folic acid + vitamin B6 + vitamin B12 + primorine (Folmor)

Vitamer-specific determination of vitamin B12 in food matrices: Analytical methodologies, challenges and future perspectives.

Deng Ligang L, Cao Li L, Ding Min M, Yang Zhaowei Z et al.

Vitamin B12 occurs in diverse food matrices, but reported concentrations often vary beyond expected biological differences because analytical workflows may quantify different measurands. This review integrates occurrence data from animal-derived, marine, fermented and plant-derived foods and critically evaluates methods ranging from microbiological and binding-based assays to HPLC, LC-MS/MS and stable isotope dilution. Particular attention is given to corrinoid analogue discrimination, cyanidation-induced measurand redefinition, native-vitamer instability, matrix effects, calibration strategies and vitamer-dependent cleanup. Recent cyanide-free UHPLC-MS/MS evidence shows that structural selectivity alone cannot compensate for inadequate control of extraction, photoconversion or form-dependent recovery. To improve transparency and inter-study comparability, we propose a three-level reporting framework based on explicit measurand definition, complete workflow description and vitamer-specific validation evidence.

Association of Vitamin D Deficiency With Cardiometabolic and Renal Outcomes in Patients With Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Imran Adnan A, Waris Hafiz Abdul HA, Khan Tanoli Sikander S, Raza Muhammad Tabish MT et al.

Autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs) are chronic immune-mediated diseases associated with increased cardiovascular and renal morbidity. Vitamin D deficiency is common in these disorders and may coexist with inflammation, immune dysregulation, endothelial dysfunction, and impaired vascular and renal homeostasis. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the association of vitamin D deficiency with adverse cardiometabolic and renal outcomes in ARDs. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched from inception through March 31, 2026, without language restrictions. Observational studies that measured serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and reported cardiometabolic, cardiovascular, renal, or cardiorenal outcomes were eligible. Two reviewers independently conducted study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment. Compatible outcome-specific estimates were pooled using constrained maximum-likelihood random-effects models with Hartung-Knapp inference. Hazard ratios (HRs) and correlation coefficients were examined independently. Eighteen studies met the eligibility criteria, and four independent cohorts contributed to at least one quantitative synthesis. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with higher all-cause mortality (pooled HR 1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.36-2.79). The pooled association with cardiovascular events was imprecise (HR 2.20, 95% CI 0.52-9.25). Serum 25(OH)D was inversely but inconclusively correlated with proteinuria in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (r = -0.47, 95% CI -0.98 to 0.85). Cardiometabolic studies generally reported adverse metabolic and vascular findings but could not be pooled because of incompatible effect measures. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with higher mortality and greater cardiometabolic and renal disease burden; however, cardiovascular-event and proteinuria estimates remained inconclusive. Observational designs, residual confounding, heterogeneous definitions, and few compatible studies precluded causal conclusions. Prospective studies and randomized trials are required to determine whether correcting vitamin D deficiency improves clinical outcomes.

Vitamin D Supplementation and Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Response in Infants and Children: A Narrative Review.

Vieth Simon S

Vitamin D deficiency remains common among infants and young children, particularly in higher latitudes and among exclusively breast-fed infants. Although routine supplementation is widely recommended, variability in achieved serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations has been reported across pediatric populations. Understanding the consistency of biochemical response across diverse pediatric settings remains clinically relevant for both research and supplementation practice. To summarize evidence from pediatric clinical studies utilizing a standardized vitamin D formulation and to assess the magnitude and consistency of serum 25(OH)D response across independent investigator-initiated studies. Relevant studies were identified through company-supported research records and a supplementary PubMed search. Eligible publications were published between 2010 and 2020 and included infants or children ≤18 years receiving vitamin D supplementation with reported baseline and follow-up 25(OH)D concentrations. Studies were required to explicitly identify the study formulation and report serum 25(OH)D outcomes. A narrative synthesis approach was applied. Seven studies (Canada, Australia, Vietnam, and Mongolia; total n ≈ 3,800) met inclusion criteria. Supplementation doses ranged from 400 IU/day to 14,000 IU/week across study durations of 1-12 months. Mean baseline 25(OH)D concentrations (≈53 nmol/L) increased to ≈75 nmol/L (mean Δ ≈22 nmol/L). Daily supplementation at 400 IU achieved sufficiency in the majority of infants, while higher-dose regimens produced proportionally greater increases. No study reported clinically significant adverse events attributable to supplementation. Vitamin D supplementation produced consistent and clinically meaningful increases in serum 25(OH)D concentrations across diverse pediatric populations. The approximately 20-25 nmol/L increase observed across the included studies was broadly consistent with published pediatric vitamin D supplementation literature. These findings support current supplementation practices while highlighting the reproducibility of biochemical response across independent pediatric research settings.

Comment on "Tocotrienol-rich fraction of vitamin E in diabetes and cardiovascular disease: From molecular mechanisms to clinical application".

Mi Shiting S, Guo Xinru X, Chen Tielong T