Drug Database
ES

estradiol (E2III)

✓ Approved

Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc. · ESR1 · Small Molecule

What is estradiol?

estradiol is a small molecule developed by Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via transdermal.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesE2III
CompanyJohnson & Johnson Services, Inc.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetESR1
RouteTransdermal
StatusApproved

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

estradiol acts on 1 molecular target:

ESR1estrogen receptor 1 (ER, ESR)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

estradiol is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Surgical and medical proceduresHormone replacement therapy✓ Approved

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PubMedJournal of chemical education2026-07-17

From Research to an Undergraduate Lab Bench: An Undergraduate-Level Guided-Inquiry Experiment to Explore a Cp*Ir(III)-Catalyzed ortho-C-H Activation.

Roque Peña Joan J, Albaladejo-Flores Chelsey D CD, Alvarez-Zavala María G MG, De Jesús-Ortiz Gabriela Y GY et al.

Laboratory work is an essential component of science instruction as it offers students the opportunity to complete hands-on work to acquire practical skills. However, students often lose interest in wet laboratory work due to a lack of understanding and because they fail to connect laboratory work and coursework. The classical structure of chemistry curricula often fragments learning, resulting in disconnected concepts rather than an integrated understanding of the discipline. To address this, the purpose of this research was to develop an integrated experiment that simultaneously illustrates concepts and techniques from two or more subdisciplines of chemistry. The iridium-(III)-catalyzed ortho-directed C-H activation reaction was developed in a research laboratory and optimized as an interdisciplinary, guided-inquiry experiment for an upper-division inorganic chemistry laboratory. The experiment intentionally integrates concepts and techniques from both inorganic and organic chemistry courses, encouraging connections across subdisciplines. Designed to be completed in three 3-h sessions, the experiment offers a model for unifying laboratory and lecture content, supporting the development of both practical skills and interdisciplinary thinking.

PubMedChemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)2026-07-17

Multi-state Photoswitching in Thienoquinoid-Based Fluorescent Trithiophenes.

Nishimura Rio R, Hecht Stefan S, Saito Shohei S, Yamashita Ken-Ichi KI

Achieving multi-site photoisomerization within a single π-conjugated scaffold while retaining luminescent functionality remains a formidable challenge, as electronic coupling between isomerizable units typically promotes intramolecular energy transfer that suppresses sequential switching, and the additional nonradiative pathways inherent to multiple isomerizable bonds further impede emissive behavior. Herein, we report a methine-bridged trithiophene bearing 2,6-dichlorophenyl substituents, in which two C═C double bonds embedded in a thienoquinoid framework undergo photoisomerization to afford three interconvertible geometrical isomers (ZZ, EZ, and EE). The steric constraint imposed by the ortho-chloro substituents suppresses nonradiative torsional relaxation, yielding a fluorescence quantum yield of 0.40 for the ZZ-isomer in cyclohexane, which decreases upon photoisomerization to the EZ- and EE-isomers-a significant enhancement over the corresponding derivative lacking ortho-substituents on the aryl groups, accompanied by a markedly reduced Stokes shift. The photostationary state composition varies systematically with the irradiation wavelength, primarily reflecting differences in the molar absorption coefficients of the three isomers, thereby enabling wavelength-selective multi-state control over isomer distributions inaccessible under thermodynamic equilibrium. Fluorescence lifetime measurements revealed isomer-dependent excited-state lifetimes, confirming that molecular geometry governs the photophysical properties within this conjugated framework. This study establishes a molecular design strategy for luminescent multi-state photoswitches applicable to multi-level optical information processing.

PubMedMedicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents2026-07-17

Design and synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine linked diazospiro and piperazine - piperidine libraries as anticancer agents.

Guda Sridhar S, Patri Srilakshmi V SV, Reddy V Krishna K, Thumma Vishnu V et al.

Three libraries containing pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine moiety linked to diazospiro[3.5]nonane, diazospiro[5.5]undecane and piperazine - piperidine hybrid derivatives were synthesized involving various N-deprotection and acid amine coupling reactions. They were tested for their invitro cytotoxicity against triple negative human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 and BT-549. Promising results were obtained by pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine linked diazospiro[3.3]nonane compounds (7a and 7c) containing ortho-trifluoro and meta-bromo functional groups against MDA-MB-231 cells. Their dose response curves were plotted and their IC50 value found to be 11.66 µM (7a) and 10.37 µM (7b). Additionally, performed acridine orange and rhodamine 123 straining tests to study the cell deformation at various dosages, which garnered promising results.

PubMedCase reports in dentistry2026-07-17

Mucogingival Treatment of a Gingival Invagination After Tooth Extraction: A 3-Year Follow-Up After a Perio-Ortho Multidisciplinary Approach.

Alberichi Jennifer J, Rojas Mariana M, Cometti Juan Carlos JC, Pilloni Andrea A

Gingival invagination is a relatively common occurrence following orthodontic closure of extraction sites. The present paper reports a combined periodontal and orthodontic treatment in a patient after lower incisor tooth extraction, in which periodontal plastic surgery was performed prior to the orthodontic space closure. A 28-year-old female patient was treated for orthodontic concerns. The comprehensive treatment plan encompassed periodontal supportive therapy, tooth extraction, and periodontal plastic surgery utilizing the "connective tissue platform technique." Postsurgery, orthodontic treatment was administered with Invisalign aligners. Radiographs and clinical examinations conducted 3 years after treatment completion confirm the long-term stability of the outcomes, both in terms of function and esthetics. Gingival invagination after mandible incisor extraction could be successfully treated by an additional application of a periodontal plastic surgery technique, which, combined with a posterior orthodontic treatment, solved a multidisciplinary treatment challenge.

PubMedRSC advances2026-07-17

Selective extraction of Pu(iv) by novel benzodioxodiamide ligands in nitric acid: experimental and theoretical study.

Ge Xiao X, He Tiansheng T, Song Wenchen W, Li Baole B et al.

To address the need for efficient and selective separation of plutonium (Pu) in nuclear fuel reprocessing, four ortho-phenoxy diamide extractants were synthesized based on the proven extraction performance of diamide ligands. The extraction behavior of Pu(iv) in nitric acid media and coordination mechanisms was systematically investigated through combined experimental and theoretical approaches. By rationally tuning steric and electronic effects within the ligand structures, the role of cooperative coordination by multi-oxygen donor in governing Pu(iv) extraction performance was elucidated. The extraction efficiency of Pu(iv) follows the order L2 (ButoBenzoDODA) > L1 (n-OctDODA) > L3 (ClBenzoDODA) > L4 (BenzoDODA). The distribution coefficients of Pu(iv) increase markedly with increasing HNO3 concentration and ligand concentration, and stable 1 : 2 metal-to-ligand complexes are formed during extraction. Compared with various competing metal ions, all ligand systems exhibit a pronounced extraction preference toward Pu(iv), among which L2 shows the best overall performance, achieving a maximum distribution ratio of 12.37 and maintaining good recyclability over multiple extraction-stripping cycles. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations with experimental study reveal that the Pu-O(C[double bond, length as m-dash]O) interactions are mainly electrostatic in nature, with amide oxygen atoms serving as the primary coordination sites and ether oxygen atoms providing cooperative stabilization. The superior extraction performance of L2 is attributed to its more favorable electronic structure, consistent with the experimental observations. Overall, this study clarifies the synergistic roles of steric and electronic effects in Pu(iv) extraction and provides a theoretical and experimental basis for the rational design of high-performance plutonium extractants.

PubMedPhysiological research2026-07-17

Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Acupuncture on Bone and Lipid Metabolism in a Rat Model of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis.

Zhang S-N SN, Zhang C-C CC, Jiang L-H LH, Ouyang G G

This study investigated the effects of acupuncture on bone and lipid metabolism in a rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP). Thirty-two female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: blank control, sham-operated, model (ovariectomy), and acupuncture treatment (ovariectomy plus acupuncture). Following treatment, bone mineral density (BMD), bone tissue morphological changes with quantitative histomorphometry, serum bone metabolism markers, estradiol (E2) levels at multiple time points, body mass index (BMI), blood lipid indicators, inflammatory factors, and gut microbiota composition were measured in each group. Acupuncture increased femoral BMD after adjusting for femoral shaft thickness (P<0.05) and improved trabecular bone structure, with significant rises in trabecular number, thickness, and bone volume fraction (P<0.05). Serum osteoprotegerin levels increased and osteoclast markers decreased. Serial E2 measurements showed progressive restoration from week 4. Acupuncture reduced BMI (P<0.05), with BMI changes negatively correlating with BMD improvements (r=-0.68, P<0.01). Lipid metabolism and inflammatory markers were significantly improved (P<0.05). Gut microbiota analysis indicated increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and decreased pathogenic bacteria (P<0.05). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry suggested acupuncture may promote osteogenic differentiation via upregulation of the cAMP-PKA-CREB pathway. Overall, acupuncture effectively enhances bone and lipid metabolism in PMOP rats through hormonal regulation, metabolic modulation, and gut microbiota optimization. Key words Acupuncture " Postmenopausal osteoporosis " Bone metabolism " Lipid metabolism " Estradiol " Gut microbiota " cAMP-PKA-CREB pathway.

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