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interleukin-2 (Interking)

✓ Approved

Shenzhen Neptunus · IL2RA · Recombinant Proteins

What is interleukin-2?

interleukin-2 is a recombinant proteins developed by Shenzhen Neptunus. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intravenous (iv) or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesInterking
CompanyShenzhen Neptunus
Drug ClassRecombinant Proteins
Molecular TargetIL2RA
RouteInjectable (Others), Intravenous (IV), Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Shenzhen Neptunus

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

interleukin-2 acts on 1 molecular target:

IL2RAinterleukin 2 receptor subunit alpha (IL2R, TCGFR)
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Therapeutic Indications

interleukin-2 is developed for 15 unique indications across 4 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps)Adenosquamous cell lung cancer✓ Approved
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps)Bladder cancer✓ Approved
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps)Breast cancer✓ Approved
Infections and infestationsHepatitis B✓ Approved
Infections and infestationsLeprosy✓ Approved

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Related Research Articles

PubMedFood & function2026-08-30

Abelmoschus manihot (L.) leaf flavonoids (AMLF) restore cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice via gut microbiota and serum metabolomics modulation.

Yang Shengnan S, Jin Jiahui J, Zhao Dou D, Cai Mengquan M et al.

Immune homeostasis serves as the foundation for disease prevention and the cornerstone for ensuring human health. The effects of Abelmoschus manihot (L.) leaf flavonoids (AMLF) on restoring immune function were investigated in a cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressed mouse model. The underlying repair mechanisms were explored by an integrative analysis of intestinal microbiomics and serum metabolomics. The results demonstrated that AMLF markedly elevated the spleen and thymus indices, promoted the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes in the presence of concanavalin A (ConA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte subsets, and concomitantly enhanced the serum levels of key immunomodulatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and the antibody immunoglobulin G (IgG). In addition, AMLF treatment effectively mitigated CTX-induced histopathological injuries to immune organs and the colon. AMLF were also found to protect the liver by regulating antioxidant enzyme activities. Furthermore, AMLF markedly improved the intestinal microbial community structure, promoted the enrichment of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillaceae and Prevotellaceae), inhibited pathogenic bacteria (Muribaculaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae), and increased the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Serum metabolomic analysis showed that AMLF upregulated the levels of leukotrienes, S-(PGA1)-glutathione and prostaglandin E2. Correlation analysis identified g_Alistipes, g_norank_f_Muribaculaceae, and g_Kurthia as potential microbiota strongly associated with the restoration of immune and metabolic homeostasis after AMLF treatment. These findings support the dual potential of AMLF in functional foods and as immunomodulatory adjuvants.

PMID 42669286
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PubMedNeuromolecular medicine2026-08-30

AMBMP Hydrochloride Reverses STZ-Induced Alzheimer-Type Dementia Associated with Wnt/β-catenin/TLR4 Signaling.

Kalra Palak P, Chaturvedi Deepak D, Kumar Amit A, Grewal Amarjot Kaur AK et al.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder with progressive cognitive decline and neuronal loss. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of AMBMP Hydrochloride, a Wnt/β-catenin agonist, in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mice model of AD, elucidating the interplay between dysregulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling and Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated inflammation, with Palmitic acid used as a TLR4 pathway modulator. Mice received bilateral intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of STZ (3 mg/kg) on Day 1 and Day 3, followed by administration of Donepezil (3 mg/kg)/ AMBMP Hydrochloride (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg)/Palmitic acid (TLR4 agonist, 20 mg/kg) via the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route from Day 4 to Day 22. STZ-treated mice exhibited significant cognitive dysfunction, characterized by impaired performance in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) task along with increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TBARS), neuroinflammation [tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)/Interleukin-6 (IL-6)/Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)] and decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. However, AMBMP Hydrochloride significantly improved behavioral and biochemical alterations possibly through modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and attenuation of TLR4-mediated inflammation. Interestingly, Palmitic acid co-treatment was found to counteract these protective effects, further pointing to a role of TLR4 in the pharmacological effect of AMBMP Hydrochloride. In summary, we confirmed that AMBMP Hydrochloride exhibits potent neuroprotective effects associated with modulating Wnt/β-catenin/TLR4 signaling, offering a promising therapeutic approach against Alzheimer-Type Dementia. Future studies should delve deeper into the molecular mechanisms and translational promise of AMBMP hydrochloride, paving the way for its development as a potential candidate for AD management.

PMID 42668333
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PubMedJournal of clinical and experimental hematopathology : JCEH2026-08-30

Successful treatment of refractory hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis complicating Epstein-Barr virus-positive classic Hodgkin lymphoma with rituximab.

Ichikawa Satoshi S, Suzuki Yutaka Y, Tanaka Yuya Y, Kanba Keita K et al.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) complicating classic Hodgkin lymphoma (HL-HLH) is a rare but frequently life-threatening condition that is strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, particularly in the mixed-cellularity and lymphocyte-depleted subtypes. No consensus has been reached regarding treatment for HL-HLH, and the myelotoxicity induced by etoposide-based HLH-directed therapy precludes its safe addition to intensive lymphoma-directed chemotherapy, particularly in older patients. We here report the case of a male in his early 70s with advanced EBV-positive mixed-cellularity classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) who presented with cervical lymphadenopathy, fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and a markedly elevated soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) level, along with a high peripheral blood EBV DNA load. EBV-encoded small RNA in situ hybridization confirmed EBV positivity in lymphoma cells. His fever was steroid-refractory, and chemotherapy with brentuximab vedotin, doxorubicin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (BV-AVD) was initiated immediately following the diagnosis was confirmed. However, the persistent high fever did not resolve, and progressive cytopenia, marked hyperferritinemia, and further increase in sIL-2R levels were observed. Repeat bone marrow examinations revealed macrophage activation with hemophagocytosis, confirming HLH as a complication. Rituximab was promptly administered, and the fever resolved within 3 days. Furthermore, ferritin, sIL-2R, and lactate dehydrogenase levels substantially declined within 1 week, with peripheral blood EBV DNA becoming undetectable. BV-AVD was continued without major complications and led to a complete response after six cycles. Rituximab may represent a strategically timed and reasonable adjunctive intervention for EBV-driven HL-HLH that is refractory to, or develops following, chemotherapy for CHL.

PMID 42669549
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PubMedFood & function2026-08-30

Effects of γ-aminobutyric acid-rich fermented rice bran on hepatic histology, gut microbiota, and fecal metabolites in a rat model of high-fat diet-induced NAFLD-like hepatic injury.

Huang Yuh-Ting YT, Fu Lu-Chi LC, Chen Yi-Hsiu YH, Xiao Qian Q et al.

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-rich fermented rice bran (GFRB) is a multi-component fermented food matrix with potential metabolic benefits, but its effects on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced liver injury and associated gut microbial and metabolic changes remain unclear. In this study, we characterized the metabolite profile of GFRB and evaluated its effects in rats with HFD-induced liver injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a control diet or HFD with or without GABA or low- or high-dose GFRB supplementation for 12 weeks. Gut microbiota, fecal short-chain fatty acids, and fecal metabolomic profiles were further analyzed as exploratory outcomes. GFRB contained markedly increased GABA and was enriched in amino acid- and fermentation-related metabolites, including glutamine, ornithine, citrulline, lactate, and succinate. HFD feeding induced a relatively mild non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-like phenotype characterized by hepatic histopathological alterations, including fatty changes and inflammation. GFRB supplementation attenuated these hepatic alterations, as reflected by a reduced NAFLD activity score in the low-dose GFRB group and decreased hepatic interleukin-6 levels in the high-dose GFRB group. Exploratory analyses also identified alterations in gut microbiota composition and fecal metabolite profiles, particularly in amino acid- and nitrogen-related metabolic pathways. Overall, these findings suggest that GFRB may attenuate early HFD-induced liver injury, potentially through modulation of hepatic inflammation. The accompanying gut microbiota and metabolomic changes should be considered exploratory observations that warrant further mechanistic investigation.

PMID 42669294
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PubMedBrain & development2026-08-30

Cytokine profiles in children with PCR-confirmed HHV-6 infection according to seizure occurrence.

Yeom Jung Sook JS, Kim Young-Soo YS, Park Ji Sook JS, Park Eun Sil ES et al.

Although cytokines are contributors to febrile seizures, previous studies have largely involved pathogen-heterogeneous populations. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a common cause of febrile seizures and is useful for studying pathogen-specific inflammatory responses. This retrospective study included children with polymerase chain reaction-confirmed HHV-6 infection using stored plasma samples obtained within 72 h of hospital presentation, classified according to seizure status. Plasma cytokine levels were measured using a multiplex immunoassay. Multivariable linear regression was used to identify the cytokines associated with seizures, with Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) correction across 15 cytokines. Correlations between cytokine levels and hematologic parameters were evaluated. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-to-plasma cytokine ratios were analyzed. Sixty patients were included (37, without seizures; 23, seizures), with no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the groups. Plasma interleukin-8 (IL-8) showed an association with seizures (adjusted fold change 1.84, p = 0.03), but this association did not remain statistically significant after FDR correction (q = 0.45). Inverse correlations between IL-8 (and to a lesser extent macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha) and neutrophil and platelet counts were observed in the non-seizure group only. In the paired analyses (n = 8), the CSF-to-plasma ratios of IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 exceeded 1.0, with a trend toward higher IL-8 ratios in the seizure group after adjusting for age. Although exploratory, findings from this pathogen-homogeneous cohort suggest that IL-8 is a candidate cytokine associated with both seizure occurrence and an altered relationship with neutrophil and platelet counts, warranting further study.

PMID 42669234
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PubMedEuropean journal of preventive cardiology2026-08-30

Women with angina and no obstructive coronary artery disease: IL-6 identifies a cardiometabolic high-risk phenotype and predicts cardiovascular events.

Haahr Rasmus R, Rytoft Laura Amalie LA, Mygind Naja Dam ND, Holmager Therese Lucia Friis TLF et al.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been linked to major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in the general population. Among women with angina and no obstructive coronary artery disease (ANOCA), IL-6 has been associated with coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), a known driver of risk in this population. We aimed to investigate whether IL-6 identifies a cardiometabolic high-risk phenotype and predicts long-term cardiovascular outcomes in women with ANOCA, and whether its prognostic value is modified by CMD. The iPOWER cohort included 1853 women with stable angina and <50% coronary stenosis at coronary angiography. Of these, 1636 had measures of plasma IL-6 at baseline. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, revascularization, ischaemic stroke, and heart failure. Associations with outcomes were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age and cardiovascular risk factors, with prespecified subgroup analyses, including assessment of potential effect modification by CMD assessed by TTE-derived coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR). Higher IL-6 was associated with a cardiometabolically shifted phenotype characterized by adiposity, diabetes, a high triglyceride-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol lipid profile, and reduced CFVR. During a median follow-up of 10.8 years, 250 women (15.3%) experienced MACE. IL-6 predicted MACE [hazard ratios (HR) 1.23, 95% confidence interval 1.07-1.41]. The association did not vary by CMD status (HR 1.25 vs. 1.16). IL-6 identifies an inflammation-driven cardiometabolic high-risk phenotype in women with ANOCA and independently predicts MACE. The prognostic value of IL-6 does not depend on CMD, underscoring IL-6 as a clinically relevant marker of long-term cardiovascular risk.

PMID 42668422
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