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lamivudine + zidovudine + abacavir (abacavir + Combivir / Combivir + abacavir / Trizivir)

✓ Approved

Shire · · Small Molecule

What is lamivudine + zidovudine + abacavir?

lamivudine + zidovudine + abacavir is a small molecule developed by Shire. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand Namesabacavir + Combivir, Combivir + abacavir, Trizivir
CompanyShire
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Shire

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

lamivudine + zidovudine + abacavir acts on 1 molecular target:

gag-pol, HIV-1 (gag-pol)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

lamivudine + zidovudine + abacavir is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Infections and infestationsAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy2026-07-17

Population pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in subsequent-line treatment in African children with HIV.

van Dyk Jennie J, Waitt Catriona C, Mugerwa Henry H, Wiesner Lubbe L et al.

Ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (atazanavir/r) is an effective once-daily option for pediatric subsequent-line antiretroviral therapy when used with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Tuberculosis co-treatment complicates its use because rifampicin markedly induces atazanavir/r clearance. Although twice-daily atazanavir/r can overcome this interaction in adults, data in children are lacking. We aimed to characterize atazanavir population pharmacokinetics in children with HIV and simulate the effect of rifampicin co-treatment. Atazanavir concentration-time data in African children with HIV from CHAPAS-4 (ISRCTN22964075) and VirTUAL (NCT03923231) were analyzed by nonlinear mixed-effect modeling. We investigated the effect of weight, age, atazanavir formulation, ritonavir dose, and NRTI backbone (tenofovir alafenamide [TAF]-emtricitabine, abacavir-lamivudine, or zidovudine-lamivudine). Simulations were performed across weight bands to evaluate atazanavir/r exposures under standard conditions and, using adult-derived induction effects, predict exposures and possible dosing regimens during rifampicin co-treatment. Seventy children were included, with a median (range) age of 10.9 (3.2-17.7) years and weight of 29 (15-85) kg. A two-compartment model with sequential zero- and first-order absorption best described atazanavir disposition. The estimated typical value of atazanavir clearance was 4.8 L/h for a 27-kg individual. Atazanavir pharmacokinetics in children were unaffected by the NRTI backbone. Once-daily atazanavir/r with current dosing guidelines achieved adequate exposures across weight bands. When simulating pharmacokinetics during rifampicin co-treatment, twice-daily atazanavir/r is expected to restore exposures to levels comparable to once-daily dosing without rifampicin. These findings provide a framework for future clinical evaluation in children with HIV and tuberculosis.

PMID 42467063
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PubMedThe Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy2026-07-15

Virological failure and resistance emergence during treatment with bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide or dolutegravir/lamivudine in people living with HIV without prior resistance mutations: a real-world study.

Drumel Thomas T, Kimmerlin Julie J, Allavena Clotilde C, Deschanvres Colin C et al.

To evaluate, in a large real-world cohort of people living with HIV (PLWH) treated with bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) or dolutegravir/lamivudine, rates of virological failure (VF) and resistance emergence. All PLWH receiving BIC/FTC/TAF or dolutegravir/lamivudine without prior NRTI or integrase strand transfer inhibitor (InSTI) resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) and with at least 6 month follow-up between January 2018 and January 2025 were included in this retrospective single-centre study. Demographic, therapeutic and immunovirological data were collected from electronic medical records. VF was defined as confirmed HIV RNA >50 copies/mL or a single HIV RNA >200 copies/mL followed by modification of treatment. Blip was defined as a single HIV RNA between 50 and 200 copies/mL. These thresholds were applied after >6 months of first-line therapy (FLT), or at any timepoint in virological suppression maintenance therapy (MT). Plasma HIV genotyping by Sanger sequencing was performed at the clinician's request, and resistance was interpreted using the ANRS algorithm V35. A total of 1059 PLWH were included: 594 receiving BIC/FTC/TAF (141 FLT and 453 MT) and 465 receiving dolutegravir/lamivudine (23 FLT and 442 MT). VF occurred in 79/1059 PLWH (7.5% overall; 9.8% in the BIC/FTC/TAF group and 4.5% in the dolutegravir/lamivudine group) and blips in 96/1059 PLWH (9.0% overall; 9.9% and 5.8%, respectively, groupwise). Resistance emergence was documented in nine cases (0.9%), four for BIC/FTC/TAF (InSTI-RAM in 1/4) and five for dolutegravir/lamivudine (InSTI-RAM in 3/5). In this real-world cohort, InSTI resistance emergence in PLWH failing BIC/FTC/TAF or dolutegravir/lamivudine was rare at 0.17% and 0.65%, respectively, supporting the robustness of these InSTI-based regimens.

PMID 42455039
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PubMedEuropean journal of pediatrics2026-07-15

Drug-associated acute pancreatitis in paediatric versus adult reports: a disproportionality analysis using FAERS.

Vantrappen Annelien A, Yalcin Nadir N, van Hoeve Karen K, De Bruyne Pauline P et al.

While drug-associated acute pancreatitis is proportionally more prevalent in children than adults, age-stratified pharmacovigilance data remain limited. This study analysed paediatric-specific signals to improve recognition and safety. This study aimed to identify drugs associated with acute pancreatitis in children compared with adults and explored age-related differences in patterns using the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). A retrospective disproportionality analysis was conducted on 29,349 reports (November 1970-February 2026) from the FAERS. The dataset included 2138 (7.3%) paediatric cases (0-17 years). Suspected active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) were identified, and reporting patterns were compared between age groups (chi-squared, reporting odds ratio (ROR), proportional reporting ratio (PRR), multivariate regression analysis). The top ten suspected drugs in children were as follows: methotrexate, pegaspargase, asparaginase, dexamethasone, acetaminophen, prednisone, vincristine sulphate, cytarabine, valproic acid, and mercaptopurine. Paediatric cases were primarily linked to oncologic and immunomodulatory treatments, whereas adult reports were mainly linked to antidiabetic and cardiovascular agents. Seven APIs present in the top 25 list of children and adults (dexamethasone, acetaminophen, prednisone, tacrolimus, lamivudine, didanosine, furosemide) showed significantly higher reporting proportions in children (p < 0.01). Dexamethasone, tacrolimus, and didanosine showed positive interaction terms with serious outcomes in adjusted models. Serious outcome and consumer-reporting were more common in neonates and infants. Distinct age-dependent patterns were identified. These findings support paediatric-specific pharmacovigilance assessment and caution against direct extrapolation of adult spontaneous-reporting patterns to children. A clinically useful list of drugs with the highest reporting frequencies in children has been generated. • Drug-associated acute pancreatitis is proportionally more prevalent in children. • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) can be used to analyse and explore age-dependent patterns. • The top ten suspected drugs in children were as follows: methotrexate, pegaspargase, asparaginase, dexamethasone, acetaminophen, prednisone, vincristine sulphate, cytarabine, valproic acid, and mercaptopurine, linked to oncology and immunomodulation. • Compared to adults, seven drugs (dexamethasone, acetaminophen, prednisone, tacrolimus, lamivudine, didanosine, furosemide) showed significantly higher reporting proportions in children. Dexamethasone, tacrolimus, and didanosine were associated with serious events.

PMID 42448984
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PubMedCureus2026-07-15

Reversible HIV-Associated Nephropathy and Concomitant Encephalomyelopathy as the Initial Presentation of Advanced, Untreated HIV.

Ya Minn Mya M, Umer Muhammad Qasim MQ, Madu Andrew Chisom AC, Stacey Hannah H et al.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can cause severe multiorgan dysfunction when left untreated. Concurrent, severe renal and central nervous system manifestations as the primary presentation of advanced HIV are rare in modern clinical practice. We report a case of a young female presenting with dialysis-dependent acute kidney injury (AKI) from HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) and paraplegia from HIV encephalomyelopathy, both of which demonstrated remarkable recovery following antiretroviral therapy (ART). A 31-year-old female presented with a 1-week history of pyrexia, malaise, and rapidly progressive bilateral lower limb weakness. She is a PLHIV (people living with HIV) and was diagnosed seven years ago; she had defaulted from follow-up before starting ART. Laboratory investigations revealed stage 3 AKI, with serum creatinine rising from 403 umol/L on admission to 1112 umol/L within two weeks, alongside high-grade proteinuria. Serology confirmed a plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load of 3,440,753 copies/mL and a CD4 T-cell count below the limit of detection (<8 cells/uL). A renal biopsy demonstrated classic histopathological features of HIVAN, showing collapsing glomerulopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spine demonstrated extensive, diffuse abnormal T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (T2/FLAIR) signal intensities involving the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, brainstem, and a long segment of the cervical cord, consistent with an advanced neuro-axis injury. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and CSF culture ruled out opportunistic neuro-infections. The patient was initiated on regular haemodialysis and an intensive antiretroviral regimen consisting of dolutegravir/lamivudine, darunavir, and ritonavir, alongside co-trimoxazole prophylaxis until her CD4 count was over 200 cells/mm3. Over a five-month follow-up period, the patient demonstrated an impressive clinical response. Her plasma viral load decreased to 41 copies/mL, serial neuroimaging revealed substantial resolution of the extensive intracranial and spinal cord lesions, together with recovery of motor power to 5/5 in all 4 limbs, and recovery of renal function, which allowed for the successful cessation of long-term haemodialysis. This case underscores that advanced HIVAN requiring renal replacement therapy and extensive HIV-related central nervous system pathology can be profoundly reversed with timely, potent antiretroviral therapy. Clinicians must maintain a high index of suspicion for HIV in patients presenting with unexplained concurrent multiorgan dysfunction, as early intervention can avert permanent end-stage organ failure and severe neurological disability.

PMID 42454235
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PubMedOpen forum infectious diseases2026-07-14

Archived M184V/I Mutation and Risk of Virological Failure After Switching to Doravirine, Lamivudine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: A National Observational Study (Dat'AIDS Cohort).

Palich Romain R, Ursenbach Axel A, Hall Nolwenn N, Becker Agathe A et al.

Among 1282 virally suppressed people with HIV switching to doravirine/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, 40 (3.1%) experienced virological failure (VF) during follow-up (median 81 weeks). Archived M184V/I mutation (7.4% of study population) was not significantly associated with VF after adjustment (adjusted hazard ratio 1.36; 95%CI 0.51-3.66).

PMID 42444791
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PubMedFetal diagnosis and therapy2026-07-14

Fetoscopic Laser Surgery for Complicated Monochorionic Twin Pregnancies in Mothers Living with HIV: Case Series.

Gil-Pugliese Savino S, Taborda Gabriela Cecilia GC, Nobile-Recalde Agustina A, Mazer-Zumaeta Alicia A et al.

Introduction Evidence on fetal surgery in mothers living with HIV is limited. All intrauterine invasive procedures carry a risk of fetal exposure to maternal blood, and therefore, a theoretical risk of vertical transmission must be considered. Currently, there is no published data on fetoscopic procedures in mothers living with HIV. Case Presentation We present a multicenter case series of three monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies in mothers living with HIV, all complicated by twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome and treated with fetoscopic laser surgery. The procedures were performed between 18.4 and 23.0 weeks of gestation, and all patients were receiving effective combination antiretroviral therapy. At the time of fetal surgery, maternal viral load was 52 copies/mL in two cases and <50 copies/mL in the remaining case. Prophylactic intraoperative zidovudine was administered in one of the two cases with a viral load of 52 copies/mL. At the time of delivery, none of the patients received intrapartum zidovudine prophylaxis, as viral loads were <50 copies/mL in all cases. Deliveries occurred between 29.0 and 37.6 weeks of gestation, including both cesarean and vaginal deliveries. Neonatal antiretroviral prophylaxis was administered in all cases, and postnatal follow-up revealed no evidence of vertical transmission. Conclusion Fetoscopic laser surgery for complicated monochorionic twin pregnancies in mothers living with HIV who are receiving effective antiretroviral therapy, with undetectable or low viral loads, appears to be safe. The theoretical risk of vertical transmission in this setting is likely negligible and does not seem to represent a contraindication to the procedure under optimal conditions.

PMID 42447148
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