Merck & Co. · ADRB1 · Small Molecule
timolol is a small molecule developed by Merck & Co.. It is approved for therapeutic indications.
| Brand Names | Timpilo, timolol, ophthalmic |
| Company | Merck & Co. |
| Drug Class | Small Molecule |
| Molecular Target | ADRB1, ADRB2, CHRM3 |
| Status | Approved |
timolol acts on 3 molecular targets:
| ADRB1 | adrenoceptor beta 1 (BETA1AR, ADRB1R) |
| ADRB2 | adrenoceptor beta 2 (ADRBR, B2AR) |
| CHRM3 | cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 (EGBRS, m3AChR) |
timolol is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.
| Therapeutic Area | Condition | Phase |
|---|---|---|
| Eye disorders | Glaucoma | ✓ Approved |
Singh Kamaljeet K, Hiremath Shivaprakash Basavanthaiah SB, Chakraborty Santanu S
Shi Jane J, Singh Vidit V, Nunns Brandon B, Danesh-Meyer Helen H et al.
To evaluate dispensing trends of publicly funded glaucoma medications in New Zealand from 2012 to 2021, and to assess disparities in prescribing across demographic groups. This study provides population-level insights into real-world glaucoma care and treatment equity in a universal healthcare setting. In New Zealand, although limited information exists on prescribing practices, there has been no comprehensive analysis of national dispensing data. This distinction is critical, as dispensing data more accurately reflect medication access, patient uptake, and treatment adherence than prescribing data alone. A retrospective observational study was conducted using de-identified national pharmacy dispensing data from the New Zealand Ministry of Health. Dispensing trends for eleven glaucoma medications were analysed by year, medication, sex, and self-identified ethnicity. Age-adjusted per capita dispensing rates were compared using ANOVA with post-hoc analysis. Over 3 million glaucoma prescriptions were dispensed, representing 27.6% of all ocular medications. The number of treated individuals rose from 39,725 in 2012 to 50,048 in 2021 (a 25.9% increase), outpacing national population growth. The prevalence of pharmacologically treated glaucoma or ocular hypertension increased from 0.90% in 2012 to 0.98% in 2021. The annual incidence of newly treated glaucoma was estimated at 125 per 100,000 people per year. Latanoprost was the most frequently dispensed glaucoma medication (40%), followed by timolol (13%) and bimatoprost (11%). Disparities in dispensing patterns were evident. Europeans received 87% of glaucoma prescriptions, Māori and Pasifika peoples, who represent 17.8% and 8.9% of the population, received only 1.9% and 1.4% of glaucoma prescriptions, respectively (p<0.001), even after adjusting for age. This nationwide study provides the most comprehensive analysis to date of glaucoma medication dispensing in Aotearoa New Zealand, capturing real-world treatment patterns across a ten-year period. It offers critical insight into the treated prevalence and incidence of pharmacologically treated glaucoma and ocular hypertension at a population level. Latanoprost has clearly emerged as the dominant first-line therapy, consistent with international clinical guidelines, followed by Timolol. However, the findings also expose significant inequities: Māori-the Indigenous people of New Zealand-and Pasifika populations remain markedly under-represented among those receiving glaucoma treatment, even after adjusting for age. Further research is needed to understand the underlying reasons for these disparities and to ensure equitable access to glaucoma care for all New Zealanders.
Altundaşar Emre E, Derinler Nevran N, Pierovi Nilsu N
Herpes zoster ophthalmicus, resulting from varicella-zoster virus reactivation along the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, is a rare but potentially sight-threatening condition that warrants awareness in clinical dental practice. A 36-year-old male presented three days after nonsurgical root canal treatment of the right maxillary first molar with severe migraine-like neuropathic pain, unilateral vesiculobullous eruptions along the V1 dermatome, periorbital edema, and conjunctival hyperemia. The treated tooth exhibited no remarkable clinical or radiographic findings. Dermatological evaluation confirmed herpes zoster ophthalmicus, and systemic antiviral therapy resulted in complete resolution by the six-month follow-up. This case underscores the need to broaden the differential diagnosis when post-endodontic symptoms are disproportionate to or inconsistent with clinical findings. Early recognition and prompt referral are critical in preventing vision-threatening complications.
Zhu Siying S, Heo Yub Y, Esfandiari Mojtaba M, Ishida Hisashi H et al.
Intraocular microsurgery requires submillimeter precision within an extremely confined and delicate anatomical workspace. Cable-driven continuum robots such as Improved Integrated Robotic Intraocular Snake (I2RIS) offer the necessary dexterity but exhibit nonlinear hysteresis, complicating accurate control and localization. To enhance control precision, vision-based localization methods can be incorporated to provide external feedback and to compensate for modeling uncertainties. To support the development and quantitative evaluation of such vision-based approaches, modular, and open-source simulation framework is established, replicating an ophthalmic surgical scene that includes the eyeball model, the I2RIS continuum robot, and a calibrated surgical microscope. This environment enables automated and scalable acquisition of data that includes synchronized RGB-D images and corresponding ground-truth 6D pose data under diverse lighting, texture, and background conditions. Using the generated dataset, we conduct representative experiments on geometry-driven 6D pose tracking and appearance-based sim-to-real detection to evaluate its applicability for vision-based localization tasks. In addition, a preliminary domain gap analysis is performed using structure-based image similarity metrics, including Canny edge statistics and structural similarity (SSIM), to quantitatively assess visual alignment between simulated and real microscope images. The resulting dataset serves as a consistent evaluation resource for debugging, training, and assessing localization algorithms in intraocular continuum robotics, supporting reproducible research and sim-to-real generalization studies.
Watanabe Ryunosuke R, Yokoi Tadashi T, Kikuchi Takanobu T, Inoue Makoto M et al.
To describe a patient with electronegative ERGs in association with probable TRPM1-related cancer associated retinopathy. A 67-year-old female presented with progressive visual disturbances, including night blindness, cloudy vision, color vison problems, and scotomas. Initial ophthalmic examination revealed mild retinal vasculitis and an epiretinal membrane in one eye. Visual acuity was bilaterally normal. Electroretinography (ERG) showed electronegative waveforms. Subsequent systemic investigation revealed a lung mass, later confirmed to be a small cell carcinoma, with metastases. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry were performed. The patient received cisplatin and etoposide chemotherapy, and sub-Tenon triamcinolone injections (STTA). ERGs showed an electronegative waveform with features suggesting pan-retinal loss of On-bipolar cell function. Serum Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry identified anti-retinal autoantibodies to TRPM1 with binding specificity to the C-terminal region. Further systemic evaluation detected a lung mass, which was later confirmed as small cell lung cancer with metastases. Although initial visual field deterioration was noted, subsequent follow-up showed almost total improvement in visual function, including ERG recovery. Best-corrected visual acuity remained stable at 20/20. Despite the ocular improvements, the patient succumbed to her systemic illness 29 months after the initial visit. Electronegative ERGs are unusual in CAR, which usually affects photoreceptor function. This case, associated with anti-retinal autoantibodies to TRPM1, highlights the need for full systems review in a patient with possible paraneoplastic disease, even in the absence of systemic symptoms.
Malcolm Jonathan J, Ngabo David D, Nziyomaze Elie E, Uwemeye Livin L et al.
This study aimed to assess current retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening and treatment practices among healthcare professionals across Africa. An online in-depth survey consisting primarily of multiple-choice questions was sent to ophthalmologists and healthcare professionals involved in ROP care across Africa via professional networks, social media and word-of-mouth recommendations. A total of 62 respondents from 16 countries were included. ROP was considered a current or emerging public health problem by 95.2% of respondents. Although 91.9% of respondents reported having a neonatal intensive care unit in their facility or nearby, 51.6% indicated the absence of a formal referral pathway between neonatal and ophthalmology services. Anti-VEGF and laser photocoagulation were available for 90.3% and 56.5% of respondents, respectively. ROP screening criteria and treatment approaches were heterogeneous, with anti-VEGF therapy frequently being used as a first-line across all disease stages. Vitreoretinal services were located more than 200 km away or outside the country for 31.6% of respondents. The most frequently reported barriers to care were cost, lack of trained personnel, and limited integration between neonatal and ophthalmic services. Notably, 95.2% expressed interest in further training or participation in a regional ROP network. ROP practice patterns across Africa remain heterogeneous and are constrained, in many settings, by limited access to laser photocoagulation, inadequate integration with neonatal services, and gaps in formal training. The widespread use of anti-VEGF as first-line therapy across all stages of disease raises concern in settings where loss to follow-up is common.
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