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lamivudine + raltegravir (MK 0518B / Dutrebis / MK0518B)

✓ Approved

Merck & Co. · · Small Molecule

What is lamivudine + raltegravir?

lamivudine + raltegravir is a small molecule developed by Merck & Co.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesMK 0518B, Dutrebis, MK0518B
CompanyMerck & Co.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Merck & Co.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

lamivudine + raltegravir acts on 1 molecular target:

gag-pol, HIV-1 (gag-pol)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

lamivudine + raltegravir is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Infections and infestationsAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome✓ Approved

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Evolutionary rise of a synaptic mechanism for creating and diversifying key reinforcement signals.

Rodriguez-Sosa Natalia N, Rios Lupita L, Lin You-Hsin YH, Rybalchenko Volodymyr V et al.

Most neurons release either excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitters. However, multiple inputs to the lateral habenula (LHb) co-transmit glutamate and GABA, transmitters with opposing effects on LHb output. Although the LHb has an established role in reinforcement learning, the adaptive significance of glutamate/GABA co-release remains unclear. Using experimentally informed simulations, we show that GABA co-release is sufficient to produce temporal difference (TD)-like transformations of input activity, computations commonly used for reinforcement learning and behavioral optimization. Heterogeneous GABA-to-glutamate ratios, like those found among LHb neurons ex vivo, produce diverse TD-like computations linked to higher-order decision-making. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis and machine-learning image analysis further indicate that glutamate/GABA co-release expanded across vertebrate evolution, from fish to mice, rats, and monkeys. Evolutionary expansion of glutamate/GABA co-release may have supported increasingly sophisticated learning and decision-making that contribute to intelligent behavior.

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PubMediScience2026-08-30

Bacterial stress rewires diatom chronobiology and ecosystem function.

Chen Jiwei J, Diao Hang H, Su Yixi Y, Yuan Yuan Y et al.

Diatoms are vital primary producers in marine ecosystems and play a key role in blue carbon sequestration. Although their circadian rhythms have been studied in isolation, how these rhythms are modulated by co-occurring bacteria remains unknown. Using a defined co-culture of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum with the marine bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri, we observed time-dependent physiological and transcriptomic changes in P. tricornutum, including a 16.3% reduction in rhythmic genes with prolonged culture time. Genome-scale metabolic modeling suggested a biphasic response, with predicted biomass flux increasing by 81% at the early co-culture stage but decreasing by 87% during prolonged co-culture. Deconvolution of the transcriptome via AI-driven independent component analysis identified gene modules associated with silica transport and senescence-related responses under co-culture conditions. Together, these findings establish a systems-level framework that links interspecies interactions between diatoms and bacteria, providing mechanistic insights into how microbial associations influence phytoplankton chronobiology and rhythmic regulation.

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This study evaluated eight fermentation strategies to improve flavor development in fermented chili paste. LAB-yeast co-fermentation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP06 and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii ZR26 increased total acidity and amino acid nitrogen, reduced residual sugar and capsaicinoids, enhanced sourness, and decreased bitterness. Cellulase and flavourzyme supplementation promoted substrate conversion and modified taste responses. Untargeted metabolomics showed that co-fermentation without enzyme (LZ) was mainly associated with amino acid- and sulfur-related metabolites, whereas enzyme-assisted co-fermentation (ELZ) modulated lipid- and plant-derived aromatic metabolites. GC-MS identified 166 volatile compounds, including 19 with relative odor activity values >1. LZ showed the highest total VOC content and largest number of potential aroma-active compounds, while ELZ showed higher rOAVs of certain aldehydes, alcohols, sulfur-containing compounds, and terpenoids. Sensory evaluation showed that LZ and ELZ received the highest total sensory scores. Overall, LAB-yeast co-fermentation improved taste and aroma development, while enzymatic hydrolysis modulated metabolite and aroma profiles.

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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in young children, yet prospective data on its societal and health burden in Latin America remain scarce. We estimated the direct medical, direct non-medical, and indirect costs and the health burden (disability-adjusted life years, DALYs) of severe RSV-associated LRTI, compared with RSV-negative children hospitalised with severe LRTI, in three Latin American countries. We conducted a prospective multicentre cohort study between May 2023 and May 2025 among children aged 1-59 months hospitalised with severe LRTI in three tertiary hospitals in Argentina, Brazil, and Colombia. RSV was confirmed by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Individual-level data on healthcare utilisation, household out-of-pocket expenditures, and caregiver productivity losses were collected. Costs were estimated by bottom-up micro-costing and expressed in June 2025 purchasing power parity-adjusted US dollars (USD PPP). DALYs per episode were summarised by country, RSV status, and level of care. Among 747 children, 368 (49%) were RSV-positive. Intensive care unit (ICU) admission was the main driver of both costs and DALYs: mean total societal costs per episode were two-to six fold higher for ICU than forward admissions (in Argentina, USD PPP 22,099 vs 3479 among RSV-positive children), and median DALYs were three-to five fold higher (0.0058 vs 0.0011). Costs varied widely across sites but differed minimally by RSV status; differences between RSV-positive and RSV-negative episodes were small and non-significant in all three sites (all 95% confidence intervals [CIs] included zero). Severe RSV disease imposes a substantial economic and health burden across the three tertiary hospitals studied in Argentina, Brazil, and Colombia. ICU admission, rather than RSV status, is the main determinant of per-episode costs and DALYs, providing evidence to inform policy on RSV prevention. Merck Investigator Studies Program (MISP).

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PubMedParasite epidemiology and control2026-08-30

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Ahmed Ashraf Fawzy Mosa AFM, Ali Hala Shehata HS, Alhussainy Nabeel H NH, El-Wahsh Hany M HM et al.

Co-infections with Schistosoma mansoni and Helicobacter pylori are frequently reported in low-resource endemic settings; however, their combined systemic and hematological effects in true co-endemic populations remain incompletely characterized. While S. mansoni transmission is primarily driven by exposure to agricultural water, H. pylori reflects persistent household and sanitation-related transmission, highlighting distinct yet overlapping epidemiological pathways. This study aimed to assess the association between occupational freshwater exposure and S. mansoni infection and to evaluate the clinical, hematological, and biochemical profiles associated with S. mansoni and H. pylori mono- and co-infections in a rural Egyptian population. A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural agricultural village in Egypt. Participants were stratified into four groups: S. mansoni mono-infection (Gp1), S. mansoni-H. pylori co-infection (Gp2), H. pylori mono-infection (Gp3), and uninfected controls (Gp4). Clinical assessment, stool microscopy using the Kato-Katz thick smear technique, H. pylori coproantigen ELISA, complete blood counts, and serum biochemical analyses were performed. Comparative statistical analyses were used to evaluate group differences and associated risk factors. Occupational exposure (farm work) was strongly associated with S. mansoni infection (P < 0.001), reinforcing its role as a key transmission driver in rural endemic settings. Gastrointestinal symptoms were largely non-specific, although hematochezia occurred exclusively among individuals infected with S. mansoni. Co-infection did not significantly influence H. pylori antigen levels (P = 0.190), indicating limited biological interaction between the pathogens. Systemic alterations were predominantly driven by S. mansoni, including thrombocytopenia and marked eosinophilia (P < 0.001), alongside elevated serum globulin levels (P = 0.037), suggesting sustained immune activation. Other biochemical parameters showed no significant differences. In endemic rural settings, co-infection with S. mansoni and H. pylori does not demonstrate synergistic systemic effects but rather reflects overlapping transmission pathways with distinct epidemiological determinants. These findings suggest that integrated screening strategies may offer limited additional clinical benefit beyond pathogen-specific management, while still supporting coordinated control efforts targeting shared risk environments.

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In the context of a community-university partnership, we reflect on the co-development of a research process centred on urban Indigenous women's leadership, cultural resurgence, and collective well-being. Together, Indigenous and university-based co-researchers created spaces for participants in a grassroots leadership programme to reflect on and enhance their roles through storywork, relational accountability, and cultural teachings. We share three examples of how we enacted Indigenous research principles, through sharing circles, storytelling and tea, and storymaking as a method of analysis and explore key learnings that emerged through these collaborations. In this account, we centre the experiences of the urban Indigenous women leaders among us, illustrating how re-awakening of ancestral knowledge and reclamation, grounded in matriarchal values, can inform ethical, relational research practices and support ongoing transformative impacts in both community and academic contexts.

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