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formoterol + fluticasone propionate (Abriff / Formoterol Combi / KRP108)

✓ Approved

Zambon · ADRB2 · Small Molecule

What is formoterol + fluticasone propionate?

formoterol + fluticasone propionate is a small molecule developed by Zambon. It is approved for therapeutic indications via inhaled.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesAbriff, Formoterol Combi, KRP108
CompanyZambon
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetADRB2, NR3C1
RouteInhaled
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Zambon

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

formoterol + fluticasone propionate acts on 2 molecular targets:

ADRB2adrenoceptor beta 2 (B2AR, ARB2)
NR3C1nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 (GR, GCCR)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

formoterol + fluticasone propionate is developed for 2 unique indications across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disordersAsthma✓ Approved
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disordersChronic obstructive pulmonary diseasePhase III

Related Research Articles

PubMedPediatric research2026-10-15

Sibling factors associated with gut microbiota and fecal short-chain fatty acids in preschoolers.

Tanaka Yuichiro Y, Shibata Ryohei R, Nakanishi Yumiko Y, Kato Tamotsu T et al.

Sibling factors are linked not only to disease development but also to gut environmental factors (e.g., microbiota, short-chain fatty acids [SCFA]). However, these associations among preschoolers and their underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In a sub-cohort study of a nationwide birth-cohort study, using fecal microbiome and SCFA data from 903 children at age 2 or 4 years, we examined associations of sibling factors with gut environmental factors. We also determined enterotypes by clustering and sibling-enterotype associations with potential mediation pathways. Among sibling factors, the number of older siblings showed the strongest associations with gut environmental factors. We identified 3 enterotypes: 1) Mediterraneibacter gnavus group, 2) Faecalibacterium, and 3) Ruminococcus. Compared to enterotype 2, having older siblings was associated with lower odds of enterotype 1, with the lowest Shannon index and propionate level, at age 2 (1 sibling: adjOR 0.49, 95%CI 0.34-0.69; ≥2: adjOR 0.32, 95%CI, 0.19-0.54) and 4 (1 sibling: adjOR 0.45, 95%CI 0.26-0.77; ≥2: adjOR 0.22, 95%CI 0.08-0.53) years. These associations were largely direct, with modest mediation by antibiotic use at age 4 years (1 sibling, adjOR 0.89; 95%CI, 0.79-1.00). Our data identified distinct enterotypes of preschoolers and sibling-enterotype association pathways. In this nationwide multicenter birth-cohort sub-cohort, older siblings were strongly associated with gut microbial composition in preschoolers. Having older siblings was associated with lower odds of a potentially less mature enterotype characterized by the lowest Shannon index and propionate level. The sibling-enterotype association was mainly direct, with modest mediation by recent antibiotic use. This study extends sibling-microbiota evidence beyond infancy/toddlerhood by identifying three enterotypes with distinct microbial and short-chain fatty acid profiles. These findings clarify pathways linking family structure to gut environmental development and may inform microbiota-targeted disease prevention strategies.

PMID 42875509
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PubMedFood & function2026-10-15

Prebiotic potential and modulation of the fecal microbiota by konjac oligo-glucomannan prepared using Pediococcus acidilactici mannanase.

Yang Shuhan S, Chen Xi X, Li Zijing Z, Yang Ruoxi R et al.

In this study, konjac oligo-glucomannan (KOGM) was prepared from konjac glucomannan (KGM) by enzymatic hydrolysis using β-mannanase derived from Pediococcus acidilactici HDM2. The prepared KOGM had an average molecular weight of 13.4 kDa under optimized conditions (50 °C, pH 6.0, 80 U mL-1 and 180 min). The KOGM exhibited selective prebiotic potential by promoting probiotic growth, particularly Lacticaseibacillus paracasei HD1.7 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CICC 6076. In contrast, it inhibited the growth of potentially harmful bacteria, including Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. Its prebiotic potential was further evaluated using an in vitro fecal fermentation model with six treatment groups: blank control, commercial mannan oligosaccharides (MOS), KGM, KOGM, KGM combined with HDM2 (KGM2), and KOGM combined with HDM2 (KOGM2). After 24 h of fermentation, the KOGM2 group exhibited the lowest pH (3.89 ± 0.03, P < 0.05) and increased production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly acetate (2062.72 μg mL-1), propionate (1356.81 μg mL-1), and valerate (16.89 μg mL-1). Notably, the KGM2 group produced the highest acetate level, while KGM yielded the greatest butyrate content (206.7 ± 15.0 μg mL-1). α and β diversity analyses revealed that KGM and KOGM treatments enhanced microbial diversity and accelerated community stabilization. Furthermore, KOGM enriched beneficial phyla such as Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, stimulated the growth of beneficial genera including Bifidobacterium, Prevotella, and Limosilactobacillus, and reduced potential pathogens including Escherichia-Shigella and Proteobacteria. These findings highlight the prebiotic potential of enzymatically prepared KOGM, which effectively modulates gut microbiota composition and promotes beneficial metabolic activity.

PMID 42876295
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PubMedEuropean journal of pharmacology2026-10-14

Gut Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids Mediate the Bone-Protective Effects of Metformin Against Postmenopausal Osteoporosis.

Tan Zenglin Z, Zeng Jingjing J, Huang Furong F, Gao Fan F et al.

Dysbiosis-induced inflammation has been implicated in postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP). Although metformin has shown benefits for bone health, the exact role of the gut microbiota in the mechanism underlying this relationship remains unclear. We hypothesised that metformin could alleviate systemic inflammation in PMOP by augmenting the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by gut microbes. Micro-computed tomography (μCT) was used to analyse the femurs. Faecal samples were collected for 16S rRNA sequencing and SCFAs detection. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting were used to detect mRNA and protein expression, respectively. Primary bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) were isolated to explore the effects of SCFAs on bone cell activity following inflammatory stimulation. Metformin improved trabecular bone microarchitecture in OVX mice, as shown by higher BV/TV, Tb.Th, and Tb.N, and reduced serum and tibial IL-1β and TNF-α. Metformin also increased the abundance of SCFA-producing genera, including Butyricimonas, Prevotella, Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, Oscillospira, and Sutterella, and elevated faecal propionate, butyrate, and valerate. Transplantation of metformin-adapted microbiota reproduced the bone-protective and anti-inflammatory effects, whereas GPR41/GPR43 deficiency abolished the benefits of metformin, propionate, and butyrate. In vitro, propionate and butyrate, but not valerate, promoted BMSC osteogenic differentiation and inhibited BMM-derived osteoclast differentiation under IL-1β/TNF-α-induced inflammation. Metformin modulates the gut microbiota by increasing propionate and butyrate synthesis, thereby reducing dysbiosis-induced inflammation and regulating BMSC and BMM differentiation to protect against PMOP.

PMID 42874908
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PubMedFood and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association2026-10-14

Effects of Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) on Human Gut Microbiota Composition and Metabolism.

Zhang Zihan Nylah ZN, Khorraminezhad Leila L, Iskandar Michèle M MM, Kumarathasan Premkumari P et al.

Silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) are widely used as anti-caking agents (food additive E551). Their impact on the human gut microbiota is poorly understood. We evaluated the short-term effects of amorphous SiO2NPs using a computer-controlled in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and batch culture fermentation model inoculated with fecal microbiota from a single healthy adult donor. Three doses were applied, low 3.15 mg, medium 63 mg and high 1,260 mg, corresponding to human-equivalent intakes of 0.09, 1.8 and 36 mg/kg body weight per day, spanning the reported mean dietary intake of E551 and an upper-bound exposure scenario; controls received deionized water. We monitored microbial community composition and metabolic activity by 16S rRNA sequencing, quantification of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs), ammonium concentration, and antioxidant capacity (FRAP and DPPH) over 12 h. Over this window and at these doses, SiO2NP treatment did not significantly alter α- or β-diversity, total SCFA or BCFA concentrations, ammonium, or FRAP/DPPH activity. However, taxonomic shifts were dose-dependent: low doses enriched Collinsella and depleted Flavonifractor, the medium dose enriched an Escherichia-Shigella amplicon sequence variant, and the high dose enriched Faecalibacterium and unclassified Clostridia while reducing Subdoligranulum, Faecalitalea and Flavonifractor (all false discovery rate < 0.05); an increase in Akkermansia at the high dose did not survive correction for multiple testing. Integrated multi-omics analysis (DIABLO) revealed that high-dose exposure weakened linkages between butyrate-producing Firmicutes and SCFAs and shifted the metabolic profile from butyrate toward propionate fermentation, accompanied by strengthened associations between proteolytic taxa, BCFAs and ammonium. These findings suggest that short-term exposure to SiO2NPs induces subtle, concentration-dependent functional restructuring of the gut microbiota without overall diversity loss, although, as a single-donor in vitro study, the results are hypothesis-generating and require confirmation across multiple donors and longer exposures.

PMID 42874980
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PubMedJournal of thoracic disease2026-10-13

Symptoms improvement and lung function benefits of fixed triple therapy with beclomethasone/formoterol/glycopyrronium inhalation powder in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD: outcomes of the Bulgarian arm of the RESPONSE study.

Petkov Rosen E RE, Kenderov Andrey N AN, Rodopska Neli L NL, Mekov Evgeni V EV et al.

The fixed triple beclomethasone dipropionate/formoterol fumarate/glycopyrronium (BDP/FF/GB) therapy is available in both pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) and dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treatment. While the pMDI form has been extensively investigated in pivotal trials and real-world studies, real-world data on the DPI (88/5/9 μg) formulation remain limited. The RESPONSE study assessed the real-world effectiveness of BDP/FF/GB inhalation powder in a cohort of moderate-to-severe COPD patients uncontrolled with dual combinations. This non-interventional, prospective, multicenter study was conducted across 21 Bulgarian sites. COPD patients (≥35 years) with persistent symptoms [COPD Assessment Tool (CAT) ≥10 and/or modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) ≥2] and moderate or severe pulmonary obstruction [30%≤ forced expiratory volume in 1 second as a percentage of predicted value (FEV1%) <80%] despite dual therapies were switched to BDP/FF/GB DPI and followed for 6 months. The primary endpoint was improvement in CAT scores. Secondary endpoints included lung function, treatment adherence, dyspnea and the percentage of patients achieving CAT score reduction ≥2 from baseline. A total of 363 patients completed the study. Mean CAT scores improved significantly from 23.0 at baseline to 16.9 (P<0.001), regardless of prior dual therapy or inhaler type. Mean (± SD) FEV1% increased from 47.6%±11.9% to 53.2%±15.75% (P<0.001). Treatment adherence and dyspnea also showed significant improvement. Notably, 87.9% of participants achieved a CAT score reduction ≥2 points. The RESPONSE study showed that switching to BDP/FF/GB DPI was associated with clinically meaningful improvements in symptoms, lung function, and adherence in COPD patients inadequately controlled on dual therapy, supporting its role as a practical escalation option in routine care.

PMID 42865803
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PubMedISME communications2026-10-13

A novel Thermodesulfovibrionia lineage largely supports sulfate reduction in sandy sediments of the southern Baltic Sea.

Piontek Judith J, Schott Thomas T, Roeser Patricia P, Kallmeyer Jens J et al.

Sandy sediments of the coastal ocean are generally not considered a habitat for highly active sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) due to fluctuations in oxygen concentrations and carbon availability. This study investigated the taxonomic composition and gene expression patterns of sulfate-reducing communities in both sandy, organic-poor sediments and muddy, organic-rich sediments in the mesohaline southern Baltic Sea. Our results revealed that a novel order-level lineage within the class Thermodesulfovibrionia (phylum Nitrospirota), named Arenidesulfomonadales, contributed significantly to sulfate reduction in the sandy sediments and supported sulfate reduction rates similar to those in the organic-rich, muddy sediments. In the sands, Thermodesulfovibrionia effectively competed with Desulfobacterales, which strongly dominated the sulfate-reducing communities in the organic-rich sediments. Metatranscriptomic data revealed that Desulfobacterales functioned as typical secondary fermenters in both sediment types and expressed nearly complete sets of genes for the catabolism of fermentation products such as lactate, propionate, and butyrate. In contrast, the gene expression profile of Thermodesulfovibrionia suggests that hydrogenotrophic sulfate reduction, coupled with carbon fixation via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and a reduced capacity to oxidize organic compounds, was a competitive metabolic strategy enabling sulfate reduction to proceed independently of fermentation-derived carbon. Overall, our results suggest that overlooked lineages of SRM may contribute to higher levels of sulfate reduction than previously assumed in the extensive areas of permeable sediments of coastal and shelf seas.

PMID 42866584
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