Drug Database
ES

estradiol acetate (Menoring / Femring / Estrace VR)

✓ Approved

Actavis · ESR1 · Small Molecule

What is estradiol acetate?

estradiol acetate is a small molecule developed by Actavis. It is approved for therapeutic indications via intravaginal or surgical implantation.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesMenoring, Femring, Estrace VR
CompanyActavis
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetESR1
RouteIntravaginal, Surgical Implantation
StatusApproved

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

estradiol acetate acts on 1 molecular target:

ESR1estrogen receptor 1 (ER, ESR)
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Therapeutic Indications

estradiol acetate is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Surgical and medical proceduresHormone replacement therapy✓ Approved

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Visible-light-promoted bismuth-catalysed synthesis of dihydroquinoline scaffolds from β-enaminones.

Khadanga Lambodar L, Roopan Selvaraj Mohana SM

Dihydroquinolines are established as important scaffolds in medicinal chemistry owing to their ubiquitous occurrence in bioactive molecules. Utilising water as a solvent in photochemical synthesis provides a synthetic route for chemical transformations under mild conditions. Herein, we report a step-economical and efficient heterogeneous N-doped Bi2WO6 catalysis to obtain a diverse array of dihydroquinolines by using ammonium acetate as a cheap nitrogen source. The protocol exhibits excellent functional group tolerance and is amenable to gram-scale synthesis. The post-synthetic transformations open a window to access structurally complex as well as molecularly diverse heterocyclic scaffolds.

PubMedFood & function2026-10-15

Prebiotic potential and modulation of the fecal microbiota by konjac oligo-glucomannan prepared using Pediococcus acidilactici mannanase.

Yang Shuhan S, Chen Xi X, Li Zijing Z, Yang Ruoxi R et al.

In this study, konjac oligo-glucomannan (KOGM) was prepared from konjac glucomannan (KGM) by enzymatic hydrolysis using β-mannanase derived from Pediococcus acidilactici HDM2. The prepared KOGM had an average molecular weight of 13.4 kDa under optimized conditions (50 °C, pH 6.0, 80 U mL-1 and 180 min). The KOGM exhibited selective prebiotic potential by promoting probiotic growth, particularly Lacticaseibacillus paracasei HD1.7 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CICC 6076. In contrast, it inhibited the growth of potentially harmful bacteria, including Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. Its prebiotic potential was further evaluated using an in vitro fecal fermentation model with six treatment groups: blank control, commercial mannan oligosaccharides (MOS), KGM, KOGM, KGM combined with HDM2 (KGM2), and KOGM combined with HDM2 (KOGM2). After 24 h of fermentation, the KOGM2 group exhibited the lowest pH (3.89 ± 0.03, P < 0.05) and increased production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly acetate (2062.72 μg mL-1), propionate (1356.81 μg mL-1), and valerate (16.89 μg mL-1). Notably, the KGM2 group produced the highest acetate level, while KGM yielded the greatest butyrate content (206.7 ± 15.0 μg mL-1). α and β diversity analyses revealed that KGM and KOGM treatments enhanced microbial diversity and accelerated community stabilization. Furthermore, KOGM enriched beneficial phyla such as Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, stimulated the growth of beneficial genera including Bifidobacterium, Prevotella, and Limosilactobacillus, and reduced potential pathogens including Escherichia-Shigella and Proteobacteria. These findings highlight the prebiotic potential of enzymatically prepared KOGM, which effectively modulates gut microbiota composition and promotes beneficial metabolic activity.

PubMedInternational journal of primatology2026-10-15

Hair Steroid Signatures of Cooperative Breeding in Male and Female Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

Laubi Benjamin N BN, Glauser Gaëtan G, Willems Erik P EP, van Schaik Carel P CP et al.

Cooperative breeding presents social and reproductive challenges that differ from those associated with independent breeding, but its endocrine correlates are not well understood. We investigated cumulative steroid hormone profiles in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), a primate species characterized by shared caregiving and clearly defined reproductive roles between primary breeders and non-breeding helper group members. Using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) on hair samples, we simultaneously quantified six steroid hormones across 71 individuals varying in breeding role, sex, age, and group reproductive context. Glucocorticoids were highest in breeder females, declined with age, and were higher in breeders when dependent offspring were present. Testosterone showed a comparatively modest male-female difference and was positively associated with the presence of dependent offspring in breeders, whereas androstenedione closely paralleled testosterone across age, consistent with shared regulation. Ovarian steroids showed clear sex differentiation in progesterone, with markedly elevated levels in breeder females, whereas estradiol differences were smaller, emerging as a modest sex effect within breeders and an age effect in helpers. Together, these findings highlight weaker sexual dimorphism in sex hormone profiles than often reported for independently breeding primates. They also reveal hormonal signatures of stress and vigilance related to caregiving, consistent with cooperative breeding in marmosets. Our study demonstrates the value of hair for long-term hormonal assessment and underscores the utility of HPLC-MS/MS for quantifying multiple hormones with high specificity in socially complex primates. The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-026-00568-9.

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RNA thermometers as temperature-dependent tools for enhanced recombinant protein production in precision fermentation.

Peternell Christina C, Noll Philipp P, Henkel Marius M

Precision fermentation is a key technology for the future sustainable production of food proteins, bulk ingredients, and high-value recombinant products. However, process efficiency is often limited by the coupling of biomass formation and recombinant protein synthesis, leading to substantial carbon losses into non-recyclable biomass. Particularly for cost-sensitive bulk products such as food proteins, economically viable production requires highly efficient and dynamically controllable bioprocesses. RNA thermometers (RNATs) offer a promising inducer-free strategy for temperature-dependent control of recombinant protein production and dynamic bioprocess regulation, with the potential to improve carbon efficiency and product yields. In this study, a fluorescent reporter protein (EmGFP) under the control of a fourU (4U) RNA thermometer was evaluated in E. coli BL21 across a temperature range of 25-40 °C. Temperature-dependent regulation enabled maximal recombinant protein production at 35 °C, resulting in a 2.6-fold higher specific productivity compared to the derepressed control. The strongest RNAT-mediated regulatory effect was observed at 35.5 °C, highlighting the relevance of precise temperature control for recombinant protein production. Evaluation of altered carbon partitioning revealed a substantially increased carbon allocation toward product formation, while carbon partitioning into biomass and CO2 remained largely unchanged. Furthermore, the product-per-acetate yield increased more than threefold at induction temperature, indicating controllable carbon partitioning and reveals potential for decoupling approaches of biomass formation from recombinant protein production. This study demonstrates the successful implementation of an RNAT-controlled recombinant expression system enabling temperature-dependent regulation of protein production in E. coli. Quantitative analysis revealed controllable carbon partitioning toward recombinant protein synthesis and defined target temperatures for future process induction and switching. In contrast to conventional inducer-based systems, RNAT-mediated regulation enables dynamic control without chemical additives, supporting more resource-efficient bioprocess operation. However, fully exploiting RNAT-based process control will require advanced model-based strategies integrating temperature and feeding regimes, particularly for cost-sensitive precision fermentation processes such as food protein production. Overall, RNATs represent promising molecular control elements for future high-efficiency precision fermentation processes.

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Ester markers of sweet fruit aroma prediction in Xiangning Cabernet Sauvignon dry red wines.

Li Na N, Li Guanyu G, Miao Chengpeng C, Cheng Yang Y et al.

Sweet fruit aroma is characteristic of Cabernet Sauvignon dry red wines from the Xiangning appellation, China Loess Plateau. To identify its volatile markers, 13 consecutive vintages of Xiangning Cabernet Sauvignon were analyzed using sensomics and chemometric approaches. Results indicated that sweet fruit aroma fluctuated inconsistently yet maintained consistently high levels across vintages, with vintage exerting a significant influence (P < 0.05). Moreover, fruity ester content increased and then slightly decreased during storage, among which ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl isobutyrate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl octanoate were identified as sweet fruit aroma markers through omission tests and PLSR. Sweet fruit aroma was attributed to ester marker content and ethyl acetate/ethyl isobutyrate proportion, with sweet fruit flavor intensity prediction model developed using natural logarithm concentrations of markers. This study identifies ester markers that confirm the aging potential of sweet fruit aroma in Xiangning Cabernet Sauvignon, providing data for the optimization of winemaking technology.

PubMedPrzeglad menopauzalny = Menopause review2026-10-14

Modulation of hormones in perimenopausal women by probiotics associated by specific gut bacteria: a pilot study.

Lozano Herrera Sara Julietta SJ, Aguilar López Tania T, Cruz Sancen Niko Alain NA, Gutiérrez Nataly García NG et al.

Perimenopause is characterised by hormonal fluctuations that can affect metabolism. Recent studies suggest that the gut microbiota, which can be regulated by taking probiotics, influences hormone regulation. One proposed mechanism is the activity of β-glucuronidase, which hydrolyzes excreted hormones, allowing them to be reabsorbed. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementation with Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium longum on oestrogen levels through their β-glucuronidase activity. A single-arm pre-post pilot study was conducted on 20 perimenopausal women aged 50-55 years who received 109 colony-forming units/day of probiotics for 12 weeks. Symptoms were assessed with the greene climacteric scale. Samples were collected before and after the intervention to determine hormone levels and biochemical parameters in the blood, as well as β-glucuronidase activity, oestrone and specific gut bacteria in the stool. Probiotic supplementation with Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Bifido- bacterium longum resulted in benefits, including improvement in specific gut bacteria, an increase in estradiol (6.86 ±-5.20 pg/ml), and an increase in β-glucuronidase activity (1.21 ±-1.15 mg phenolphthalein). It can be concluded that supplementation under the described conditions improves specific bacteria, increases estradiol, and increases β-glucuronidase activity. Although methodological limitations prevent demonstrating a direct impact on quality of life, this mechanistic approach to the estrobolome provides valuable support for guiding the design of new research on hormonal homeostasis in perimenopause.

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