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triamcinolone acetonide (Azmacort 134a / KI03216 / Azmacort CFC)

✓ Approved

AbbVie, Inc. · NR3C1 · Small Molecule

What is triamcinolone acetonide?

triamcinolone acetonide is a small molecule developed by AbbVie, Inc.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via inhaled or topical.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesAzmacort 134a, KI03216, Azmacort CFC
CompanyAbbVie, Inc.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetNR3C1
RouteInhaled, Topical
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, AbbVie, Inc.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

triamcinolone acetonide acts on 1 molecular target:

NR3C1nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 (GR, GCCR)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

triamcinolone acetonide is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disordersAsthma✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedCureus2026-08-30

Optical Coherence Tomography Biomarkers in Diabetic Macular Edema and Their Role in Predicting Visual Outcome After Ranibizumab or Triamcinolone Injection.

Palanisamy Shanmugasundaram S, Mishra Priyadarshini P, Nayak Bhagabat B, Moharana Bruttendu B et al.

Background Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the most common cause of defective vision in patients with diabetic retinopathy. With intravitreal injection being a treatment option, different forms of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) and steroid injections are available. In order to choose the effective intravitreal injection based on the retinal changes in optical coherence tomography (OCT) biomarkers, analysis is crucial. Aim This study aimed to investigate the changes in OCT biomarkers after intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF (ranibizumab) or steroid (triamcinolone) in DME and to correlate them with visual outcome. Methods This prospective observational study included patients diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy with clinically significant macular edema (CSME). Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and OCT biomarkers were measured at baseline and after one month of intravitreal injection. Results A total of 58 eyes were included. There was a significant change in OCT parameters, central macular thickness (CMT), subretinal fluid (SRF) height, intraretinal cyst height, and hyperreflective foci (HRF), one month after a single intravitreal injection (p<0.05). There was a significant change in BCVA after one injection (p=0.046). Also, a significant correlation was noted between BCVA and CMT (r=-0.455; p<0.001), SRF height (r=-0.438; p=0.001), and intraretinal cyst height (r=-0.540; p<0.001). Conclusion OCT biomarkers can be used to monitor therapeutic response and to predict visual outcome after intravitreal injection in DME. The presence of more HRF at baseline might be considered for steroid injection.

PMID 42668895
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PubMedInternational journal of molecular sciences2026-08-27

From Physicochemical Properties to Rehabilitation Outcomes: Understanding Corticosteroid Injection Adverse Effects.

Pirri Carmelo C, Manocchio Nicola N, Sorbino Andrea A, Napoleoni Valeria V et al.

Corticosteroid injections (CSIs) are widely used in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, but their safety profile is strongly influenced by the formulation-specific chemical structure and physicochemical properties of each molecule, as well as by injection technique and dosing strategy. Particulate corticosteroids such as triamcinolone acetonide and methylprednisolone acetate exhibit low aqueous solubility, microcrystal formation, and prolonged intra-articular residence, which translate into sustained anti-inflammatory effects but also higher risks of chondrotoxicity, calcifications, tendinopathy, cutaneous and muscular atrophy, osteonecrosis, nerve injury, infection, and post-injection flare, especially with repeated or high-dose use. In contrast, more soluble preparations like betamethasone and dexamethasone sodium phosphate provide rapid onset and shorter duration of action, with reduced local depot-related complications but a greater propensity for transient systemic effects such as glycemic spikes. Across adverse events, less soluble, longer-acting formulations and inaccurate extra-articular delivery consistently emerge as key drivers of local tissue damage. Ultrasound guidance significantly improves injection accuracy, optimizes drug deposition of both particulate and non-particulate agents, and may enhance clinical outcomes while limiting complications, thereby representing a relevant component of CSI practice. In conclusion, this narrative review proposes a formulation-oriented framework for corticosteroid selection, integrating pharmaceutical formulation, physicochemical properties, imaging guidance, and individualized rehabilitation strategies to optimize molecule selection, minimize adverse effects, and advance a precision rehabilitation paradigm.

PMID 42653418
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PubMedBiomolecules2026-08-27

Neosaxitoxin Downregulates Inflammation in an Equine In Vivo Model of Osteoarthritis.

Dörner Cristóbal C, Lagos Néstor N, Oyaneder Lissette L, González Carlos C et al.

Chronic synovial inflammation is a hallmark of osteoarthritis progression and is tightly regulated by synovial macrophages. Recently, voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV) have emerged as potent modulators of macrophage-driven inflammation, positioning them as novel therapeutic targets. Among selective NaV channel blockers, neosaxitoxin exerts remarkable anesthetic and immunomodulatory effects; however, its effects on joint inflammation upon intra-articular delivery remain unexplored. Using an equine model of bilateral carpal osteoarthritis, this study evaluated the immunomodulatory and tissue-preserving effects of intra-articular neosaxitoxin. Sixteen horses were randomized into two experimental groups (n = 8/each): Neosaxitoxin in one joint and triamcinolone (+control) in the contralateral joint; or neosaxitoxin in one joint and saline (-control) in the contralateral joint. Clinical parameters, synovial fluid cytology and cytokine profiles, and histological changes in synovium and cartilage were assessed over 30 days. Neosaxitoxin reduced synovial inflammation, evidenced by decreased synovial effusion and surface temperature, along with improved joint flexion. Furthermore, synovial fluid from neosaxitoxin-treated joints exhibited lower counts of erythrocytes, neutrophils, total protein, and key pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β and IL-6) compared to saline-treated controls. Histologically, neosaxitoxin-treated joints exhibited modest synovial inflammatory cell infiltration and minor cartilage abnormalities. In contrast, control joints exhibited synovial hyperplasia, fibrovascular proliferation, and cartilage degeneration. Our data suggests that intra-articular neosaxitoxin better preserved joint homeostasis by limiting synovial inflammation and cartilage damage. These results warrant further investigation on Neosaxitoxin as a candidate treatment for inflammatory arthropathies.

PMID 42650808
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PubMedJournal of clinical medicine2026-08-27

MCID, SCB, and PASS Thresholds After Percutaneous Trigger Finger Release With or Without Corticosteroid Injection.

Karasu Recep R, Dinç Mustafa M, Eken Gökay G

Background/Objectives: Percutaneous A1 pulley release effectively treats trigger finger, but the additional benefit of concomitant corticosteroid injection remains debated. Moreover, minimal clinically important difference (MCID), substantial clinical benefit (SCB), and patient acceptable symptom state (PASS) thresholds have not been well established for this procedure, limiting patient-centered interpretation of outcomes. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 80 patients (40 per group) who underwent percutaneous trigger finger release alone (PR) or with adjunctive triamcinolone injection (PR+CS). Anchor-based MCID and SCB thresholds for QuickDASH (Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand), Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ), and visual analog scale (VAS) pain were derived using GROC as the external anchor, whereas PASS thresholds were derived using a dichotomous acceptable-state question; ROC analysis was used for all threshold estimates. Group comparisons incorporated effect sizes and responder analyses. Results: MCID thresholds were ΔVAS ≥ 3, ΔQuickDASH ≥ 19, and ΔMHQ ≥ 16.5; SCB thresholds were ΔVAS ≥ 4, ΔQuickDASH ≥ 25, and ΔMHQ ≥ 20; and PASS thresholds were 3-month VAS ≤ 4, QuickDASH ≤ 29, and MHQ ≥ 76. For MCID and SCB, MHQ showed the highest observed AUCs (0.899 and 0.946, respectively). Greater mean improvements in all change scores were observed in the PR+CS group than in the PR group (ΔQuickDASH 24.2 vs. 19.9, p < 0.001, d = 1.39; ΔMHQ 20.5 vs. 15.0, p < 0.001, d = 1.67). However, the magnitudes of the between-group differences did not reach the derived MCID or SCB thresholds. PASS achievement was numerically higher in the PR+CS group than in the PR group (75% vs. 55%), but this difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.061). Conclusions: Preliminary MCID, SCB, and PASS estimates were derived for percutaneous trigger finger release; the principal novelty lies in the procedure-specific SCB and PASS estimates, with the SCB estimates being, to our knowledge, the first reported for any trigger finger treatment modality. MHQ showed the highest observed AUCs for MCID and SCB, whereas QuickDASH showed the highest observed AUC for PASS, underscoring the complementary information provided by the three instruments. Although greater mean functional changes were observed in the PR+CS group, the magnitudes of the between-group differences did not reach the derived MCID or SCB thresholds. However, given the retrospective, non-randomized design, these between-group findings remain exploratory and hypothesis-generating and should be viewed as a patient-centered re-interpretation of an established clinical question rather than as new comparative evidence; no causal benefit of adjunctive corticosteroid injection can be inferred. Given the small anchor-defined derivation subgroups and the potential instability of the selected cut-offs, these candidate estimates require prospective external validation in independent cohorts before clinical application.

PMID 42652703
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PubMedReports (MDPI)2026-08-26

A Case Report of Eosinophilic Sialodochitis with Right Submandibular Sialolithiasis and Hyperattenuating Material Along Wharton's Duct.

Kawasumi Tomohiro T, Hamamoto Takao T, Ishino Takashi T, Ueda Tsutomu T et al.

Background and Clinical Significance: Eosinophilic sialodochitis (ES), also known as sialodochitis fibrinosa, is a rare disorder characterized by recurrent salivary gland swelling caused by intraductal eosinophilic mucous plugs. Typical histopathological findings include eosinophils and Charcot-Leyden crystals within ductal secretions, and characteristic imaging findings include salivary duct dilatation and glandular swelling. Although rare cases associated with sialolithiasis or calcification have been reported, high-attenuation material within the salivary duct on computed tomography (CT) has not been clearly described in ES. Case Presentation: A 56-year-old woman with allergic rhinitis presented with recurrent swelling and pain in the right submandibular area. CT and ultrasonography revealed a large sialolith in the right submandibular gland and dilatation of Wharton's duct. She underwent right submandibular gland excision for presumed chronic obstructive submandibular sialadenitis with a sialolith. Soon after surgery, she developed recurrent swelling of the right floor of the mouth, and CT showed persistent high-attenuation material along Wharton's duct without residual sialolith. Ductal massage discharged a brownish gelatinous material. Histopathological examination revealed numerous eosinophils and Charcot-Leyden crystals in both the discharged mucous plug and decalcified sialolith, fulfilling Baer's diagnostic criteria for ES. Physical extraction and anti-allergic medications were insufficient, whereas ductal irrigation with saline and triamcinolone acetonide markedly reduced mucous plug discharge. Symptoms were controlled during 18 months of follow-up. Conclusions: Retained eosinophilic mucin in ES may appear as high-attenuation ductal material on CT and contribute to salivary stasis and sialolith formation.

PMID 42647316
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PubMedWounds : a compendium of clinical research and practice2026-08-25

The use of over-the-counter aerosolized triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum: a case series.

Hill Jordan Z JZ, Chirumamilla Varshita V, Kaffenberger Benjamin H BH

Peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum (PPG) is a rare neutrophilic dermatosis characterized by painful ulcerations near an abdominal stoma. While topical therapy is a key component of its often multimodal management, many agents risk compromising ostomy seal integrity, thus limiting their effectiveness. Over-the-counter aerosolized steroids may offer a promising alternative, combining anti-inflammatory benefit with minimal disruption to appliance adhesion. The cases of 5 patients who developed PPG between 2 weeks and 10 years after surgical creation of an ostomy are presented. Three patients had underlying inflammatory bowel disease, although multiple inflammatory triggers were identified across the cohort. All patients incorporated triamcinolone acetonide 55 mcg/spray into their treatment regimens. Each case demonstrated complete resolution of PPG without disruption of the ostomy appliance adhesion. This case series underscores the potential of over-the-counter aerosolized steroids as both adjunctive and primary therapy in the treatment of PPG. Their ease of access, cost-effectiveness, and compatibility with ostomy systems make them especially appealing for early intervention. Thus, over-the-counter aerosolized steroids represent a practical and promising addition to current PPG management strategies.

PMID 42640996
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