface.
Polarized release of brain microvascular endothelial cell- derived extracellular vesicles is functionally coupled to leukocyte transendothelial migration.
Krajewski Dylan D, Ge Shujun S, Jellison Evan R ER, Wu Yi Y et al.
Background Abundant evidence indicates extracellular vesicles (EVs) (exosomes and microvesicles) are mediators of intercellular communication. Previous reports from this group further showed that EVs from brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) transferred the tight junction protein (TJ) claudin-5 (CLN-5) to leukocytes in vitro and during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, leading us to hypothesize that such interaction might facilitate transendothelial migration (TEM) by a "zipper mechanism" whereby CLN-5 molecules on leukocyte-bound EVs temporarily replace those at interendothelial junctions. Such a mechanism is likely to be under strict spatiotemporal control. A corollary to this is that EVs are released from BMEC in a polar manner, such that only those released from the apical surface interact with leukocytes, while those from the basolateral surface bind adventitial targets. Methods To assess polar EV release from BMEC and subsequent BMEC EV:leukocyte interactions during TEM using transwell assays, flow cytometry, nanoparticle tracking, super-resolution and live-time imaging were used. Results It was shown that EV release was highly polarized, as EVs accumulated predominantly in the chamber facing their membrane of origin. Supportive of polarized exosome release, apical and basolateral membrane material appeared segregated into discrete multivesicular body populations. Consistent with a role in TEM, apical-derived BMEC EVs preferentially bound leukocytes in a manner dependent on leukocyte adhesion, with TEM suppressed when EV release was inhibited. Polarized EV release was maintained under physiological flow, wherein CLN-5 + EVs exhibited near exclusive release at the apical surface, possibly reflecting their predisposition toward interacting with circulating immune cells. Conclusion BMEC EVs are released in a polarized manner and those derived from the apical surface focally interact with adherent leukocytes. That inhibition of EV release further suppressed TEM suggests that BMEC EV:leukocyte binding is functionally coupled to the TEM process.
Kosolapova Kseniia K, Sheikh Tariq T, Mir Wasim J WJ, Bioud Youcef A YA et al.
InAs colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are promising for shortwave infrared (SWIR) optoelectronics, due to their size-tunable optical properties, compatibility with CMOS technology, and compliance with the RoHS directive. However, increasing CQD size to achieve extended SWIR (eSWIR) bandgaps and improving charge transport often compromises colloidal stability. Ultralong InAs colloidal quantum nanorods (CQNRs) were synthesized through chemical control using lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (LiN(Si(CH3)3)2), which promotes their elongation, enabling the synthesis of nanorods up to ∼200 nm in length. Transitioning from spherical QDs to nanorods allows size extension without inducing aggregation or precipitation. The resulting CQNRs exhibit excellent colloidal stability and absorption up to 2000 nm in the eSWIR region. Photodiodes fabricated from these CQNRs exhibit very low dark current (6 μA cm-2) and high external quantum efficiency (10.6%), attributed to enhanced percolation pathways with reduced hopping resistance, consistent with four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy and lateral transport measurements. Ultralong, colloidally stable InAs CQNRs combine extended eSWIR absorption with efficient charge transport, making them suitable for environmentally compliant large CQDs in next-generation high-performance eSWIR optoelectronic devices.