Drug Database
LE

leuprolide

✓ Approved

AimPharma · GNRHR · Small Molecule

What is leuprolide?

leuprolide is a small molecule developed by AimPharma. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intramuscular (im) injection.

Drug Profile

CompanyAimPharma
Drug ClassSmall Molecule, Polypeptide
Molecular TargetGNRHR
RouteInjectable (Others), Intramuscular (IM) Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, AimPharma

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

leuprolide acts on 1 molecular target:

GNRHRgonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (HH7, GRHR)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

leuprolide is developed for 4 unique indications across 3 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps)Prostate cancer✓ Approved
Reproductive system and breast disordersEndometriosis✓ Approved
Endocrine disordersPrecocious puberty✓ Approved
Reproductive system and breast disordersUterine fibrosis✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedInternational journal of pharmaceutics2026-08-30

Polysaccharide-functionalized metal-polyphenol network-coated porous microspheres for improving the treatment of probiotics in ulcerative colitis.

Xiao Congcong C, Chen Bohan B, Gong Liming L, Feng Jing J et al.

Probiotic therapy offers a new approach to the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC), but oral drug delivery still faces challenges such as low gastrointestinal survival rates, insufficient intestinal retention, and poor inflammatory targeting. In this study, a layer-by-layer encapsulation probiotic delivery system (HGM-L.re PM) was developed. Lactobacillus reuteri (L.re) was loaded onto poly-L-lactic acid porous microspheres, followed by in situ assembly of a tea polyphenol/Fe3+ metal-polyphenol network (MPN) coating, and then layer-by-layer electrostatic deposition of an ethylene glycol chitosan/ hyaluronate (GCS/HA) polysaccharide gel layers via electrostatic interactions. The porous microspheres provide efficient probiotic loading and physical protection; the MPN coating confers transferrin-responsive degradability, enabling on-demand release at sites of inflammation; the GCS/HA outer layer synergistically forms a dense gel network via acid-triggered electrostatic cross-linking to resist gastric erosion, while the terminal HA moiety specifically binds to CD44 to enhance colonic adhesion. Compared to unencapsulated probiotics, HGM-L.re PM demonstrated significantly enhanced viability protection throughout all simulated stages of gastrointestinal digestion and achieved retention for up to 72 h in mice with colitis. In a DSS-induced acute UC model, this formulation effectively alleviated weight loss and colonic shortening, reduced mucosal damage, downregulated IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels, upregulated IL-10, restored the expression of mucin and tight junction proteins, and reshaped the gut microbiota composition by enriching beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus species. The underlying mechanism involves metabolic reorientation and stress resolution. The formulation also demonstrated good in vivo safety. This layer-by-layer encapsulated probiotic delivery platform offers a new strategy for enhancing the efficacy of oral probiotic therapy for UC.

PMID 42669319
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PubMedFood chemistry: X2026-08-30

Dual-mode screening system for rapid and accurate aflatoxin B1 detection in edible oils.

Ying Guangyao G, Wang Tingting T, Li Kunlun K, Lu Zheng Z et al.

This study established a dual-mode system integrating a portable flow cytometer with UHPLC-QqQ MS/MS for rapid AFB1 detection in edible oils. A competitive immunofluorescence sensor used streptavidin-magnetic microspheres with biotin-AFB1-BSA, AFB1 antibody, and APC-labeled secondary antibody. The method showed a linear range of 0.025-25 ng/g (R2 = 0.9966), with IC10 of 0.26 ng/g and IC50 of 0.76 ng/g. Recoveries were 90.51-102.73% with precisions ≤9.54%. UHPLC-QqQ MS/MS achieved LODs of 0.20-0.40 ng/g and LOQs of 0.50-1.25 ng/g for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, with recoveries of 88.99-107.12% and precisions of 1.09-10.58%. Validation with 29 commercial oils and 10 contaminated peanut batches found no AFB1 in market samples and 1.07-9.36 ng/g in contaminated ones, consistent with UHPLC-QqQ MS/MS. The system enables on-site high-throughput screening with a flow cytometric reading speed of approximately 1 min per sample and a batch throughput of ∼32 samples/h (96-well plate format), while maintaining laboratory-grade accuracy. By enabling efficient triage of large sample volumes at the point of sampling, this strategy provides a practical and cost-effective framework for strengthening aflatoxin surveillance in the edible oil supply chain.

PMID 42668490
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PubMedAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)2026-08-29

Water-Soluble POSS Promotes Concurrent Coalescence and Crosslinking for Multiscale-Reinforced, Coalescent-Free Waterborne Coatings.

Wang Chao C, Wu Bin B, Li Lin L, Ru Yibo Y et al.

Waterborne thermoset coatings face a fundamental formulation dilemma, whereby premature crosslinking restricts latex particle deformation and polymer diffusion, thus necessitating the use of VOC-emitting coalescing agents to achieve continuous film formation. Here, this dilemma may be resolved using a water-soluble, amine-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (NPOSS) to promote cooperative coalescence and interparticle crosslinking in a latex of epoxy-functionalized microspheres with two-stage seeded core-shell architecture. Dissolved in water, NPOSS appeared to transiently plasticize the latex particles to facilitate coalescence while exhibiting a moderate reaction rate that permits interparticle diffusion prior to extensive crosslinking. Cryo-TEM and DLS reveal wet-state particle association, deformation, and fusion, while ATR-FTIR confirms continued post-drying network densification. This process yields a multiscale reinforcement architecture comprising a molecular-scale covalent network, nanoscale chemical heterogeneity, and micrometer-scale compositional homogeneity. Driven by this multiscale reinforcement, the NPOSS network simultaneously delivers enhancements in both macroscopic strength and toughness. Transparent coatings prepared without added coalescing agents or co-solvents exhibit 2H hardness, 6.6 N scratch resistance, >89% visible transmittance, and strong chemical resistance under laboratory spotting conditions.

PMID 42667171
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PubMedChemical science2026-08-29

Targeting calcium-crosslinked alginate hydrogel in a living subject using a synthetic anion receptor.

Cheney Hunter B D HBD, Gamage Rananjaya S RS, Chiaramonte Jon J, Price Catherine G CG et al.

Alginate hydrogels are widely utilized in different medical applications as drug excipients, wound dressings, and tissue engineering scaffolds. However, selective delivery of molecular payload to unmodified alginate hydrogels in complex biological media remains a significant challenge. This study presents a novel supramolecular approach for targeting unmodified alginate hydrogels using synthetic zinc(ii) bis(2,2'-dipicolylamine) (ZnBDPA) coordination complexes. Recognizing the polyanionic nature of alginate, we demonstrate that ZnBDPA receptors exhibit high binding affinity for the carboxylate groups on an alginate polymer backbone. Solution-state titration and dye displacement assays confirmed strong binding of a ZnBDPA receptor to different polycarboxylates including alginate. Subsequent hydrogel loading and leakage experiments found that a fluorescent ZnBDPA receptor molecule readily transferred into calcium-crosslinked alginate microspheres and remained trapped, unlike an untargeted control dye. Moreover, release of the trapped ZnBDPA receptor could be triggered by adding pyrophosphate as a receptor binding and displacement agent. Finally, in vivo fluorescence imaging of a living mouse revealed that intravenously administered ZnBDPA receptor selectively targeted a subcutaneously implanted alginate microsphere. These findings establish ZnBDPA as an effective delivery vehicle for alginate hydrogel implants within a living subject, offering a versatile platform for loading and controlled release of molecular payload.

PMID 42666993
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PubMedFood chemistry2026-08-28

Self-assembled proanthocyanidin-Iron microspheres with multilayer alginate coating for effective inhibition of advanced glycation end-products.

Chen Dong D, Huang Zhiyu Z, Wang Xingru X, Kong Xia X et al.

This study proposes a novel strategy to overcome the trade-off between high inhibitory activity against Advanced glycation end-products and processing stability of natural polyphenols by designing proanthocyanidin‑iron microspheres. These microspheres were fabricated via coordination-driven self-assembly of iron ions and proanthocyanidins, followed by coating with sodium alginate. Characterization using scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy revealed the structural characteristics and interfacial interactions of the microspheres. Molecular docking simulations verified a high-affinity interaction between proanthocyanidins and bovine serum albumin, with a binding free energy difference of 3.30 kcal/mol. In a biscuit model, the microspheres exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of fluorescent advanced glycation end-products(58.7%)at the highest tested concentration. This work establishes proanthocyanidin‑iron microspheres as a potential functional food ingredient with anti-glycation properties, providing a viable strategy for dietary intervention by controlling deleterious compounds in processed foods.

PMID 42664844
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PubMedNeurology2026-08-28

Bridging the Gap: Translating Microemboli-Induced Spreading Depolarization Into Clinical Practice.

Brammer Kreiberg Magnus Peter MP, Hamann Steffen S, Rosenbaum Sverre S, Rossing Kasper K et al.

A 68-year-old woman developed daily episodes of migraine aura following mitral valve surgery. During aura symptoms, microemboli in the posterior circulation were detected in real time by transcranial Doppler. After initiation of antiplatelet therapy, the daily clinical episodes ceased, and microemboli were not detectable on repeated transcranial Doppler. Spreading depolarization, the underlying mechanism of migraine aura symptoms, is a conserved electrophysiologic phenomenon characterized by a propagating wave of neuronal and glial depolarization. Experimental models demonstrate that spreading depolarization can be triggered by cortical ischemic lesions and by air emboli, cholesterol crystals, or microspheres in the cerebral circulation without apparent tissue injury. This case illustrates cerebral microembolism-triggered clinical episodes suggestive of cortical spreading depolarization. We therefore suggest that transient neurologic episodes with the characteristics of cortical spreading depolarization, that is, sequential, retinotopically or somatotopically spreading, neurologic symptoms with positive features, can be induced by microembolism in humans.

PMID 42664477
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