Drug Database
CA

calcium carbonate (Cimascal / Cimascal D Forte)

✓ Approved

CPEX Pharmaceuticals, Inc. · VDR

What is calcium carbonate?

calcium carbonate is a therapeutic agent developed by CPEX Pharmaceuticals, Inc.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesCimascal, Cimascal D Forte
CompanyCPEX Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Molecular TargetVDR
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, CPEX Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

calcium carbonate acts on 1 molecular target:

VDRvitamin D receptor (NR1I1, PPP1R163)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

calcium carbonate is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disordersOsteoporosis✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedACS applied materials & interfaces2026-08-30

Degradation Mechanisms of Fluorinated Disordered Rocksalt Cathodes: Effects of Electrolyte Chemistry and Discharge Voltage.

Ahmed Ridwan A RA, Lee Gi-Hyeok GH, Hershkovitz Eitan E, Li Tianyu T et al.

Cation-disordered rock-salt (DRX) oxides have emerged as a promising class of high energy density cathodes for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. Fluorination has been widely employed to tune the redox chemistry and structural stability of these materials, leading to enhanced electrochemical performance. However, the degradation mechanisms of fluorinated DRX (F-DRX) cathodes during electrochemical cycling remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the degradation behavior of an F-DRX cathode cycled in a conventional carbonate-based electrolyte and a localized high-concentration electrolyte (LHCE). By correlating electrochemical performance with interfacial and bulk structural evolution, we elucidate the role of electrolyte chemistry and deep discharge voltage in governing structural transformation and degradation. The results reveal more pronounced surface and bulk structural changes in the conventional LiPF6-carbonate electrolyte relative to LiFSI-LHCE, indicating accelerated degradation in the former. Lowering the discharge cutoff voltage from 2.0 to 1.5 V further promotes interfacial degradation in both electrolyte systems. This work demonstrates that the LHCE offers superior compatibility with F-DRX cathodes, enabling stable cycling by mitigating surface and bulk structural degradation. These insights clarify the interplay between electrolyte chemistry and voltage window in F-DRX degradation and highlight the critical importance of advanced electrolyte designs for unlocking the full potential of DRX cathodes.

PMID 42669203
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PubMedBiomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology2026-08-30

Calcium-mediated force-interval relationship drives post-extrasystolic potentiation in premature ventricular complexes: a computational study.

Vossen Sjoerd S, van Osta Nick N, Lourenço Guilherme Pedro Carvalho GPC, Laranjo Sérgio Matoso SM et al.

Premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) are common cardiac arrhythmias that can lead to cardiomyopathy when frequent. Post-extrasystolic potentiation (PESP), which is the transient increase in contractility following a PVC, may serve as a predictive marker for heart failure risk; yet, the underlying calcium-mediated mechanisms and their relative contribution compared to loading conditions remain poorly understood. We integrated a mechanochemical model coupling intracellular calcium dynamics to sarcomere mechanics within the CircAdapt closed-loop cardiovascular framework. A novel calcium source model incorporating the force-interval relationship was calibrated using experimental canine data. We simulated single PVCs across varying coupling intervals and systematically investigated the contributions of calcium dynamics versus loading conditions to PESP, quantified as changes in systolic blood pressure (∆SBP), maximum rate of left ventricular pressure rise (∆max(dPLv/dt)), and left ventricular ejection fraction (∆LVEF). The calcium-based force-interval relationship reproduced experimental mechanical restitution curves with high accuracy (RMSE 9.59 ± 0.08%). Shorter coupling intervals reduced premature beat contractility while enhancing PESP in subsequent beats. Systematic variation of preload, afterload, and intrinsic contractility revealed that calcium dynamics reproduce the observed PESP patterns, with loading conditions as modulators. Notably, ∆max(dPLv/dt) and ∆SBP responded differently, with ∆SBP exhibiting complex non-monotonic behavior. The model qualitatively reproduced pressure-volume patterns from a single clinical quadrigeminy case. This study demonstrates that a calcium-based force-interval formulation reproduces the qualitative features of PESP within this framework, with preload and afterload modulating the pattern of beat-to-beat pressure response. The divergent behavior among contractility metrics emphasizes the need for multimetric assessment. This framework enables distinguishing intrinsic myocardial dysfunction from extrinsic loading effects, facilitating patient-specific risk stratification in PVC-induced cardiomyopathy.

PMID 42669085
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PubMediScience2026-08-30

Claudin-12 sustains urothelial barrier defense against uropathogenic E. coli via calcium-dependent immunomodulation.

Tian Yanpeng Y, Tong Hongping H, Sun Yinhui Y, Hong Longcheng L et al.

Urothelial barrier compromise defines inflammatory cystitis, though molecular regulators remain elusive. We identify claudin-12-a bladder-enriched tight junction protein-as an essential barrier component against uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) invasion. At 72 h post-infection in the murine model of UPEC-induced cystitis, infection triggered dysregulation of canonical tight junction components (claudin-12, ZO-1, occludin), with claudin-12 exhibiting maximal depletion. Immunofluorescence confirmed profound tight junction disassembly in infected bladders. Consistent with this structural defect, claudin-12-knockout mice developed exacerbated acute cystitis, manifesting elevated bacterial colonization, neutrophil/monocyte infiltration, pro-inflammatory gene upregulation, and epithelial denudation. Mechanistically, claudin-12 loss increased calcium permeability in urothelial cells during UPEC infection, driving intracellular calcium accumulation and subsequent activation of apoptosis-related pathways. Notably, pharmacological inhibition of calcium accumulation by TMB-8 reversed both UPEC-induced apoptosis and claudin-12 depletion. Thus, claudin-12 emerges as a pivotal orchestrator of urothelial defense, wherein its regulation of calcium flux restrains UPEC-driven inflammation-revealing therapeutic potential for barrier-repair strategies.

PMID 42668535
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PubMedPakistan journal of medical sciences2026-08-30

Evaluation of serum antioxidant markers and calcium levels in women with Arthritis.

Rehman Abdul A, Jamil Muhammad M, Farhan Maham M, Khan Amna Saleem AS et al.

Osteoarthritis (OA) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) are chronic, degenerative and inflammatory joint diseases, aggravated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impaired antioxidant defense system. However, gender based oxidative stress analysis remain under-examined, despite increasing evidence points towards sex-based biochemical changes in arthritis patients. The study aimed to measure the antioxidant activities of enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione reductase (GR) alongside reduced glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) in female arthritis patients. Calcium balance is also estimated in order to analyze the bone demineralization. The case-control study was designed and conducted at the Orthopedic Department of a Dr. Ruth K. M. Pfau, Civil hospital, Karachi. Serum levels of GSH, GR, SOD, CAT, and calcium were evaluated in 42 arthritis patients and 16 age matched healthy female controls by using standard spectrophotometric and biochemical assays. Data was expressed as mean ± SD and analyzed statistically to compare both the groups. Arthritis patients in comparison with healthy controls showed significant decrease in GSH (p < 0.001) and GR (p < 0.01) levels, while SOD and CAT levels were slightly reduced but non-significant. Similarly, slightly higher calcium levels were also observed, suggesting altered mineral homeostasis associated with inflammatory conditions. The simultaneous decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities suggests the impaired redox homeostasis in female patients. The study highlights an altered antioxidant status and disturbed calcium homeostasis in female patients. These alterations in biochemical system suggest the therapeutic potential of antioxidant and calcium modulating interventions as effective treatment for managing and slowing disease progression in females.

PMID 42668919
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PubMedKidney medicine2026-08-30

Calcium Crystal Deposits in Kidney Allografts: The Interplay of PTH Levels and Phosphaturia.

Barbuto Simona S, Vischini Gisella G, Magagnoli Lorenza L, Provenzano Michele M et al.

Hyperparathyroidism is common in kidney transplant recipients and may contribute to graft injury through calcium crystal deposition. We investigated the association between pretransplant parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and calcium crystal deposits (CCDs) and whether fractional excretion of phosphate (FePi) mediates this relationship. Retrospective single-center observational study. Forty-one kidney transplant recipients undergoing protocol biopsies at 3 and 12 months posttransplantation. Pretransplant PTH levels. Presence of calcium crystal deposits in graft biopsies. Logistic regression models and mediation analysis were used to evaluate associations between PTH levels, FePi, and CCDs. CCDs were detected in 33% of biopsies at 3 months and 45% at 12 months. Higher pretransplant PTH levels were associated with increased odds of CCDs. Mediation analysis showed that approximately 72% of this effect was explained using FePi levels. At 24 months posttransplantation, no meaningful difference in estimated glomerular filtration rate was observed between patients with and without CCDs. Retrospective design, small sample size, absence of fibroblast growth factor 23 level measurements, and limited adjustment for potential confounders. Elevated pretransplant PTH levels are associated with calcium crystal deposition in kidney allografts, largely mediated by phosphate wasting. However, no clear impact on graft function was observed within the first 2 years posttransplantation.

PMID 42668546
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PubMedBiochemistry. Biokhimiia2026-08-30

EF-Hand Calcium-Binding Motif: Novel Structural and Functional Insights.

Denessiouk Konstantin A KA, Permyakov Evgeny A EA, Denesyuk Alexander I AI, Permyakov Sergey E SE

The EF-hand motif is one of the most widespread calcium-binding protein motifs in nature, mediating calcium signaling across a variety of biological processes. While structural and functional properties of the individual proteins within the EF-hand superfamily are well studied, general principles governing organization and function of these proteins are only now being elucidated. This review examines some of these emerging patterns, including recently discovered structural elements of the EF-hand motif (EF-hand zone, one-residue and three-residue units, local "Clamp" units, and "black" and "gray" clusters). Additionally, we discuss the ability of certain EF-hand proteins to recognize a broad spectrum of protein targets, as well as their zinc-binding properties. New structural data on the EF-hand domain allow proposing a structural-functional classification for the proteins in this family. Furthermore, tendency of some EF-hand proteins toward promiscuity and zinc binding significantly expands their functional importance.

PMID 42669557
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