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timolol (Timpilo / timolol, ophthalmic)

✓ Approved

Merck & Co. · ADRB1 · Small Molecule

What is timolol?

timolol is a small molecule developed by Merck & Co.. It is approved for therapeutic indications.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesTimpilo, timolol, ophthalmic
CompanyMerck & Co.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetADRB1, ADRB2, CHRM3
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Merck & Co.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

timolol acts on 3 molecular targets:

ADRB1adrenoceptor beta 1 (BETA1AR, ADRB1R)
ADRB2adrenoceptor beta 2 (ADRBR, B2AR)
CHRM3cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 (EGBRS, m3AChR)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

timolol is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Eye disordersGlaucoma✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedBMC anesthesiology2026-10-15

Impact of ophthalmic draping on end-tidal CO₂, cerebral oximetry, and optic nerve sheath diameter in cataract surgery: an observational comparison by COVID-19 pneumonia history with randomized oxygen flow allocation.

Ozturk Kivanc K, Ersoy Karka Ozlem O, Cangur Sengul S, Demir Senoglu Gizem G et al.

Ophthalmic draping during cataract surgery creates an isolated surgical field but may lead to carbon dioxide (CO₂) accumulation beneath the drape. Elevated CO₂ can cause hypercapnia, cerebral vasodilation, and increased intracranial pressure, potentially reflected by changes in cerebral oximetry and optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD). Patients with a history of COVID-19 pneumonia may exhibit residual pulmonary dysfunction that influences these parameters during surgery. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ophthalmic draping on end-tidal CO₂, cerebral oximetry, and ONSD in patients undergoing cataract surgery and to determine whether these effects differ between patients with and without a history of COVID-19 pneumonia. This prospective comparative study included 80 ASA I-III patients aged > 18 years with and without a history of COVID-19 pneumonia who underwent unilateral phacoemulsification under local anesthesia. Participants were divided into two main groups: those with (Group A, n = 40) and without (Group B, n = 40) a history of COVID-19 pneumonia. Within each predefined COVID-19 history stratum, patients were randomly allocated by block randomization to receive either 2 L/min (A-2, B-2) or 4 L/min (A-4, B-4) oxygen insufflation beneath the surgical drape. End-tidal CO₂ and hemodynamic parameters were continuously monitored, while cerebral oximetry parameters (rSO₂, ΔO₂Hb, ΔHHb, ΔcHb) were measured bilaterally every five minutes. ONSD was assessed ultrasonographically before and after surgery. ETCO₂ values showed no significant group-by-time differences. Postoperative ONSD values were significantly higher than preoperative values within both main groups and all oxygen-flow subgroups; however, the between-group comparisons were not statistically significant. Right frontal relative deoxyhemoglobin changes (ΔHHb-right) differed significantly between Groups A and B at the 10th minute (p = 0.003), while the other cerebral oximetry parameters demonstrated no significant group- or time-dependent differences. No patient developed hypoxia or neurological deterioration. In patients undergoing short-duration unilateral phacoemulsification under local anesthesia with supplemental oxygen at 2-4 L/min, ophthalmic draping was not associated with clinically meaningful differences in ETCO₂ or ONSD, regardless of the history of COVID-19 pneumonia. Although selected cerebral oximetry parameters showed statistically significant differences between groups, all measured respiratory, hemodynamic, and cerebral physiological variables remained within physiological limits throughout the procedure. These findings should be interpreted within the context of the specific clinical settings studied. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05571683. Retrospectively registered on 7 October 2022.

PMID 42875739
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PubMedFrontiers in medicine2026-10-15

Case Report: Clinical manifestations of retinal detachment in patients with atopic dermatitis: two cases and potential immunopathogenic mechanism.

Zhang Conghui C, Liao Xin X, Cui Hongping H, Jin Haiying H

Retinal detachment (RD) represents a sight-threatening ocular sequela among individuals affected by atopic dermatitis (AD). Chronic habitual eye rubbing may impair the structural stability of the ocular tissues. Here, we report two patients with AD-associated RD, emphasizing both surgical characteristics and potential immune-mediated mechanisms. Two cases of AD-associated RD were included. For each one, the clinical picture, intraoperative findings, and potential immune pathway hypotheses were taken into account. Our first patient was a 15-year-old boy with a history of toric intraocular lens implantation who initially presented with elevated intraocular pressure and vitreous hemorrhage, later developing RD characterized by retinal dialysis, retinal tear, and ciliary epithelium detachment. Patient two was a man of 43, in whom RD coexisted with posterior subcapsular cataract as well as astigmatism. Severe systemic AD was present in both, and both had a long history of rubbing their eyes. Each underwent vitrectomy with internal tamponade. In one of them, recurrence ensued because of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. This series illustrates the typical features and surgical challenges of RD in AD, which arise from chronic eye rubbing-induced mechanical damage and astigmatism. Timely ophthalmic evaluation and systemic AD control aid visual preservation. Our findings propose a preliminary hypothesis of interactive immune and mechanical mechanisms underlying AD-associated RD, which warrants further experimental validation.

PMID 42876813
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PubMedThe Egyptian journal of immunology2026-10-15

Assessment of survivin mRNA expression level and its serum level in patients with diabetic retinopathy.

Abdelhady Shaymaa A SA, Greash Mohamed M, Karrar Mohamed M MM, Moustafa Heba M HM et al.

Diabetic patients may suffer from diabetic retinopathy (DR) which may result in vision loss. Apoptosis is essential in vascular remodeling. Survivin inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis and enhances angiogenesis. Diabetic vasculopathy can increase survivin expression. Our aim is to measure the clinical significance of survivin mRNA expression and its serum level with DR as predictors for disease prognosis. Thirty patients with DR; thirty without DR and thirty healthy persons were included as controls (employees and attendants for checkup with normal HA1c level). Ophthalmic examination, best corrected visual acuity assessment (BCVA), slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and fundoscopy, were done for all patients. DR was diagnosed by biomicroscopic fundus examination. Serum survivin level was estimated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique and survivin messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) as potential biomarkers of DR. Serum survivin was significantly increased in DR patients than those without DR (p < 0.01). Serum survivin and its mRNA expression correlated significantly and positively with HbA1c in DM patients (r = 0.808 and 0.618, p < 0.001). Serum survivin has an AUC of 0.985 (95% CI: 0.955 - 1.000, p < 0.001) with a sensitivity of 96.67% and specificity of 93.33% at a cutoff value of >360 pg/mL. For survivin mRNA expression, the AUC was 0.907 (95% CI: 0.820 - 0.995, p < 0.001) with a sensitivity of 86.67 % and specificity of 83.33 % at a cutoff value of >1.7. In conclusion, survivin mRNA expression and its serum level are elevated in patients with DR than those without DR. They showed strong positive correlation with HbA1c level. Both survivin mRNA expression and its serum level might have a marked role in the diagnosis of DR.

PMID 42875957
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PubMedZhonghua er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of pediatrics2026-10-15

[Clinical analysis of 4 children with tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome].

Wang N N NN, Tu J J, Chen C Y CY

Objective: To investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome in children. Methods: This case series study analyzed the clinical characteristics, laboratory examinations, renal biopsy findings, treatment courses, and outcomes of 4 children diagnosed with TINU syndrome, who were hospitalized in the Department of Nephrology, Capital Center for Children's Health affiliated to Capital Medical University between November 2017 and April 2024. Results: Four children with TINU syndrome included 2 males and 2 females. Their ages at diagnosis were 13 years and 11 months, 13 years and 6 months, 13 years and 7 months, and 11 years and 8 months respectively. Three patients had a history of infection or drug exposure before disease onset. Ocular symptoms preceded renal involvement by 1 month in 1 case, whereas uveitis developed 8.0, 0.5 and 14.0 months after renal involvement in the other 3 cases. All patients had acute kidney injury (AKI), including stage 2 AKI in 3 patients and stage 3 AKI in 1 patient. Glycosuria and elevated urinary β2-microglobulin levels occurred, and varying degrees of proteinuria and leukocyturia occurred in 3 patients. Serum creatinine levels at disease onset were markedly elevated at 130.0, 103.4, 188.4 and 105.7 μmol/L, and estimated glomerular filtration rates were reduced to 50.5, 56.4, 28.9 and 53.8 ml/(min·1.73 m²). Renal biopsies showed acute interstitial nephritis, and the predominant ocular manifestation was bilateral anterior uveitis. All patients received systemic glucocorticoid therapy and topical corticosteroid eye drops, and 1 patient was additionally treated with mycophenolate mofetil. During follow-up periods of 57, 82, 14 and 66 months, respectively, 1 patient progressed to stage 2 chronic kidney disease. Proteinuria resolved and ocular symptoms recurred only in 1 patient. Conclusions: Renal involvement generally has a favorable prognosis in children with TINU syndrome. However renal function may not fully recover in some patients, and uveitis may persist or recur, underscoring the need for renal and ophthalmic combined screening and long-term multidisciplinary follow-up.

PMID 42876103
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PubMedOnline journal of public health informatics2026-10-14

The Prevalence of Ophthalmic Symptoms Among Adults in King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences: Cross-Sectional Survey.

Alnahedh Taghreed T, Taha Mohammed M, Alhadlaq Omar Saad OS

Eye diseases are prevalent conditions around the world. More than 2 billion individuals globally have visual impairment. However, reducing the worldwide burden of eye disorders requires increased public awareness of prevalent eye diseases. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of ophthalmic symptoms and associated factors among adults studying or working at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among adults studying or working at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected on ophthalmic symptoms experienced within the past 30 days, along with demographic characteristics and other relevant factors. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the prevalence of these symptoms and to identify associated factors. The presence of at least 1 ophthalmic symptom was reported by 73.9% (184/249) of the respondents. The most prevalent symptoms included stinging eyes (76/249, 30.5%) and eye pain (71/249, 28.5%). Female participants reported a significantly higher prevalence of several symptoms, including stinging eyes, bloodshot eyes, swelling around the eyes, dark spots in the central field of view, foreign body sensation, and near vision difficulty. Multivariable analysis revealed that sex and the use of eye lubricants were the most significant predictors of ophthalmic symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 3.73, 95% CI 2.02-6.87; P<.001). Specifically, female participants had 3 times the odds of experiencing at least 1 ophthalmic symptom compared with male participants. Additionally, participants who used eye lubricants were 70% less likely to report ophthalmic symptoms (AOR 0.31, 95% CI 0.15-0.6; P<.001). Ophthalmic symptoms are highly prevalent among adults in Saudi Arabia. Sex and the use of eye lubricants are key factors associated with these symptoms. These findings underscore the need for increased awareness, targeted interventions, and the promotion of eye lubricant use to reduce the burden of ophthalmic symptoms in this population.

PMID 42873571
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PubMedJournal of ophthalmology and advance research2026-10-14

Ocular Manifestations and Visual Outcomes of Patients with Giant Cell Arteritis.

Do Timothy T, Gulati Gaurav G, Lee Han Sung HS, Hacein-Bey Lotfi L et al.

Ocular involvement in giant cell arteritis (GCA) is common, yet there is limited literature addressing its specific ocular manifestations and their impact on visual outcomes. The objective was to evaluate the incidence of visual involvement, treatment, relapse rate, and visual outcome in patients with GCA. This is a single center retrospective cohort study. The study included 35 eyes from 37 consecutive patients with biopsy-proven GCA (TAB+), 39 eyes from 39 consecutive patients with clinically diagnosed GCA and negative biopsy (TAB-), and 16 eyes from 21 consecutive patients clinically diagnosed with GCA without undergoing a biopsy (no TAB). We collected demographic and clinical presentation. 26/37 (70%) in the TAB+ group, 29/39 (74%) in the TAB- group, and 14/21 (67%) in the no TAB group underwent at least one neuro-ophthalmic exam. Eyes were grouped into no, mild, or severe ocular involvement. At each visit, patients underwent neuro-ophthalmic evaluation, ophthalmic imaging, and visual fields. The main outcome measures were best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), color perception (% correct), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell complex (GCC), area of foveal avascular zone (FAZ), and Humphrey visual field (HVF). Within our entire cohort of 97 patients, 69 (71%) underwent neuro-ophthalmic examinations, 5 had unilateral involvement and 42 had bilateral involvement. At diagnosis, all patients were started on high dose prednisone, 9/37 (24%) intravenously and 28/37 (76%) orally. 16/37 (43%) patients were treated with adjuvant tocilizumab. Within our cohort, 5/97 (5%) patients had visual relapses, all within the first year after diagnosis. 15/50 (30%) eyes had no OI, 22/50 (44%) eyes had mild OI, and 13/50 (26%) eyes had severe OI. After 12 months of GCA diagnosis, patients with no OI compared to severe OI demonstrated: BCVA (logMAR 0.164 vs. 1.26, p<0.001), color perception (87% vs 6%, p<0.001), RNFL (93μm vs. 56μm, p<0.001), GCC (76μm vs. 52μm, p<0.001), FAZ (0.119 mm2 vs. 0.314 mm2, p<0.001), and HVF (-2.58 vs. -19.18, p<0.001). Visual involvement in GCA is common. The affected eyes had irreversible vision loss. GCC, RNFL, and FAZ were associated with poor visual outcome.

PMID 42871723
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