Drug Database
MI

mixed amphetamine salts extended release (Adderall XR / Adderall, Microtrol / MAS XR)

✓ Approved

Shire · SLC18A2 · Small Molecule

What is mixed amphetamine salts extended release?

mixed amphetamine salts extended release is a small molecule developed by Shire. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesAdderall XR, Adderall, Microtrol, MAS XR
CompanyShire
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetSLC18A2
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Shire

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

mixed amphetamine salts extended release acts on 1 molecular target:

SLC18A2solute carrier family 18 member A2 (SVMT, VAT2)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

mixed amphetamine salts extended release is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Psychiatric disordersAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder✓ Approved

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PubMedChemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)2026-10-15

Azoimidazolium Salts as a Platform for Persistent Neutral Aminyl Radicals and Mesoionic Carbene Au(I) Complexes as Cell-Permeable Fluorophores.

Dusso Diego D, López-Saladino Osvaldo F OF, Vázquez-Sandoval Ixsoyen F IF, Jiménez-Sánchez Arturo A et al.

Strategic electronic matching between imidazolium precursors and aryldiazonium salts enables the synthesis of azoimidazolium derivatives via an operationally simple, base-promoted protocol that circumvents the need for column chromatography. The resulting azoimidazolium scaffolds serve as precursors of highly persistent neutral aminyl radicals, which exhibit remarkable stability with negligible decay after 3 weeks in the solid state. Furthermore, these salts were successfully employed as a versatile platform to access novel Au(I)-mesoionic carbene (MIC) complexes. When evaluated in living human glioblastoma A172 cells, these Au(I)-MIC acted as efficient, cell-permeable fluorophores with an unprecedented substituent-governed, dual-channel readout spanning from the green to the red region, governed by donor strength of the peripheral substituents.

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PubMedNature communications2026-10-15

On-demand design of controlled-release systems using an expert-mimic AI framework.

Qin Ying Y, Zhou Rushuang R, Ming Yali Y, Li Bohao B et al.

Navigating a vast formulation-preparation design space that is highly sensitive to perturbations makes trial-and-error approaches inefficient and costly for diverse clinical needs. Here, we introduce an expert-mimic AI framework called E-MAF that integrates a process-aware surrogate with an optimized genetic algorithm to emulate coarse-to-fine reasoning, autonomously generating lab-ready designs tailored to desired release profiles. We show that E-MAF delivers on-demand release and shortens design cycles from 6-12 months to approximately 1 hour. We demonstrate that in vitro release, in vivo pharmacokinetics and therapeutic effects match or surpass commercial benchmarks across 7 active pharmaceutical ingredients. We show that E-MAF also enables release profiles that are hard to achieve by conventional approaches, exemplified by ≤2% risperidone burst within 1 h and near-zero-order release over ~28 days in vivo. These results demonstrate E-MAF's potential to accelerate polymeric controlled-release system development and drug-delivery industrialization.

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PubMedNature reviews. Rheumatology2026-10-15

Emerging therapies for knee osteoarthritis.

Courties Alice A, Winkler Tobias T, Conaghan Philip G PG, Berenbaum Francis F

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent form of OA and a leading cause of chronic pain and disability worldwide. Its growing burden, driven mainly by ageing and obesity, is associated with major societal costs and increased cardiovascular mortality. Knee OA is now recognized as a heterogeneous whole-joint disease involving biomechanical, metabolic, inflammatory, osteochondral and neurovascular mechanisms. This complexity helps to explain why existing analgesics have modest efficacy and why disease-modifying OA drug development has repeatedly faltered. The therapeutic landscape is nevertheless evolving rapidly. Emerging symptomatic strategies include incretin-based therapies (semaglutide is the first to show substantial benefits for pain and function), neurotrophin modulation, extended-release intra-articular glucocorticoids, lubricating injectables and image-guided neurovascular interventions. In parallel, candidate disease-modifying OA drugs target cartilage anabolism, Wnt signalling, matrix-degrading enzymes, subchondral bone remodelling, immunometabolic pathways and local gene therapy. Several treatments, including locally administered GLP1 receptor agonists, the anabolic agent TPX-100 and intra-articular IL-1 receptor antagonist gene therapy, have shown encouraging signals, whereas mesenchymal stromal cell therapies have thus far demonstrated inconsistent efficacy across phase III clinical trials, highlighting the need for further standardization of mesenchymal stromal cell products and optimization of patient selection. Recent advances signal a shift towards a more diverse therapeutic landscape for knee OA, with emerging opportunities to target both symptoms and the underlying mechanisms of disease.

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Extended Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Versus Aspirin Monotherapy After Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis With GRADE Evaluation and Trial Sequential Analysis.

Ali Muhammad Abdullah MA, Nawaz Adil A, Sethi Furqan Ahmad FA, Alam Umama U et al.

The optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) following drug-eluting stent implantation remains uncertain. We evaluated extended DAPT versus aspirin monotherapy in patients who completed approximately 12 months of uneventful DAPT after percutaneous coronary intervention. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched through August 2026 for randomized controlled trials comparing these strategies. The primary outcome was myocardial infarction (MI); secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality, cardiac death, stent thrombosis, repeat revascularization, stroke, and clinically relevant bleeding (Bleeding Academic Research Consortium type 2-5). Risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using a Mantel-Haenszel random-effects model. Certainty was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE), and trial sequential analysis was performed for MI. Six trials involving 28,601 patients were included. Extended DAPT significantly reduced MI compared with aspirin monotherapy (RR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.51-0.85; P = 0.001; I2 = 37%). No significant differences were observed in all-cause mortality, cardiac death, stent thrombosis, repeat revascularization, or stroke. Clinically relevant bleeding was also not significantly different (RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.66-2.15; P = 0.56), although substantial heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 87%) and certainty was low. GRADE certainty was high for MI, cardiac death, and repeat revascularization; moderate for all-cause mortality; and low for stent thrombosis and bleeding. Trial sequential analysis for MI crossed the conventional significance boundary but not the trial sequential monitoring boundary or required information size. Extended DAPT may reduce MI, but individualized assessment of ischemic and bleeding risk remains important, and further adequately powered trials are warranted.

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Comparative evaluation of the antipyretic and analgesic efficacy and safety of a fast-release paracetamol 650 mg formulation vs. conventional paracetamol formulations in adults with acute febrile or febrile-pain conditions: a multicenter randomized controlled trial.

Mondal Susobhan S, Ikbal S K Ashik SKA, Agrawal Sumit S, Raykantiwar Amar A et al.

Paracetamol is widely used for management of fever/pain. With increasing emphasis on rapid symptom relief, this study compared the response following a single 650 mg oral dose of four commercially available tablets in acute febrile and febrile-pain conditions. This multicenter, open-label trial (CTRI/2025/12/098995) included adults (18-60 years) with oral temperature ≥38 °C (with/without pain) and symptom onset within ≤72 h. Consenting participants were randomized (1:1:1:1) to receive a single dose of the test fast release test paracetamol (A) and conventional paracetamol (B, C, D) drug. Oral body temperature(digital thermometer) and pain (numerical rating scale (NRS) were assessed at predefined intervals till 90 ± 2 min. Outcomes included magnitude and onset of antipyretic and analgesic effects, adverse events (AEs), and patient satisfaction. Among 220 febrile participants (55% women; mean temperature 38.51 °C), 169 reported pain (mean NRS score 7.31). At 90 ± 2 min, fast release paracetamol demonstrated significantly greater reduction in temperature (1.54 °C), along with the fastest rate of decline (1.03 °C/hr), and the shortest restricted mean time to defervescence (84.27 min), resulting in majority of participants (60.0%) experiencing defervescence (temperature ≤37 °C). Pain reduction was also significantly greater with fast release test paracetamol (5.2 units; 3.4 units/hr), with onset of analgesia (≥30% reduction in NRS score) after a comparatively shorter median time (30 min; conventional, 60-90 min). By 90 ± 2 min, pain resolved (NRS score = 0) in 23.2% (A), 22.5% (B), 11.9% (C), and 6.8% (D) participants, with restricted mean times to resolution being 90.00, 89.25, 89.29, and 90.00 min, respectively. Overall, 82.2% participants reported treatment satisfaction, with likelihood highest for fast-release test paracetamol (A). Four participants reported unrelated, mild/moderate AEs. All evaluated paracetamol 650 mg formulations demonstrated antipyretic and analgesic activity within 90 min, while the fast-release formulation showed earlier and, for several assessed outcomes, greater reductions in temperature and pain. These findings may support consideration of formulation choice when rapid early symptomatic relief is desired. CTRI/2025/12/098995.

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