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adjuvants (ImmuMax / ImmuMax SR / adjuvants, Repros)

✓ Approved

Repros Therapeutics Inc. · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is adjuvants?

adjuvants is a small molecule developed by Repros Therapeutics Inc.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via unknown.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesImmuMax, ImmuMax SR, adjuvants, Repros
CompanyRepros Therapeutics Inc.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteUnknown
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Repros Therapeutics Inc.

Therapeutic Indications

adjuvants is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Surgical and medical proceduresOral appliance application✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedFood & function2026-08-30

Abelmoschus manihot (L.) leaf flavonoids (AMLF) restore cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice via gut microbiota and serum metabolomics modulation.

Yang Shengnan S, Jin Jiahui J, Zhao Dou D, Cai Mengquan M et al.

Immune homeostasis serves as the foundation for disease prevention and the cornerstone for ensuring human health. The effects of Abelmoschus manihot (L.) leaf flavonoids (AMLF) on restoring immune function were investigated in a cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressed mouse model. The underlying repair mechanisms were explored by an integrative analysis of intestinal microbiomics and serum metabolomics. The results demonstrated that AMLF markedly elevated the spleen and thymus indices, promoted the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes in the presence of concanavalin A (ConA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte subsets, and concomitantly enhanced the serum levels of key immunomodulatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and the antibody immunoglobulin G (IgG). In addition, AMLF treatment effectively mitigated CTX-induced histopathological injuries to immune organs and the colon. AMLF were also found to protect the liver by regulating antioxidant enzyme activities. Furthermore, AMLF markedly improved the intestinal microbial community structure, promoted the enrichment of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillaceae and Prevotellaceae), inhibited pathogenic bacteria (Muribaculaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae), and increased the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Serum metabolomic analysis showed that AMLF upregulated the levels of leukotrienes, S-(PGA1)-glutathione and prostaglandin E2. Correlation analysis identified g_Alistipes, g_norank_f_Muribaculaceae, and g_Kurthia as potential microbiota strongly associated with the restoration of immune and metabolic homeostasis after AMLF treatment. These findings support the dual potential of AMLF in functional foods and as immunomodulatory adjuvants.

PMID 42669286
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PubMedVaccine2026-08-28

Central nervous system safety risks and evaluation strategies for mucosal vaccines: A review.

Li Qianying Q, Bai Guohui G

Mucosal vaccines administered via noninjectable routes, such as intranasal and oral delivery, elicit both systemic and local immunity. Concurrent breakthroughs in nanocarriers and adjuvant technologies have significantly enhanced the precision of antigen delivery and immune persistence. However, these innovations introduce unique risks to the central nervous system (CNS). Particles <200 nm may penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB), whereas proinflammatory adjuvants can activate intracerebral glial cells, thereby inducing neuroinflammation and potential neurotoxicity. Intranasal administration may access the CNS via the olfactory pathway, whereas oral delivery may influence CNS function through the gut-brain axis. Adjuvant selection is critical for CNS safety because proinflammatory or bacterial toxin-based adjuvants may trigger neuroinflammation or abnormal vaccine protein distribution. Long-term exposure to aluminum-based adjuvants may also cause sustained microglial activation and accumulation. Although nanocarriers, such as chitosan, offer advantages, their bidirectional effects warrant comprehensive evaluation. To ensure the safe translation of mucosal vaccines, an integrated safety assessment framework spanning the preclinical, clinical, and postmarketing stages must be established. Preclinical studies should integrate mouse and nonhuman primate models, focus on BBB integrity and neurobehavioral changes, and conduct local tolerance and repeated-dose toxicity assessments. Clinicians should proactively monitor adverse neurological events, including olfactory function assessments, neuroimaging, and long-term follow-up. Postmarketing surveillance should leverage AI-assisted pharmacovigilance systems to enhance the detection and management of CNS risk signals. This review aims to systematically outline the key factors influencing mucosal vaccine CNS safety and the corresponding evaluation strategies, promoting their safe application while safeguarding public health benefits.

PMID 42659918
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PubMedBioinformation2026-08-28

A prospective study comparing magnesium sulphate versus clonidine as adjuvants to epidural bupivacaine for lower limb and lower abdominal surgeries.

Sharma Narayan Hari NH, Gautam Neetesh N, Khan Irfan I

Epidural anesthesia is widely used for lower limb and abdominal surgeries due to its ability to provide effective intraoperative anesthesia and prolonged post-operative analgesia with stable hemodynamics. Adjuvants such as magnesium sulphate, an NMDA receptor antagonist and clonidine, and α2-adrenergic agonist, can enhance block quality through distinct mechanisms. Hence, this prospective randomized study included 80 adult patients (ASA III) undergoing elective lower limb or abdominal surgery under epidural anesthesia, divided into two groups of 40 each: Group M received magnesium sulphate and Group C received clonidine added to bupivacaine. Parameters evaluated included onset and duration of sensory and motor block, sedation, side effects and hemodynamic changes. Magnesium sulphate produced a faster onset of block, while clonidine resulted in prolonged analgesia and motor block, with mild hypotension and bradycardia observed more frequently. Thus, we show that both agents safely optimize epidural anesthesia magnesium for quicker onset and clonidine for extended pain control depending on surgical needs.

PMID 42662271
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PubMedJournal of economic entomology2026-08-28

Biocidal efficacy of dilute essential oil-in-water emulsion adjuvants against spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii.

Giri Ajay P AP, Heng Joseph J, Lu Jiakai J, Xing Baoshan B et al.

Growing concerns over pesticide resistance, environmental impact, and human health risks have intensified the search for safer, more sustainable pest management solutions. Among the alternatives, essential oils (EOs) have gained attention for their biodegradability, low toxicity to humans, and suitability for use in organic production systems. This study explores the biocidal potential of dilute oil-in-water emulsions containing carvacrol and eugenol against the invasive fruit pest Spotted Wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, through laboratory and field assays. The result demonstrates that carvacrol at 1% (w/v) caused >87% corrected mortality in contact toxicity tests and reduced adult emergence from treated fruit to 0.8 ± 0.37 flies at 3 days after spraying (DAS), compared to 7.2 ± 1.32 in controls. In contrast, eugenol at 1% caused ∼39% total mortality and reduced emergence to 5.4 ± 1.33 flies at 3 DAS. Fumigation assays showed carvacrol at 80 µL induced 94.2 ± 3.76% mortality, while eugenol caused 22.5 ± 5.24% mortality at the same dose. Combining 1% EO with Entrust® enhanced efficacy, with carvacrol + Entrust® achieving >95% mortality by 48 h and reducing emergence to <4 flies at 10 DAS. Phytotoxicity was observed at EO concentrations ≥2%, especially for carvacrol. These findings highlight the potential of EO emulsions as dual-function agents, serving as both biopesticides and adjuvants, and their integration into sustainable pest control strategies.

PMID 42663030
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PubMedInternational immunopharmacology2026-08-28

Discovery of immune-activating molecules targeting TLR7/8 receptors from natural products.

Wang Yu Y, Yao Min M, Wu Jingyu J, Huang Zhuolan Z et al.

This study aimed to identify natural compounds activating Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 (TLR7/8) via high-throughput screening, offering candidate immunomodulators targeting these pathways. Using NF-κB/SEAP reporter assay, three compounds (3-Butylidenephthalide, BC-44b and Hydroxytyrosol) were selected from a library of 109 natural products as putative dual TLR7/8 agonists. These agonists induced TLR7/8-dependent signaling, enhanced maturation and activation of macrophages and dendritic cells, upregulated the expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86, CD40) and major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC-I, MHC-II), and stimulated the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) and chemokines (MCP-1, MIP-1α). Genetic silencing with siRNA confirmed the essential roles of TLR7 and TLR8 in mediating these effects. Western blot analysis further demonstrated activation of the NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signalings downstream of TLR7/8. In vivo, these compounds exhibited potent immunostimulatory activity, promoting the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes, increasing the frequencies of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets, and eliciting a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response characterized by elevated levels of IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 (Th1) and IgG1 (Th2) antibodies. In summary, 3-Butylidenephthalide, BC-44b and Hydroxytyrosol activate antigen-presenting cells and enhance humoral immunity through the TLR7/8-MAPK-NF-κB axis, highlighting their potential as novel vaccine adjuvants.

PMID 42659932
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PubMedMaterials today. Bio2026-08-28

From neuroinflammation to immune reprogramming: Nanozyme-Integrated nanoplatforms for neuroimmune modulation in Parkinson's disease.

Zhu Shu S, Wang Zhongting Z, Shi Xiaoxi X, Zhong Shanshan S et al.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neuroimmune disorder in which dysregulated neuron-glia-immune crosstalk drives chronic neuroinflammation, α-synuclein pathology, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and mitochondrial failure, establishing interconnected neuroimmune pathways as therapeutic targets. Aberrant neuron-immune crosstalk promotes chronic neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and α-synuclein pathology, thereby accelerating neurodegeneration. Understanding these interconnected mechanisms has identified multiple neuroimmune pathways as promising therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the cellular and molecular basis of physiological and pathological neuron-immune communication in PD, highlighting the roles of microglial activation, astrocyte reactivity, adaptive immune responses, inflammatory signaling networks, and neurovascular dysfunction. We further discuss emerging neuroimmune-targeted interventions aimed at restoring immune homeostasis and slowing disease progression. Particular emphasis is placed on nanozyme-integrated nanoplatforms that function simultaneously as nanozymatic catalysts and immunomodulatory adjuvants, including enzyme-mimetic nanozymes (SOD/CAT/GPx-like), single-atom catalysts, and nanozyme-integrated nanoplatforms. These platforms not only scavenge reactive oxygen species, degrade α-synuclein aggregates, and reinforce BBB integrity through localized catalytic reactions, but also reprogram innate and adaptive immune responses by modulating microglial polarization toward neuroprotective phenotypes, suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine cascades (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), and supporting regulatory T cell (Treg) responses. We examine how these nanozyme-integrated nanoplatforms can be combined with lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric carriers, biomimetic systems, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) to achieve synergistic targeted drug delivery, gene modulation, neuroprotection, and neural repair. Finally, we address the translational challenges and prospects for merging neuroimmunology, nanocatalysis, and adjuvant engineering in PD therapy.

PMID 42662413
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