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lamivudine + raltegravir (MK 0518B / Dutrebis / MK0518B)

✓ Approved

Merck & Co. · · Small Molecule

What is lamivudine + raltegravir?

lamivudine + raltegravir is a small molecule developed by Merck & Co.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesMK 0518B, Dutrebis, MK0518B
CompanyMerck & Co.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Merck & Co.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

lamivudine + raltegravir acts on 1 molecular target:

gag-pol, HIV-1 (gag-pol)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

lamivudine + raltegravir is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Infections and infestationsAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy2026-07-17

Population pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in subsequent-line treatment in African children with HIV.

van Dyk Jennie J, Waitt Catriona C, Mugerwa Henry H, Wiesner Lubbe L et al.

Ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (atazanavir/r) is an effective once-daily option for pediatric subsequent-line antiretroviral therapy when used with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Tuberculosis co-treatment complicates its use because rifampicin markedly induces atazanavir/r clearance. Although twice-daily atazanavir/r can overcome this interaction in adults, data in children are lacking. We aimed to characterize atazanavir population pharmacokinetics in children with HIV and simulate the effect of rifampicin co-treatment. Atazanavir concentration-time data in African children with HIV from CHAPAS-4 (ISRCTN22964075) and VirTUAL (NCT03923231) were analyzed by nonlinear mixed-effect modeling. We investigated the effect of weight, age, atazanavir formulation, ritonavir dose, and NRTI backbone (tenofovir alafenamide [TAF]-emtricitabine, abacavir-lamivudine, or zidovudine-lamivudine). Simulations were performed across weight bands to evaluate atazanavir/r exposures under standard conditions and, using adult-derived induction effects, predict exposures and possible dosing regimens during rifampicin co-treatment. Seventy children were included, with a median (range) age of 10.9 (3.2-17.7) years and weight of 29 (15-85) kg. A two-compartment model with sequential zero- and first-order absorption best described atazanavir disposition. The estimated typical value of atazanavir clearance was 4.8 L/h for a 27-kg individual. Atazanavir pharmacokinetics in children were unaffected by the NRTI backbone. Once-daily atazanavir/r with current dosing guidelines achieved adequate exposures across weight bands. When simulating pharmacokinetics during rifampicin co-treatment, twice-daily atazanavir/r is expected to restore exposures to levels comparable to once-daily dosing without rifampicin. These findings provide a framework for future clinical evaluation in children with HIV and tuberculosis.

PMID 42467063
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PubMedDiscover nano2026-07-17

Green synthesized cobalt doped graphene quantum dots derived from Boswellia serrata for dual ligand targeted bioimaging and delivery of exemestane.

Harde Minal T MT, Ingle Rahul R, Dhamal Sakshi S, Deshmukh Prashant P et al.

Major objective of hydrothermal method is to achieve the synthesis of Cobalt doped Graphene quantum dots (Co-GQDs) using natural precursor (Boswellia serrata gum resin). The Co-GQDs were surface engineered with folic acid (FA) and hyaluronic acid (HA) to enable dual targeting module (Co-GQDFH), followed by loading of the anticancer drug Exemestane (EXE@Co-GQDs). The nanosized, crystallite structure with high luminescence intensity was maintained after functionalization and drug loading process was assessed from preliminary physicochemical analysis. The EXE@Co-GQDFH forms complex via passive loading approach and achieves and entrapment efficiency of 68.58%. The in-vitro drug release study shows extended release of EXE from the surface functionalized Co-GQDFH for 24 h and releases (~ 88%) maximum encapsulated drug. The dose dependent toxicity was observed for EXE@Co-GQDFH (49.5 µg/ml) on MCF-7 cell breast cancer cell types while IC50 value was comparable to 5-Fluorouracil. The fluorescent Co-GQD shows high bioimaging and cellular uptake efficiency in MCF-7 cells. The surface conjugation with FA and HA on Co-GQDs shows enhanced activity with zone of inhibition was found to be 25 mm while the Co-GQD shows 20 mm suggest conjugation improved the antimicrobial effect. Radical scavenging activity was also demonstrated, with Co-GQDs showing 77.92% and EXE@Co-GQDs was 59.02% DPPH inhibition. These results suggest that surface-engineered Co-GQDs offer a multidentate nanoplatform for targeted delivery, imaging, and therapy in breast cancer applications.

PMID 42467326
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PubMedEnvironmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)2026-07-17

Linking Emission Sources to Secondary Carbon Monoxide Formation: A Chemical Reaction Chain Sensitivity-Based Analysis.

Xie Kai K, Yan Yulong Y, Duan Xiaolin X, Yang Shijie S et al.

Secondary carbon monoxide (CO) formation is a poorly constrained yet potentially critical component of urban atmospheric oxidation, integrating the effects of emission sources and multigenerational chemical oxidation. Here, we developed a quantitative analysis framework to investigate the complete linkage from emissions through chemical processing to secondary CO formation. Simulations revealed distinct diurnal variability, with pronounced daytime formation (0.05-4.4 ppb h-1) and negligible production at night (<0.01 ppb h-1), highlighting the dominant role of photochemical oxidation. Pathway analysis identified formaldehyde as the central intermediate for daytime CO formation. Its photolysis and reaction with OH radical contributed to more than half (51.1%) of total daytime production. Species-based relative incremental reactivity (RIR) analysis consistently identified isoprene was the main precursor species for secondary CO. Source-resolved RIR results revealed biogenic emissions dominate daytime CO formation sensitivity (73.1%). These findings demonstrate that secondary CO formation is governed by dynamic source-chemistry interactions that vary with oxidation regimes. They provide new constraints for CO source apportionment and mechanistic insights into secondary CO formation.

PMID 42462953
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PubMedFrontiers in health services2026-07-17

Revolutionizing African healthcare: harnessing co-creation, patient empowerment, and future thinking for patient outcomes.

Agyapong Kingsley K, Arthur Duncan Ebenezer E, Affran Samuel S

African healthcare systems continue to face poor patient outcomes, yet the role of co-creation in improving outcomes within low-resource settings remains poorly understood. Existing literature treats co-creation, patient empowerment, and future thinking as separate constructs and rarely examines the motivational and cognitive pathways linking them. Drawing on Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and Future-Oriented Theory (FOT), this study tests a dual-pathway model of co-creation in Ghanaian healthcare. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 385 patients in Ghanaian hospitals in 2025. Structural equation modeling was used to assess relationships among co-creation, patient empowerment, future thinking, and patient outcomes, with empowerment and future thinking tested as parallel mediators. Co-creation was positively associated with patient empowerment, future thinking, and patient outcomes. Both patient empowerment and future thinking partially mediated the relationship between co-creation and patient outcomes. The findings show co-creation improves outcomes primarily by building autonomy and competence, which then activate forward planning that guides health behavior. This study extends SDT and FOT to African healthcare and reveals a previously untested dual-pathway mechanism in Ghana. Co-creation functions as an implementation-focused process rather than a decision-focused process in low-resource contexts, emphasizing patient adherence within resource constraints rather than treatment choice. For policy and management, co-creation initiatives should combine autonomy support with tools that help patients mentally simulate future health actions to improve outcomes.

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PubMedbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2026-07-17

Super-resolution expansion microscopy reveals nanoscale protein domains and CO 2 -dependent remodeling of Chlamydomonas pyrenoid-traversing membranes.

Garde Aastha A, Wu Haoyu H, Jonikas Martin M

Within the algal carbon-assimilating organelle, the pyrenoid, specialized traversing membranes perform the essential function of delivering concentrated CO 2 to Rubisco. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , these membranes consist of peripheral cylindrical tubules that connect to a central reticulated region. However, due to resolution limitations, the spatial distribution of their structural and functional proteins has remained unclear. Here, we achieve an ∼11-fold improvement in resolution by combining ultrastructure expansion microscopy with super-resolution instantaneous structured illumination microscopy, revealing protein localizations and condition-dependent remodeling of these membranes. At air levels of CO 2 , the tubule-initiating protein SAGA1 forms narrow rings at the pyrenoid edge, the tubule-extending protein MITH1 surrounds the peripheral tubules, and the putative transporter BST4 surrounds tubules more centrally, suggesting that the cylindrical tubules contain multiple distinct protein domains. The CO 2 -delivering carbonic anhydrase CAH3 localizes to the inner face of the central reticulated region, suggesting that this region is specialized for CO 2 delivery. CAH3 remains in the reticulated region at high CO 2 , suggesting that the cell maintains a minimal CO 2 -delivery apparatus even when dispensable. Finally, at high CO 2 , cylindrical tubule diameter narrows, and MITH1 relocalizes throughout the pyrenoid-traversing membrane network. Together, our study elucidates sub-pyrenoid protein organization and CO 2 -dependent reorganization.

PMID 42465278
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PubMedCurrent addiction reports2026-07-17

Nicotine and Cannabis Co-Use and Sleep-Related Outcomes in Adults: A Narrative Review and Implications.

Li Wei W, Ferry Faith F, Davis Danielle R DR, Krishnan-Sarin Suchitra S

Sleep is a critical determinant of physical and mental health, and substance use may affect sleep. Despite rising nicotine-cannabis co-use among adults, its impact on sleep remains poorly understood. This narrative review synthesizes recent evidence on nicotine-cannabis co-use and sleep-related outcomes in adults, highlighting patterns, methodological limitations, and future research directions. Although substantial literature has examined nicotine or cannabis use and sleep independently, few studies have evaluated their combined effects. Only six studies published between 2015-2025 examined nicotine-cannabis co-use and sleep outcomes in adults. Co-use definitions varied (e.g., concurrent or dual use) and included multiple forms of nicotine and cannabis use (e.g., vaping or smoking). Sleep outcomes were primarily assessed via subjective measures (self-reported scales), with only one study using an objective measure (actigraphy-derived rest-activity rhythms). Findings were mixed: three studies linked co-use to poorer sleep, including short or long sleep duration, sleep disturbances, and disrupted rest-activity rhythms, and three studies reported null associations, potentially reflecting differences in populations, sample sizes, co-use definitions, or heterogeneity in sleep assessments. Nicotine-cannabis co-use is prevalent and may confer greater sleep-related risks than single-substance use, with nicotine may drive most effects. However, evidence from the past 10 years is limited by a small number of studies with heterogeneous co-use definitions, small or non-representative samples, reliance on self-report, and cross-sectional study designs. Future research should standardize co-use definitions, incorporate validated objective sleep measures (e.g., polysomnography), assess timing, frequency, dose and use longitudinal designs to clarify causal relationships.

PMID 42466008
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