human hepatitis B immunoglobulin

The Evolving Burden of Hepatitis B and C: Past Trends and Future Projections from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.

Chen Yue Y, Mao He-Hui HH, Zhang Ming-Jing MJ, Zhang Jin-Yan JY et al.

Hepatitis B and C continue to pose significant challenges to global public health, and this study is aimed at evaluating their burden. Leveraging data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021, we analyzed age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rates (ASDRs) for hepatitis B and C from 1990 to 2021 using Joinpoint regression, age-period-cohort models, and decomposition analysis. Bayesian age-period-cohort models were applied to project future trends up to 2036. Additionally, we assessed the burden attributable to modifiable risk factors and its association with socioeconomic indicators. From 1990 to 2021, the global ASMR for hepatitis B declined from 12.19 to 7.57 per 100,000, and the ASMR for hepatitis C decreased from 8.18 to 6.10 per 100,000. Despite these decreases, the absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs continued to increase, mainly driven by population growth and aging. In 2021, males carried a disproportionately higher burden of hepatitis B and C compared to females. Moreover, countries with low socioeconomic development faced a greater burden. Notably, high alcohol consumption accounted for 16.20% of hepatitis B DALYs, while drug use was responsible for 49.49% of hepatitis C DALYs. By 2036, ASMRs are projected to decline further to 5.90 per 100,000 for hepatitis B and 5.23 per 100,000 for hepatitis C. Although ASMRs and ASDRs have declined, the global burden of hepatitis B and C remains considerable. Continued efforts in vaccination, antiviral treatment, and control of key risk factors are crucial, especially in populations with a high burden.

Evaluation of the Virucidal Activity of Chlorine Dioxide against Hepatitis B Virus.

Chen Ming M, Pereira Caroline Donzeli CD, Watashi Koichi K, Shibata Takashi T et al.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major global public health concern, with numerous nosocomial and occupational outbreaks reported. Preventing indirect HBV transmission through effective disinfection is crucial. This study evaluated the virucidal activity of chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) against HBV and compared it with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO). Pretreatment of HBV with ClO₂ at 10, 100, and 250 ppm (mg/L) for 1 min reduced hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) release to 65.5%, 21.9%, and 7.0%; hepatitis B core (HBc)-positive cells to 59.1%, 27.0%, and 6.6%; intracellular HBV RNA to 71.5%, 31.6%, and 3.0%; and extracellular HBV DNA to 82.2%, 42.6%, and 14.1%, respectively. At identical concentrations, NaClO produced smaller reductions. In the presence of organic matter, no significant reduction in ClO₂ activity against HBV was observed. ClO₂ demonstrated approximately 2.2-fold greater anti-HBV potency than NaClO with and without bovine serum albumin and sheep erythrocytes. Neutralizer, cell-permissiveness, and ultrafiltration controls supported direct viral inactivation. These findings indicate that ClO₂ showed stronger in vitro anti-HBV activity than NaClO within the tested concentration range and conditions.

Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Cryoglobulinemic Glomerulonephritis Misdiagnosed as Lupus Nephritis: the Value of Clinicopathologic Integration.

Nguyen Thoi The TT, Dang Nghia Thanh NT, Hoang Uyen U, Nghiem Dung Trung DT et al.

Sequential Immune-Mediated Extrahepatic Complications of Hepatitis E Virus: A Case Report.

Padarabinda Tripathy Krishna K, Mishra Subhashree S, Laxman Virani A VA, Hima Varsha Palle Sree PS et al.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is classically described as causing self-limiting acute hepatitis. However, it is increasingly being recognised for a wide spectrum of immune-mediated extrahepatic complications involving the haematological, neurological, renal and pancreatic systems. These manifestations are more commonly seen as isolated presentations in individual patients. We report a 59-year-old man with serologically confirmed acute hepatitis E, in whom alternative infectious, autoimmune, and malignant etiologies were excluded, who developed three distinct immune-mediated complications in temporal sequence during a single hospital admission: autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) at presentation, secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) within one week, and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) on day 17. The chronological evolution of these complications suggested a progressive triphasic immune-mediated response following acute HEV infection. Each complication was diagnosed using established criteria and managed with targeted therapy-corticosteroids and supportive care for AIHA; etoposide, escalated dexamethasone, and cyclosporin for HLH; and intravenous immunoglobulin for GBS. The sequential development from early autoantibody-mediated haemolysis to hyperinflammatory macrophage activation and subsequent delayed post-infectious neuroimmune involvement reflects evolving immune dysregulation rather than coincident multisystem disease. The patient achieved complete clinical and biochemical recovery on follow-up. Sequential occurrence of AIHA, HLH, and GBS following acute HEV infection within a single hospital admission is rarely described. The case underscores the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for evolving extrahepatic immune-mediated complications in patients with acute HEV infection.