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enalapril maleate + HCTZ (Vasoretic / Vaseretic / Renidur)

✓ Approved

Merck & Co. · ACE · Small Molecule

What is enalapril maleate + HCTZ?

enalapril maleate + HCTZ is a small molecule developed by Merck & Co.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesVasoretic, Vaseretic, Renidur
CompanyMerck & Co.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetACE, SLC12A3
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Merck & Co.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

enalapril maleate + HCTZ acts on 2 molecular targets:

ACEangiotensin I converting enzyme (DCP1, ACE1)
SLC12A3solute carrier family 12 member 3 (NCCT, NCC)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

enalapril maleate + HCTZ is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Vascular disordersHypertension✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedAnnales pharmaceutiques francaises2026-07-17

Design Space Exploration and Multi-Color Analytical Profiling of a BBD Assisted RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Butamirate Citrate and Chlorpheniramine Maleate.

Bhaskar Siddhesh Sanjay SS, Zine Sandip Prabhakar SP, Bagul Vijay A VA, Tiwari Anand R AR et al.

Analytical Quality-by-Design principles were used to develop and validate a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous quantification of butamirate citrate and chlorpheniramine maleate in pharmaceutical formulations. Box- Behnken Design systematically optimized three critical variables mobile phase pH, flow rate, and column temperature with response surface plots confirming robust chromatographic performance. Using an isocratic mobile phase of ethanol: water (40:60 v/v) containing 0.33% triethylamine and adjusted to pH 6.0 using 1% orthophosphoric acid, separation was accomplished on a Waters Spherisorb cyano column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) at 1.2 mL/min with photodiode array detection at 225 nm. Validation per ICH Q2(R2) demonstrated excellent linearity (r²=0.999) across 112-337 μg/mL and 10-30 μg/mL for both analytes, with percentage recoveries of 99% and 98%, respectively. Environmental sustainability was confirmed through Analytical Eco-scale (score: 80), Analytical Greenness metric (0.69), and Complex Modified Green Analytical Procedure Index (83). Analytical performance was evaluated using the Red Analytical Performance Index (70) and Multi-Color Assessment Tool (72.6%), collectively reflecting strong scope, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. Reliable quantification of both compounds in pharmaceutical dosage forms is offered by a validated, environmentally friendly approach, supporting routine quality control and research applications.

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PubMedClinical and experimental hypertension (New York, N.Y. : 1993)2026-07-15

Does hydrochlorothiazide-associated hyponatremia in hypertensive individuals have a genetic origin?

Ozkan Gulsum G, Celik Caner C, Tozkir Hilmi H, Asıkovali Semih S et al.

Hyponatremia is one of the most common electrolyte disorders in clinical practice and is frequently observed following thiazide use. Advanced age and female gender are implicated in the etiology of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)-associated hyponatremia. There has also recently been mention of a genetic disposition. This study evaluated the genetic component, and particularly the clinical significance, of variants in the SLC12A3 gene in the development of hyponatremia in hypertensive patients using HCTZ-group diuretics. Ninety-five patients presenting to the Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University nephrology clinic and receiving antihypertensive therapy including HCTZ for at least one month were examined. Peripheral blood specimens were collected from hyponatremic (n = 62) and non-hyponatremic (n = 33) individuals. Variants in the SLC12A3 gene were analyzed using next generation sequencing and were compared with the clinical data. A total of 947 variants were detected in the SLC12A3 gene, the majority of which were classified as of uncertain significance. Hyponatremia was determined at a higher rate in patients with c.506-276A>G (75.00%), c.282+492G>A (85.70%), c.282+499G>C (87.00%), c.282+495G>A (85.00%), and c.505+375G>A (92.30%) variants in particular. The risk of hyponatremia development increased 9.2-fold in the presence of the c.282+492G>A variant (OR = 9.243; 95% CI: 2.259-37.818; p = 0.002). In conclusion, we think that HCTZ-associated hyponatremia cannot be predicted by clinical and biochemical parameters alone, and that genetic factors should also be considered. Further multi-center prospective studies involving larger populations will clarify the clinical significance of variants in SLC12A3 and other genes and will make a significant contribution to individualized therapeutic approaches.

PMID 42454948
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PubMedPolymers2026-07-15

Architecture-Dependent Thermal Decomposition of RAFT-Modified Polypropylene Glycol Maleate-Acrylic Acid Copolymers: Results of TG-MS and Kinetic Analysis.

Sarsenbekova Akmaral Zh AZ, Makhmutova Almagul S AS, Zhunissova Meruyert S MS, Remetova Nazigul S NS et al.

The effect of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization on the structure, morphology, and thermal degradation behavior of polypropylene glycol maleate-acrylic acid copolymers (p-PGM:AA) was investigated using 2-cyano-2-propyl dodecyl trithiocarbonate (CPDT) as the RAFT agent. Copolymers synthesized at different CPDT concentrations were characterized by 1H/13C NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry (TG-MS), isoconversional kinetic methods, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. 1H NMR spectroscopy revealed a progressive decrease in the relative intensity of vinyl proton signals with increasing CPDT concentration, indicating enhanced conversion of unsaturated fragments during copolymerization. Alkaline hydrolysis followed by 1H NMR and GPC analysis of the degradation products confirmed cleavage of polyester segments and yielded low-molecular-weight fragments with Mn = 1370 g mol-1 and narrow dispersity (Đ = 1.035), providing additional information on the architecture of the vinyl-polymerized segments. Increasing CPDT concentration resulted in lower molecular weights and narrower molecular weight distributions of the soluble copolymer fractions. TEM analysis demonstrated broader domain size distributions and increased morphological heterogeneity in RAFT-modified samples, accompanied by an increase in swelling degree. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that RAFT-modified systems undergo multi-stage thermal degradation with the appearance of an additional low-temperature stage associated with thermolabile fragments. TG-MS revealed earlier evolution of CO2 and oxygen-containing species and changes in the distribution of volatile products. DFT calculations indicated a decrease in the HOMO-LUMO energy gap and suggested the participation of RAFT-derived fragments in the energetic characteristics of decarboxylation processes. Isoconversional and nonlinear kinetic analyses demonstrated increased kinetic heterogeneity for branched copolymer s synthesized at elevated CPDT concentrations, whereas cross-linked systems exhibited more uniform degradation behavior. The combined experimental and theoretical results demonstrate that RAFT polymerization provides an effective route for tuning the macromolecular architecture, morphology, and thermal degradation pathways of p-PGM:AA copolymers.

PMID 42452057
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PubMedBiomedicine hub2026-07-11

Treatment Outcome and Associated Factors among Chronic Kidney Disease Patients at Zewditu Memorial Hospital and Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.

Berhe Teshome T, Negash Zenebe Z, Tegegne Gobezie T GT, Berha Alemseged Beyene AB

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a major treatment challenge in low- and middle-income countries due to limited resources, delayed diagnosis, poor access to essential medicines, and inadequate renal replacement services. Given the limited evidence on CKD management and outcomes in these settings, this study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes and associated factors among patients with CKD at Zewditu Memorial Hospital and Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia. A retrospective cross-sectional study design was employed. All adult patients with CKD attending the renal clinics at both hospitals between March and July 2019 were enrolled. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were collected through structured patient interviews and review of medical records. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23. Of 300 CKD patients included in the study, nearly half of them had CKD-related complications, and 11% were in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Among those with complications, 29% had hospitalization prior to data extraction. Most participants (83.7%) adhered to clinician-recommended non-pharmacological interventions. Enalapril and amlodipine were prescribed for 39.0% and 37.3% of patients, respectively, and polypharmacy was observed in 53.3% of patients with stage five CKD. A substantial proportion of patients  with CKD had complications, including hospitalization and ESRD. Polypharmacy was prevalent among patients with advanced CKD, underscoring the need for comprehensive management and close monitoring to improve treatment outcomes.

PMID 42433603
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PubMedJACC. Case reports2026-07-10

Nonsurgical Management of a Post-Traumatic Left Ventricular Septal Aneurysm in a 13-Year-Old Male.

Jocson Cyndee C, Argrave Melvin M, Nasworthy Mandy M

A 13-year-old previously healthy boy developed a left ventricular septal aneurysm following blunt chest trauma, presenting with electrocardiographic changes and elevated troponin. Echocardiography demonstrated an apical septal aneurysm without ventricular septal defect and with preserved systolic function. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed near-transmural late gadolinium enhancement. He was managed conservatively with enalapril, propranolol, and aspirin and remained clinically stable with preserved function. Traumatic left ventricular aneurysms without associated defects and with preserved function may be managed nonsurgically in selected pediatric patients, with multimodal imaging, appropriate medical therapy, and close serial follow-up.

PMID 42429730
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PubMedBiochemical and biophysical research communications2026-07-10

High-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid promotes the protective axis of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in human dermal fibroblasts.

Magri Lucas L, de Moura Bello Marina M, de Oliveira Lilian Caroline Gonçalves LCG, Casarini Dulce Elena DE et al.

Hypertrophic scar and keloids are skin conditions strongly influenced by an imbalance of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). These disorders affect mainly African, Asian, and Spanish populations, and current treatments may not yield adequate results. This study aimed to demonstrate the RAAS modulation capacity of high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (HMWHA) in dermal fibroblasts. Renin, Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activities were assessed fluorometrically after treating cells with ACE inhibitors (captopril or enalapril) or HMWHA (linear or BDDE cross-linked, a biomaterial widely used as a human dermal filler), administered either alone or in combination. After 120 min treatment, the greatest reductions in renin and ACE activities were obtained with CHA-S (53.76 ± 15.51 nmol/min/mg) and HA-S (0.051 ± 0.013 nmol/min/mg), respectively. ACE2 activity, however, had its largest increase with Ena (75.49 ± 11.49 nmol/min/mg). The ACE2/ACE ratio, for the same treatment period, was greatly increased for both Ena and HA-S (923.1 ± 178.7; 1209 ± 287.0, respectively). This study demonstrated that HMWHA promotes the protective axis of RAAS, with known anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects, by enhancing ACE2 activity and reducing ACE activity, opening perspectives for therapeutic approaches targeting cicatricial alterations and inflammatory and fibrotic dermal diseases.

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