Drug Database
DE

dequalinium chloride (Naxyl / Fluomizin / Donaxyl)

✓ Approved

Medinova · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is dequalinium chloride?

dequalinium chloride is a small molecule developed by Medinova. It is approved for therapeutic indications via intravaginal.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesNaxyl, Fluomizin, Donaxyl
CompanyMedinova
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteIntravaginal
StatusApproved

Therapeutic Indications

dequalinium chloride is developed for 4 unique indications across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Infections and infestationsVaginal infection✓ Approved
Infections and infestationsStreptococcal infection✓ Approved
Infections and infestationsWound infection fungal✓ Approved
Infections and infestationsTrichomoniasis intestinal✓ Approved

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Martins Ria R, Cao Yanni Y, Wu Jianyong J

Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevalence varies substantially across United States (US) counties, yet the combined influence of environmental and socioeconomic factors remains incompletely characterized. This study bridges this gap by employing machine learning combined with explainable artificial intelligence to identify and interpret key environmental drivers of AD prevalence across US counties. Utilizing county-level AD prevalence data linked with comprehensive environmental and socioeconomic indicators, we applied an eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) regression framework. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) were used to evaluate global and local feature contributions. The final model demonstrated stable performance (RMSE: 0.89 ± 0.04; R2: 0.62 ± 0.03). Among 15 selected factors, chloride precipitation and median household value emerged as the most influential predictors. Additional significant drivers included land-use metrics (open land, walkability), atmospheric deposition, and localized industrial exposures. SHAP analysis revealed nonlinear, threshold-like increases in predicted AD prevalence at higher chloride levels, while geographic mapping identified regionally distinct exposure profiles. Geospatial analysis and explainable AI demonstrate that AD prevalence is driven by interacting environmental toxicants and socioeconomic disadvantages. This "exposome" perspective highlights that mitigating environmental hazards and systemic inequities is critical for reducing the neurodegenerative disease burden.

PubMedNature communications2026-10-15

Tackling chlorine poisoning for robust upcycling of PVC-contaminated plastic streams.

Gu Shengjie S, Chu Mingyu M, Hu Ping P, Wang Xuchun X et al.

Catalytic upcycling of polyolefin waste into valuable chemicals presents a promising solution to tackle the growing environmental crisis caused by plastic pollution while promoting a circular economy. However, processing plastic wastes that contain polyvinyl chloride (PVC) poses significant hurdles, as chlorine released during PVC breakdown can poison and deactivate metal catalysts. Here we introduce a non-thermal surface reconstruction strategy that can restore the activity of chlorine-poisoned catalysts at room temperature. Leveraging the potent reductive reactivity of NaBH4, chlorine contaminants on the catalyst surface are effectively eliminated, restoring the active sites. The clean-surface Ru catalysts exhibit enhanced chlorine tolerance and recyclability in the hydrogenolysis of PVC-polyolefin mixtures, offering a practical catalytic pathway for valorizing chlorine-containing plastic waste. Notably, these catalysts also display great activity in polyolefin hydrogenolysis, reaching a space-time yield of solids to condensable products of 5982 gPE · gRu-1 · h-1. This study opens new avenues for plastic upcycling and contributes to sustainable waste management, bringing us closer to a circular economy.

PubMedChemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)2026-10-15

Cystine as an Ionophore: Redox-Controlled Anion Transport and Toxicity Toward Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells.

Mukherjee Smriti Subir SS, Mishra Satyarthi S, Junkers Tanja T, Bhat Ramray R et al.

Synthetic molecules that selectively transport anions across cellular membranes are an emerging class of therapeutics against cancer. Peptide-derived transporters are attractive for cancer therapy due to their biocompatibility. A disulfide tether is employed here to position two anion-binding hydrophobic tryptophan motifs in close proximity, thereby enhancing membrane insertion and anion selectivity. The tryptophan-flanked cystine functions as an anion carrier with a preference toward nitrate and chloride ions. Reduction of the disulfide to the corresponding free thiol substantially decreases anion transport activity. In situ reduction in vesicular systems, is governed by the membrane uptake of the disulfide. This loss in activity upon reduction to the corresponding cysteine establishes a unique class of anionophores that is active as the oxidized species rather than one activated by reduction. Extension to a cellular context showed a depletion in viability of triple negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells by 50 µM of the transporter compared with untransformed MCF-10A breast cells. In co-cultures, the transporter shifted competitive viability in favor of the untransformed cells. These results establish cystine-based peptides as a chemically programmable class of anionophores that translate potentially into cancer-selective biological activity.

PubMedFrontiers in pharmacology2026-10-15

Phenolic metabolites from Ceratonia siliqua L. pods: chemical characterization, soybean lipoxygenase-1 inhibition, and in vitro gallstone-dissolving capacity.

Mekraf Souheyla S, Boufadi Mokhtaria Yasmina MY, Abbassene Fatiha F, Nedjari Benhadj Ali Kamal K et al.

Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L., Fabaceae) is a Mediterranean tree whose pods are rich in phenolic metabolites and are credited with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,hypolipidemic and antimicrobial properties. The chemical composition of MECp was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection (HPLC/UV). Free radical-scavenging and ferric-reducing capacities were measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) analytical descriptors assays, and soybean LOX-1 inhibition was assessed in vitro and examined in silico by molecular docking against the enzyme (PDB ID: 3O8Y). Gallstones removed at surgery were confirmed as cholesterol stones by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and then incubated in MECp under continuous agitation for 4 weeks, with a sodium chloride solution (NaCl, 9 g/L) as control. Gallstone mass after drying at 40 °C, the percentage of gallstone-dissolving capacity (% GDC) and the pH of the medium were recorded weekly. HPLC/UV analysis identified 20 phenolic metabolites in MECp. The extract contained 160.68 mg GAE/g DE of total phenolics and 9.19 mg QE/g DE of total flavonoids, with median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 0.16, 0.86 and 0.19 mg/mL for the DPPH, FRAP and soybean LOX-1 inhibition assays, respectively. Compared with the control, MECp produced a highly significant increase in % GDC over time, and the docking analysis revealed strong and stable interactions between the major polyphenols and the soybean LOX-1 active site. The dissolution obtained with MECp is consistent with its phenolic composition, and the docking results agree with the soybean LOX-1 inhibition measured in vitro. These findings identify MECp as a promising natural candidate for cholesterol gallstone management and support further preclinical investigation.

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Chen Zhixuan Z, Chen Yan Y, Yu Zhili Z, Xu Qingqing Q et al.

Nanoplastics (NPs) can act as carriers for heavy metals, and co-exposure to NPs and co-pollutants may produce greater toxicity than single exposure. However, the combined toxicity of nanoplastics and heavy metals in poultry liver cells remains poorly understood. Primary duck embryonic hepatocytes (PDEH) were used as an in vitro model. Cells were exposed to polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs, 80 nm, 10 μg/mL) and/or cadmium chloride (CdCl2, 4 μg/mL) for 12 h. Pyroptosis- and apoptosis-associated endpoints were assessed by brightfield microscopy, PI staining, SEM, flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 5 μg/mL) was used to evaluate the responses of these pathways. Co-exposure to PS-NPs and Cd potentiated cadmium-induced pyroptosis-associated morphological changes, including cell swelling, rounding, membrane blebbing, and surface pore formation. Mechanistically, co-exposure activated the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD signaling axis, as indicated by increased NLRP3, cleaved Caspase-1 (P20/P10), GSDMD-NT, and intracellular IL-1β maturation. Co-exposure also exacerbated apoptosis-associated changes, including an increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and a higher Annexin V-positive cell population. NAC effectively reversed the apoptosis-associated endpoints but did not significantly alter the selected pyroptosis-associated markers under the present in vitro exposure conditions. These findings suggest that PS-NPs potentiate Cd-induced hepatotoxicity in primary duck hepatocytes, with concurrent activation of pyroptosis- and apoptosis-associated signaling. The differential responses to NAC indicate that antioxidant intervention may preferentially attenuate apoptosis-associated injury under the present in vitro exposure conditions, while pyroptosis-associated signaling may require alternative targeted interventions. These results provide new insights into the combined toxicity of nanoplastics and heavy metals in avian hepatocytes.

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Dynamic serum chloride trajectories predict short- and long-term mortality in patients with malignancies: a retrospective cohort study with external validation.

Zhao Ruming R, Yang Shaojun S

Hypochloremia is associated with poor prognosis in various malignant tumors. However, longitudinal trajectories of serum chloride in cancer patients and their relationship with mortality remain unexplored. This study aimed to delineate dynamic serum chloride trajectory patterns and analyze their association with mortality in patients with malignancies. This retrospective cohort study included 4,115 patients with malignant tumors from the MIMIC-IV database who had serial serum chloride measurements within the first 5 days of ICU admission, plus an additional 518 patients from Zibo Municipal Hospital for external validation. We applied group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) to stratify patients into three distinct serum chloride trajectory classes. The primary outcomes were 28-day and 365-day all-cause mortality, which were assessed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were further conducted to verify the robustness of the study findings. Three distinct serum chloride trajectory patterns were identified in both the MIMIC-IV primary cohort and the external validation cohort: Class 1 (initial hyperchloremia resolving to normal levels), Class 2 (persistent normochloremia), and Class 3 (progressive hyperchloremia). In the fully adjusted Cox regression model (Model 3), Class 3 was an independent predictor of 28-day (HR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.26-1.92) and 365-day all-cause mortality (HR = 1.38, 95%CI: 1.19-1.60) in the MIMIC-IV cohort. This prognostic value was validated in the external validation cohort, where Class 3 was also associated with a significantly increased 28-day mortality risk (HR = 1.90, 95%CI: 1.08-3.33). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that Class 3 patients had significantly lower survival rates at both 28-day and 365-day follow-ups. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses further verified the robustness of the association between progressive hyperchloremia and adverse mortality outcomes. Progressive hyperchloremia trajectory independently predicts early and late mortality in cancer patients, and may offer a dynamic, low-cost biomarker for risk stratification.

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