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lamivudine + zidovudine + abacavir (abacavir + Combivir / Combivir + abacavir / Trizivir)

✓ Approved

Shire · · Small Molecule

What is lamivudine + zidovudine + abacavir?

lamivudine + zidovudine + abacavir is a small molecule developed by Shire. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand Namesabacavir + Combivir, Combivir + abacavir, Trizivir
CompanyShire
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Shire

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

lamivudine + zidovudine + abacavir acts on 1 molecular target:

gag-pol, HIV-1 (gag-pol)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

lamivudine + zidovudine + abacavir is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Infections and infestationsAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedIDCases2026-08-29

Disseminated mpox with suspected immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in a person living with HIV: A case report from South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Ntaboba Alain Balola AB, Tshongo Christian C, Shamamba Guillaume Ashuza GA, Hatu'm Victoire Urbain VU et al.

Severe mpox is increasingly reported in people living with HIV (PLHIV). While immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is well-characterised in other opportunistic infections, its role in the acute clinical course of mpox remains poorly understood. A 42-year-old man from eastern South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), with newly diagnosed HIV initiated tenofovir/lamivudine/dolutegravir. Two weeks later, he developed severe disseminated clade I mpox, confirmed by PCR, with more than 250 polymorphic lesions. Around day 7 of admission, while afebrile, he experienced paradoxical clinical worsening with confluent hemorrhagic and necrotic plaques, which were highly suggestive of mpox-associated IRIS. A pragmatic management protocol consisting of a 6-week tapered course of oral prednisone, broad-spectrum oral antibiotics (levofloxacin and clindamycin), high-dose acyclovir, and supportive care led to progressive skin healing and clinical recovery while ART was continued. He was discharged after 62 days at the family's request. Unfortunately, 3.5 weeks post-discharge, he died at home following the application of traditional topical preparations to residual lesions. This case highlights the need to consider mpox-associated IRIS in the differential diagnosis of unexplained clinical worsening of mpox in PLHIV who recently initiated ART. Although definitive confirmation of IRIS was not possible because of limited immunological investigations, the temporal association with ART initiation and the clinical course were consistent with this diagnosis. This case underscores the need for standardized diagnostic criteria, prospective evaluation of adjunctive anti-inflammatory therapies, and strengthened post-discharge community follow-up in resource-limited settings.

PMID 42667044
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PubMedMicroorganisms2026-08-27

Longitudinal Clinical and Molecular Characterization of a Single Pediatric Case of Vertically Acquired HIV-1 Subtype C with Baseline Resistance to Protease Inhibitors.

Zaher Kawther A KA, El-Daly Mai M MM, Zaki Eitezaz A EA, Alhazmi Mohammad M MM et al.

Transmitted HIV drug resistance can compromise treatment outcomes in children with vertically acquired infection, particularly when baseline resistance testing is unavailable. This case report describes the longitudinal clinical, virological, immunological, and molecular course of a male child diagnosed with vertically acquired HIV-1 subtype C infection, most consistent with mother-to-child transmission. Clinical history, viral load, CD4/CD8 profiles, HIV-1 pol sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and interpretation were performed using the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database (HIVdb). The baseline viral load was 240,993 copies/mL, with a CD4:CD8 ratio of 0.40. Genotypic analysis identified major protease inhibitor resistance mutations V82A and I84I/V, together with M184V. Stanford HIVdb predicted high-level resistance to lopinavir/ritonavir, atazanavir/ritonavir, lamivudine, and emtricitabine; low-level resistance to darunavir/ritonavir and abacavir; and preserved susceptibility to tenofovir, zidovudine, and the evaluated NNRTIs. Initial lopinavir/ritonavir-based regimens failed to achieve sustained virological suppression. Following treatment optimization with an integrase inhibitor-based regimen and subsequent transition to bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF), HIV-1 RNA became Target Not Detected (TND) from November 2024 onward. At the latest follow-up, the CD4 count was 877 cells/µL, the CD8 count was 722 cells/µL, and the CD4:CD8 ratio had improved to 1.21, indicating substantial immune recovery. This single-patient case highlights the clinical value of baseline genotypic resistance testing and individualized, genotype-guided antiretroviral therapy in achieving durable virological suppression in pediatric HIV.

PMID 42654980
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PubMedFrontiers in public health2026-08-27

Nutritional status and functional capacity among people living with HIV in routine care: a retrospective cohort study.

Odeigah Louis Okeibunor LO, Ologe Mary Olufunmilayo MO, Oshikoya Kazeem Adeola KA, Fadare Joseph Olusesan JO

Malnutrition remains an important concern among people living with HIV (PLHIV), even with widespread antiretroviral therapy (ART). Although ART has improved survival and long-term outcomes, undernutrition persists alongside increasing overweight and obesity, creating a dual nutritional burden that may complicate HIV care. This study described the nutritional status of adults receiving routine HIV care in a tertiary facility in Nigeria. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using routinely collected clinical data from the HAART clinic of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. Adults aged ≥ 18 years with complete anthropometric measurements at the index visit were included. For participants with multiple encounters, the index visit was the earliest visit with available body mass index (BMI) data. Nutritional status was classified using standard adult BMI categories. Baseline demographic, anthropometric, treatment, and laboratory characteristics were summarized descriptively. Because laboratory variables had substantial missingness and functional status showed limited variability, adjusted regression analyses were not performed. Of 1,132 patient records screened, 301 participants met the eligibility criteria. The median age was 52 years [interquartile range (IQR): 45-60 years], and 98.7% were male. Overall, 26 participants (8.6%) were underweight, 165 (54.8%) had normal BMI, 75 (24.9%) were overweight, and 35 (11.6%) were obese. Most participants were receiving tenofovir-lamivudine-dolutegravir (TLD)-based therapy (87.7%). WHO functional status showed no variability; all participants were classified as working. CD4 count and viral load data were available for only 3.7 and 13.3% of participants, respectively. Undernutrition persists alongside overweight and obesity among adults receiving routine HIV care. The coexistence of nutritional deficits and excess weight supports routine nutritional assessment within long-term HIV care. Given substantial missing laboratory data, lack of functional-status variability, and extreme sex imbalance, findings should be interpreted primarily as descriptive observations.

PMID 42656553
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PubMedBiomedicines2026-08-27

Profile of People Living with HIV Switching Prior Antiretroviral Treatment to a Doravirine-Based Regimen in the Real-World Clinical Setting in Greece: The Retrospective DORAVITO Study.

Papadopoulos Antonios A, Astriti Myrto M, Papastamopoulos Vasileios V, Paparizos Vassileios V et al.

Background: Doravirine (DOR) is a new-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, which has emerged as an option for people living with HIV (PLWH) owing to its favorable efficacy and safety profile, unique resistance pathway and limited potential for drug-drug interactions. Methods: This retrospective chart review study aimed to better understand DOR-based treatment use in Greece, PLWH characteristics, and drivers of treatment switch. Eligible individuals were adult PLWH who were switched to a DOR-based regimen based on the physician's decision. Individuals exposed to DOR at any time prior to switching to the DOR-based regimen were excluded. Results: From 12 July 2023 to 31 October 2023, 110 PLWH were consecutively enrolled across 6 public hospital clinics. At baseline (closest prior to or on the date of first DOR prescription), the mean age of PLWH was 49.3 years, 90.9% were males, 88.2% were asymptomatic, 86.5% were virologically suppressed, 33.6% were suffering from multimorbidity (excluding infections/infestations), 45.5% were receiving comedications for their comorbidities, and 5.5% were co-infected with Hepatitis C virus. Most PLWH (98.2%) were prescribed DOR plus two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; 87.3% were prescribed DOR/Lamivudine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate fixed-dose combination. PLWH started DOR a median of 11.7 years after first-ever antiretroviral therapy initiation, corresponding to 2nd/3rd/≥4th antiretroviral line in 33.6%/33.6%/32.7% of participants, respectively; 60.9% of them were proactively switched to a DOR-based regimen. The most common reasons for switching were 'regimen simplification' (42.7%), 'tolerability' (26.4%) and 'prevention of toxicities' (18.2%). Conclusions: This study highlights the patterns of DOR use in real-life clinical practice in Greece among treatment-experienced PLWH. Physicians switch HIV-1-infected individuals from prior ART to DOR-based regimens to offer a simplified regimen or to avoid or prevent toxicity.

PMID 42652144
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PubMedThe Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy2026-08-21

Effectiveness of dolutegravir/lamivudine versus bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide in people with HIV with very high viral load (≥500 000 copies/mL).

Martin-Torres Juan J, Navarro-Soler Roser R, Iglesias-Franco Judit J, Lagarde-Sebastián María M et al.

To compare the effectiveness of dolutegravir/lamivudine (DTG/3TC) versus bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) at Week 48 in treatment-naive adults with high baseline viral loads (≥500 000 copies/mL) and CD4+ cell count ≥200/mm3 and to assess immune recovery and safety. We conducted a single-centre retrospective cohort study including all ART-naive people with HIV-1 (PWH) and HIV-RNA ≥500 000 copies/mL and CD4+ ≥200 cells/mm3 who initiated DTG/3TC or BIC/FTC/TAF during 2019-2024. Effectiveness was assessed as the proportion of participants achieving HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL at Week 48 [intention-to-treat, missing = failure (ITT, M = F)]. Immune recovery, metabolic and renal safety were evaluated through changes in CD4+ count, weight, lipid profile and creatinine. Time-to-virologic suppression was analysed using Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank testing. Safety profile and immune recovery were conducted using Mann-Whitney U test. A total of 40 patients (52.5% on DTG/3TC, 47.5% on BIC/FTC/TAF) were included, with a high prevalence of primary HIV infection (PHI) (76.2% and 84.2%, respectively). No baseline differences were observed between groups. At 48 weeks, virologic suppression rates were 90.5% (19/21) in the DTG/3TC group and 94.7% (18/19) in the BIC/FTC/TAF group (log-rank P = 0.73). Viral decay kinetics were similar between groups. No virologic failures with resistance or treatment discontinuations were observed. Median CD4+ gains were comparable between groups (385 vs 243 cells/mm3; P = 0.30). No significant differences in weight gain, lipid profile, or creatinine levels were observed. In ART-naive PWH with HIV-RNA ≥500 000 cp/mL and CD4+ ≥200/mm3, including those with PHI, DTG/3TC and BIC/FTC/TAF showed similar effectiveness and comparable safety profiles at Week 48.

PMID 42627147
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PubMedOpen forum infectious diseases2026-08-21

Evaluation of Real-World Antiviral Effectiveness and Sustainability of the 2-Drug Regimen Dolutegravir/Lamivudine Fixed-Dose Combination in Treatment-Naive and Pretreated People Living With HIV Who are Virologically Suppressed, in Routine Clinical Care in France: Results From the CARAVEL Study.

Philibert Patrick P, Charpentier Charlotte C, Naguleswaran Nilakshani N, Philippe Caroline C et al.

Despite demonstrated virological efficacy, real-world evidence on the long-term effectiveness of dolutegravir plus lamivudine (DTG/3TC) in people living with HIV (PLWH) remains limited; this study assessed effectiveness, examining immunological response, resistance and safety. CARAVEL was a French, prospective, noninterventional, single-arm, multicenter, 3-year cohort study in treatment-naive PLWH (TN-PLWH) and pretreated PLWH (PT-PLWH) receiving DTG/3TC for the first time. Forty-nine centers enrolled 304 participants: 56 TN-PLWH and 248 PT-PLWH. Effectiveness was evaluable in 49 (87%) TN-PLWH and 234 (94%) PT-PLWH. Initial virological suppression was attained for 44 (89.8%) TN-PLWH after 6 months of initiating DTG/3TC, with a median time to virological suppression of 1.1 months (IQR 1.0 to 2.1), and no virological failure during the follow-up. After switching, 220 (94%) PT-PLWH maintained virological suppression. During the follow-up, 14 PT-PLWH did not maintain virological suppression: 5 due to intermittent viraemia, and 9 due to virological failure (VF). Among the 9 participants with VF, a genotypic resistance test was available for 3 participants of whom 1 developed 3TC resistance [M184V] in the context of nonadherence. DTG/3TC was discontinued in 63 participants, mainly at their request (N = 40, 64.5%), as well as tolerability and VF. The average change in body weight over the follow-up was +2.0 (±6.0) (P = .13) kg in TN-PLWH and -0.2 (±6.5) (P = .78) kg in PT-PLWH, among participants with available data (N = 156). These real-world data demonstrated high virological success and good safety after up to 3 years on DTG/3TC in both TN-PLWH and PT-PLWH populations.

PMID 42626547
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