Drug Database
CE

cefalexin (Panixine DisperDose / Panixine DisperDose)

✓ Approved

Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is cefalexin?

cefalexin is a small molecule developed by Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesPanixine DisperDose, Panixine DisperDose
CompanyRanbaxy Laboratories Limited
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited

Therapeutic Indications

cefalexin is developed for 3 unique indications across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Infections and infestationsLower respiratory tract infection✓ Approved
Infections and infestationsUrinary tract infection✓ Approved
Infections and infestationsViral upper respiratory tract infection✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedJournal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)2026-08-30

A randomized crossover trial comparing the acute physiological and psychological effects of botanical formulations of oral psilocybin, oral psilocin, and sublingual psilocin.

Tai Marlene L ML, Szigeti Balázs B, Downey Amanda E AE, Aday Jacob S JS et al.

Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic found in hallucinogenic mushrooms, is metabolized to psilocin, the compound responsible for its psychoactive effects. Psilocybin has demonstrated therapeutic potential for neuropsychiatric conditions. While recent trials have primarily used orally administered synthetic psilocybin, alternative formulations and delivery methods may offer therapeutic advantages, yet the effects of these approaches remain poorly characterized. To compare the pharmacodynamic profiles and tolerability of oral psilocybin, oral psilocin, and sublingual psilocin derived from whole-mushroom extracts in healthy adults. In this randomized, within-subject, crossover trial, 20 healthy adults (10 men, 10 women; mean age 40.1 ± 5.9 years) completed up to four drug administration sessions involving botanical oral psilocybin (25 mg), oral psilocin (17.5 mg), or sublingual psilocin (2.18, 4.36, or 8 mg). All sessions included therapeutic support and pre- and post-dose psychotherapy. Acute effects were assessed using vital signs and subjective ratings of drug intensity and psychedelic experience. Oral psilocin produced a similar temporal and subjective profile to oral psilocybin, with a lower burden of adverse effects. Sublingual psilocin was well tolerated, though the apparently lower achieved drug exposure limited comparability to oral administration. Oral psilocin may offer tolerability advantages over oral psilocybin. Sublingual psilocin was well tolerated at the dosages tested. Further studies are needed to evaluate botanical formulations and optimize delivery approaches.Clinical trial registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05317689.

PMID 42668404
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PubMedBMC oral health2026-08-30

Oral health status and associated influencing factors in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a case-control study.

Dong Rui R, Wu Han H, Jin Feifei F, Yang Qiqi Q et al.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the second most prevalent chronic pediatric condition worldwide. Its core ADHD symptoms-inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity-impair oral hygiene behaviors, and first-line medications such as methylphenidate may further increase oral disease risk. However, systematic epidemiological data on oral health status of children with ADHD remain limited in China. This study aimed to investigate oral health status of children with ADHD and identify factors associated with adverse oral health outcomes in this population. This case-control study included 130 children with ADHD and 143 age-matched healthy controls (6-12 years old) recruited from Dezhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shandong Province, China, between July and December 2025. Oral examinations assessed dental caries (using the DMFT index for permanent teeth and dmft index for primary teeth, collectively reflecting the mixed-dentition caries burden), caries activity (Cariostat), periodontal status (Plaque Index [PI], Modified Gingival Index [MGI]), malocclusion, and dental trauma. Parent-reported questionnaires collected data on oral health behaviors, socioeconomic characteristics, and medication use. Between-group differences were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, and Fisher exact test. Multivariate logistic regression with backward likelihood ratio selection was used to examine factors associated with adverse oral outcomes after adjusting for confounders. The English versions of the questionnaires are provided in Supplementary Files 1 and 2. The ADHD group had significantly higher overall dental caries prevalence (80.77% vs. 52.45%, P < 0.001), higher median DMFT+dmft scores (3 vs. 1, P < 0.001), higher plaque index (PI) scores (2 vs. 1, P < 0.001), higher modified gingival index (MGI) scores (2 vs. 1, P < 0.001), and higher Cariostat values (P < 0.0001) than the control group. In contrast, the fissure sealant rate was significantly lower in the ADHD group (6.15% vs. 47.29%, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that methylphenidate use (adjusted odds ratios [aOR] = 39.65, 95% CI: 15.79-271, P < 0.001) and frequent candy consumption (aOR = 84.54, 95% CI: 12.2-584, P < 0.001) were associated with higher odds of dental caries in the adjusted model. In contrast, a higher parental education level (college degree or above) was associated with lower odds of dental caries (aOR = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.014-0.684, P = 0.019). Perfunctory toothbrushing (aOR = 8.78, 95% CI: 3.12-24.71, P < 0.001) was associated with higher odds of poor oral hygiene (PI ≥ 2), whereas higher household income (aOR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.12-0.74, P = 0.009) and twice-daily toothbrushing (aOR = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.05-0.43, P = 0.001) were associated with lower odds of poor oral hygiene (PI ≥ 2). For gingivitis (MGI ≥ 2), higher household income (aOR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.13-0.84, P = 0.019) and parental supervision of toothbrushing (aOR = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.04-0.31, P < 0.001) were associated with lower odds of gingivitis, whereas longer disease duration (aOR = 11.30, 95% CI: 3.78-33.75, P < 0.001) was associated with higher odds of gingivitis. Notably, the wide confidence intervals for these adjusted odds ratios indicate limited precision for quantifying exact effect magnitudes, and the case-control design precludes causal inference; all reported associations should therefore be interpreted with caution. Children with ADHD in this cohort exhibited significantly poorer oral health than healthy controls, characterized by higher rates of dental caries, poorer oral hygiene, and more severe gingival inflammation. These adverse oral health outcomes were associated with ineffective oral hygiene practices, frequent high-sugar dietary habits, ADHD-related neurobehavioral characteristics, and socioeconomic factors. Comprehensive oral health interventions integrating preventive clinical care, behavioral support, family involvement, and socioeconomic assistance are urgently needed for this population.

PMID 42668354
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PubMedCase reports in dentistry2026-08-30

Oral Mucosal Melanoma In Situ Manifesting as Multiple Gingival Macules Around a Dental Implant-Based Prosthesis: A Case Report.

Tosiou Athina A, Kalogirou Eleni-Marina EM, Goutas Dimitrios D, Katsoulas Nikolaos N et al.

Oral malignant melanoma in situ is a rare lesion that may precede the development of invasive oral malignant melanoma. We report an unusual presentation of a rare oral malignant melanoma in situ as multiple gingival macules around a dental implant-supported prosthesis, posing a significant diagnostic challenge. A 68-year-old Caucasian male presented with two black macules on the buccal gingiva of a dental implant and pontic of the implant-based prosthesis; they were asymmetric, with discrete borders, smooth surface, and homogenous color. Two small areas of gray discoloration were also seen on the palatal gingiva. The provisional diagnosis was postinflammatory pigmentation. Following excision of all lesions, an oral mucosal melanoma in situ was diagnosed. A watch-and-wait approach with a 3-month follow-up was decided. Twelve months later, the lesion recurred in the subpontic area, and wide excision on clinically normal margins of the gingival mucosa to the level of periosteum was performed. This case emphasizes that peri-implant pigmentation should not automatically be attributed to inflammatory or implant-related causes. Early biopsy remains essential because oral mucosal melanoma in situ may present deceptively and can recur despite initial complete excision.

PMID 42668785
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PubMedPatient preference and adherence2026-08-30

Oral Health Behavior Management in Patients with Periodontitis: A COM-B-Guided Qualitative Study.

Bao Jianuo J, Li Yuan Y, Zhang Lei L, Li Shuying S et al.

This study aimed to explore barriers and support needs related to oral health behaviors among patients with periodontitis guided by the Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behavior (COM-B) model in a Chinese clinical context. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 17 patients diagnosed with stage II-IV periodontitis who attended the Department of Stomatology at a tertiary hospital in Chengde, China, between December 2025 and January 2026. Participants were recruited using purposive sampling. Interviews were conducted in person, and data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis guided by the COM-B model. Themes and sub-themes were identified through an iterative and collaborative coding process conducted by two trained researchers. Three main themes and eleven sub-themes were identified, reflecting barriers and support needs related to oral health behaviors. Within the capability domain, barriers included insufficient disease knowledge and information literacy, inadequate skills in using oral hygiene tools, and physical limitations. Within the opportunity domain, barriers included constraints related to objective resources and life circumstances and unsupportive social norms, while participants expressed support needs for professional and social support. Within the motivation domain, barriers included negative behavioral experiences, concerns about social judgment, and lack of self-efficacy, whereas perceived benefits and disease awareness and the desire to preserve oral health supported sustained oral health behaviors. Patients with periodontitis experience interconnected barriers and support needs across capability, opportunity, and motivation domains. These qualitative findings provide evidence to inform the development of tailored oral health behavior interventions.

PMID 42668984
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PubMedThe International journal of social psychiatry2026-08-30

Less Invasive Rapid Tranquilization in LMIC Emergency Settings: Comparison of Oral Risperidone Plus Clonazepam Versus Intramuscular Haloperidol in a Randomized Trial.

Baldaçara Leonardo L, de Freitas Railson Alves RA, Lacerda Acioly Luiz Tavares ALT, Périco Cintia de Azevedo Marques CAM

Psychomotor agitation is a common mental emergency that requires immediate, safe treatment. Intramuscular haloperidol is frequently used; however oral alternatives may be safer and more tolerated. In many low- and middle-income settings, resource constraints, cultural norms, and emergency department coercion shape agitation prescribing. This study compared the efficacy and safety of oral risperidone plus clonazepam versus injectable haloperidol for psychomotor agitation in primary psychotic patients. In this single-blind, randomized comparative trial, 260 patients (mean age 32.38; 95% CI [31.13-33.64], 119 males and 141 females) with severe psychomotor agitation in a general hospital emergency room were randomly assigned oral risperidone 3 mg plus clonazepam 3 mg (RC) or intramuscular haloperidol 5 mg. Behavioral Activity Rating Scale (BARS) agitation was measured at 30, 1, and 2 hr. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients reported as tranquil (BARS = 4) or tranquil/asleep (BARS = 2-4) at all time points, with an equivalency margin of ±20%. Secondary outcomes included tranquil/tranquil or asleep after 2 hr, restraint use, adverse effects (during the 2 hr of assessment), and necessity of additional medication after 1 hr. RC and IH were equally tranquil or sleeping at all time points for primary outcomes (adjusted ARR 9 percentage points, 95% CI -1.8 to +19.8). Neither tranquility at 2 hr nor extra medication were equal for secondary outcomes (adjusted ARR 15 p.p., 95% CI [1.35, 28.65]). At 2 hr, tranquil or asleep, restraint utilization, and side effects were equivalent. In conclusion, besides oral risperidone plus clonazepam met the prespecified criterion for equivalence to intramuscular haloperidol for the primary composite outcomes of maintaining tranquility or tranquility/asleep at all time-points during the 2-hr observation period, the equivalence was not demonstrated for all secondary outcomes. The oral regimen was associated with a greater need for additional medication. Therefore, the two regimens should not be considered fully interchangeable in all emergency presentations. We found that oral techniques may enable more humane, less invasive, and culturally acceptable emergency care in LMICs due to the social burden of injectable medication, which typically requires restraint.

PMID 42668395
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PubMedCureus2026-08-30

Recurrent Bullous Pemphigoid: A Case Report.

Gowda Venkatesha Ramachandra Reddy RR, Rajaram Mohan Karthik K, Aravind Mirnalini M, Sridharrao Vasu V et al.

Recurrent bullous pemphigoid is a rare autoimmune vesiculobullous disorder caused by bullous lesions on the body and areas of ruptured bullae that leave raw erythematous regions, resulting in a burning sensation in the oral cavity. The article enlightens the occurrence of bullous pemphigoid in a 68-year-old male who complained of a burning sensation in his oral cavity. The diagnosis was exclusively based on history and clinical examination without any intervention by histopathological or immunofluorescent tests.

PMID 42668730
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