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clomiphene citrate (Omifin / Clomid)

✓ Approved

Sanofi S.A · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is clomiphene citrate?

clomiphene citrate is a small molecule developed by Sanofi S.A. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesOmifin, Clomid
CompanySanofi S.A
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Sanofi S.A

Therapeutic Indications

clomiphene citrate is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Reproductive system and breast disordersInfertility female✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedUltrasonics sonochemistry2026-08-29

Synergistic effects of ultrasound and yeast co-fermentation on microstructural, metabolic, and sensory properties of Robusta coffee.

Ni Jie J, Tang Huihua H, Tang Haoyuan H, Cao Cuihui C et al.

The study investigated an approach combining ultrasound with co-fermentation of P. fermentans and K. marxianus to improve the microstructural, metabolic, and sensory characteristics of Robusta coffee. Ultrasound treatment at 100, 200, and 300 W modified the surface microstructure of green coffee beans. Among them, 200 W exhibited the most pronounced promotion of yeast growth during fermentation (FU2). Compared with the control, the combined ultrasound and fermentation treatment increased total flavonoid and polyphenol contents while reducing caffeine and chlorogenic acid contents. In cupping tests, FU2 received the highest score (82.16 ± 0.58), noted for roasted, cocoa, floral, and honey aromas. Headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) analysis showed reduced undesirable volatile compounds (VCs) (pyrazines, pyridines and phenolic volatiles) and increased furans, alcohols, and esters in fermented samples. Metabolomics revealed significant alterations in metabolite profiles after ultrasound treatment. These metabolic changes were further regulated during fermentation, accompanied by significant enrichment of flavor precursor pathways, including phenylalanine metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, and the citrate cycle. These findings provide a potential strategy for improving the sensory quality and value-added utilization of Robusta coffee.

PMID 42667730
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PubMedCureus2026-08-28

Live Sextuplet Birth After Ovulation Induction in a Patient With Secondary Infertility: A Case Report.

Abdelgader Alla A, Daaoud Ibrahim I, Ali Dawelbait Azza Mohamed AM, Abuobida Baharelden B et al.

High-order multiple pregnancy is an unusual but serious complication of ovulation induction and is associated with significant maternal, fetal, and neonatal risks. While ovulation induction has been commonly used in the management of unexplained infertility, multifetal gestation remains an important iatrogenic outcome despite careful monitoring. In this article, we report a rare case of high-order multiple pregnancy following the induction of clomiphene citrate in a woman with unexplained secondary infertility. A 30-year-old para 1 female patient (eight years long) presented to Tadawi Medical Hospital, Khamis Mushait, Saudi Arabia, seeking pregnancy for secondary infertility. An infertility study confirmed normal hormonal status, bilateral tubal patency on hysterosalpingography, and normal semen analysis of her husband, and a diagnosis of unexplained secondary infertility was made. At the start of the stage, she underwent routine cycle monitoring using timing for intercourse and received folic acid, vitamins, and L-arginine. Induction of ovulation was accomplished by clomiphene citrate 50 mg daily for five days. On day 12, she had mild ovarian hyperstimulation, managed lightly. Initial early pregnancy evaluation showed markedly increased beta-human chorionic gonadotropin levels. Ultrasound revealed five gestational sacs that each harbored a viable fetal pole, pointing towards high-order multifetal gestation. The patient received close antenatal follow-up every two weeks. Fetal reduction was recommended due to the high maternal and perinatal risks; however, she declined. Cervical cerclage at 14 weeks gestation with Mersilene was performed because of the increased risk of cervical insufficiency. She was kept on progesterone support and was placed on dexamethasone for fetal lung maturation at 24 weeks. Serial ultrasounds revealed continuous viability of all fetuses and no gross structural anomalies. Although elective delivery was planned at 30-32 weeks, she developed preterm labor at 28 weeks and underwent cesarean section. Each neonate was born alive and placed in the neonatal intensive care unit for approximately five weeks. A rare situation with an extremely serious management challenge of high-order multiple pregnancy, including the complications post-ovulation induction and management challenges that this case presents. To facilitate these outcomes, it is critical that intensive monitoring, timely intervention, complex management, multidisciplinary effort, as well as neonatal support occur.

PMID 42662356
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PubMedNanoscale2026-08-28

Departure from the electric dipole approximation in small gold nanoparticles revealed by hyper-Rayleigh scattering.

Liu Weizhen W, Negrín-Montecelo Yoel Y, Irfan Muhammad M, Besteiro Lucas V LV et al.

Polarization-resolved hyper-Rayleigh scattering is employed to uncover the far-field response in small spherical gold nanoparticles (about 15 nm). A comprehensive theoretical framework, validated against well-characterized benchmark molecules, enables the extraction of a dipolar response factor, f, from measurements under linearly, elliptically, and circularly polarized laser excitation. For these reference molecules, a factor close to unity confirms purely dipolar far-field emission, validating the method. When applied to an aqueous suspension of citrate-stabilized spherical gold nanoparticles across 800-1300 nm fundamental excitation, the analysis reveals pronounced wavelength-dependent departures from dipolar behaviour. Moreover, depolarization ratios reach values that are forbidden within the dipole approximation when the second harmonic frequency matches the plasmonic frequency. These results demonstrate a substantial multipolar contribution in small spherical gold nanoparticles, challenging the common assumption of their purely dipolar nature. Importantly, the proposed interpretation does not invoke shape anisotropy or multiple plasmonic resonances. The presented method, along with its theoretical framework, provides a broadly applicable tool for monitoring deviations from the dipolar response in both plasmonic and dielectric nanostructures in solution.

PMID 42663092
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PubMedBioresource technology2026-08-28

Aromatic carbon from low-temperature biochar enhances bacterial phosphorus solubilization under saline-alkaline stress.

Ge Ziyi Z, Gan Shiyun S, Li Jiayi J, Xu Ziyue Z et al.

Co-applying biochar with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) holds promise for ameliorating severely degraded ecosystem productivity due to low phosphorus (P) bioavailability in saline-alkaline soils. However, their interaction on how biochar reshapes microbial metabolism function remains poorly understood. Here, low/high-temperature biochar (BC300 and BC700) were utilized to explore the possible mechanism on biochar derived carbon-driven cell's metabolic characteristics in terms of P-solubilization optimization. Specifically, BC300 at 15,000 mg/L was prominent in P-solubilization level over 37.0% of the control rather than BC700 (decreased by 21.4%). Consistent with this divergence, BC300 exhibited significantly higher DOC (108.9 vs. 21.5 mg/L) and SUVA254 values (4.3 vs. 0.9) than BC700. Metabolic-transcriptomic revealed up-regulated the PhoR/PhoB two-component system, enhancement of aromatic amino acid metabolism alongside suppressed ribosome biosynthesis and citrate cycle in BC300. Further detection on targeted LC-MS confirmed a 12.8-fold increase in extracellular maleic acid (28,571.2 ng/mL). Meanwhile, BC300 also improved stress defense supported by increase in extracellular polymeric substances and superoxide dismutase activity. Collectively, these findings suggest the pivotal role of low-temperature biochar in modulating microbial metabolic response to phosphorus deficiency under saltine-alkaline stress, which is possibly associated with aromatic-rich DOC that drives organic acid overflow and stress defense, thereby sustaining efficient P-solubilization.

PMID 42660362
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PubMedWaste management (New York, N.Y.)2026-08-28

Microplastics-induced effects on membrane fouling and effluent quality in MBRs for landfill leachate treatment under long-term operation.

Bian Shijie S, Yan Jingwei J, Jiang Timing T, Li Huying H et al.

Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive in landfill leachate and tend to be retained in membrane bioreactors (MBRs). However, the long-term effects on treatment performance of MBRs remain insufficiently understood. Herein, this study presents a 210-day laboratory experiment comparing a control MBR with two MPs-added MBRs continuously dosed with polystyrene (PS) or phenolic formaldehyde (PF) particles (150-250 µm). Results showed that MPs tended to accumulate in the sludge and settle at the reactor bottom in MBRs, with a small portion incorporated into the membrane cake layer. The final concentrations of MPs in the sludge were 63.1 ± 3.2 mg/L, and 46.4 ± 3.6 mg/L in the PS MPs, and PF MPs groups, respectively. The presence of MPs reduced the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand in the landfill leachate, and intensified membrane fouling. Continuous exposure to MPs stimulated oxidative stress in sludge microorganisms and likely promoted elevated production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), thereby forming denser, smoother biofilms with higher organic content on the ultrafiltration membrane surface. By the end of operation, the transmembrane pressure of PS MPs and PF MPs groups were 23.34 kPa, and 33.85 kPa, respectively, which were significantly higher than the Control group (13.17 kPa). Metabolomics analysis further revealed enhancement of pyruvate, citrate cycle metabolism and increased levels of metabolites such as palmitic acid, trehalose and proline. These findings demonstrate that MPs drive metabolic shifts in microbial communities and enhance EPS secretion, leading to persistent membrane fouling in MBRs for landfill leachate treatment.

PMID 42659855
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PubMedBiomolecules2026-08-27

Repurposing of Clomiphene Citrate and Its Antileishmanial and Antifungal Activities: In Silico and In Vitro Studies.

Santos Leandro Josuel da Costa LJDC, Abi-Chacra Érika de Araújo ÉA, de Carvalho Rita de Cássia Vianna RCV, França Lucas Malaquias LM et al.

This study investigated the repurposing potential of clomiphene citrate as a topical therapeutic candidate for tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) and candidiasis. Comparative in silico analyses were performed to evaluate absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties in comparison with meglumine antimoniate and amphotericin B. In addition, molecular docking was conducted to investigate the interaction of clomiphene with Leishmania spp. arginase and the Sap5 protease of Candida albicans. Clomiphene exhibited a favorable physicochemical profile, characterized by high lipophilicity, moderate skin permeability, and predicted oral bioavailability and intestinal absorption superior to those of the reference drugs. Toxicological predictions also indicated a lower systemic toxicity profile compared with conventional therapies. Molecular docking revealed favorable binding energies and interactions with key residues within the active sites of both targets. Experimental assays demonstrated that clomiphene inhibited the early stages of C. albicans biofilm formation and exhibited potent leishmanicidal activity against L. amazonensis promastigotes, with a high selectivity index in macrophages. Together, these findings indicate that clomiphene citrate represents a promising candidate for further investigation as a potential therapeutic agent against tegumentary leishmaniasis and candidiasis.

PMID 42650801
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