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montmorillonite (Diarrafin)

✓ Approved

Beijing Holley-Cotec Pharma · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is montmorillonite?

montmorillonite is a small molecule developed by Beijing Holley-Cotec Pharma. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesDiarrafin
CompanyBeijing Holley-Cotec Pharma
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Beijing Holley-Cotec Pharma

Therapeutic Indications

montmorillonite is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Gastrointestinal disordersDiarrhoea✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedMini reviews in medicinal chemistry2026-10-12

Montmorillonite-supported Reagents: A Powerful and Versatile Platform for the Synthesis of Biologically Active Compounds Our Own Endeavor.

Shaikh Aarif L AL, Khade Sachin A SA, Bhange Pallavi D PD, Banik Bimal Krishna BK

This review presents recent advances in montmorillonite-catalyzed organic transformations, highlighting its potential as an efficient, economical and environmentally benign solid-acid catalyst. Montmorillonite and its modified forms effectively promote a wide range of organic reactions, including multicomponent reactions, selective nitration, oxidation and reduction processes, and the synthesis of enamines, pyrroles, and β-lactams. Furthermore, integration with sustainable synthetic approaches such as microwave irradiation, ultrasound-assisted reactions, and solvent-free conditions further enhances reaction rates, improves conversions and selectivities, reduces the formation of undesirable by-products, while limiting the use of hazardous solvents. Particular emphasis is placed on hybrid catalytic systems in which metal salts, such as Bi(NO3)3 and SmI2, are supported on montmorillonite to improve catalytic activity, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity. These methodologies demonstrate broad synthetic applicability for the preparation of pharmaceutically important compounds, including 1,4-dihydropyridines, β-lactams, aromatic amines, and nitrated derivatives of bioactive molecules such as eugenol and estradiol. Furthermore, a comparative evaluation of catalytic performance and the structural and spectroscopic characteristics of montmorillonite-based materials is also presented. Overall, montmorillonite-supported catalytic systems offer a versatile, efficient, and sustainable platform for advancing environmentally responsible organic synthesis.

PMID 42861813
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PubMedSmall (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)2026-10-12

Interlayer-Confined LiNO 3 Reservoir Enables the Formation of a Li-Containing Hybrid SEI for Robust Sodium Metal Anodes.

Lv Jiaze J, Zhang Qiman Q, Tang Zhen Z, Wan Jiajun J et al.

Sodium metal batteries hold great promise for energy storage applications, but are constrained by limited charge transfer kinetics and unstable solid electrolyte interphases (SEI). Here, we construct a montmorillonite-based sustained-release separator by confining LiNO 3 within interlayer galleries and integrating it onto a glass-fiber separator. This interlayer-confined reservoir provides a sustained local nitrate supply during cycling, continuously regulates the N a + solvation environment, and maintains anion-participated interfacial reactions. The sustained-release process induces the formation of a dense Li/Na hybrid SEI enriched with LiF, Li 3 N , and Li 2 CO 3 together with Na-based inorganic species. DFT calculations indicate that representative Li-containing phases exhibit lower N a + diffusion barriers than their Na-based counterparts, facilitating interfacial ion transport and homogenizing Na deposition. As a result, the modified separator enables highly reversible Na ∥ Na cycling for over 4000 h at 0.25 mA  cm - 2 /0.25 mAh  cm - 2 . In full cells, Na ∥ NVP retains 83.7% capacity after 2300 cycles at 5 C, while high-loading Na ∥ NFM cells maintain 91.5% capacity retention. This work highlights interlayer-confined sustained release as an effective separator-engineering strategy for programming solvation chemistry and constructing Li/Na hybrid SEIs in sodium metal batteries.

PMID 42861456
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PubMedAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)2026-10-12

An ATP7A-Mediated Endogenous Regulation Bio-Clay Enzyme Enables Self-Amplified Copper Accumulation for Immunogenic Pyrop.

Xie Weimin W, Li Yan Y, Li Guangyao G, Chen Ying Y et al.

Tumor cells maintain abnormal metabolism to support their rapid proliferation, which often compromises the therapeutic outcomes, including pyroptosis. Inhibiting the copper transporter ATPase (ATP7A) effectively disrupts this metabolic balance, yet current exogenous ATP7A inhibition strategies suffer from poor delivery efficiency and low tumor selectivity. Herein, we developed an endogenous regulation strategy to downregulate ATP7A levels using a self-amplifying bio-clay enzyme (Bio-Clayzyme), cupriferous Prussian blue/montmorillonite (CuPB/Mt). Upon tumor cell internalization, CuPB/Mt induces a robust reactive oxygen species (ROS) storm, accompanied by antioxidant depletion, mitochondrial dysfunction, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) exhaustion. These metabolic disturbances are associated with reduced ATP7A expression, which may subsequently impair ATP7A-mediated copper efflux. The resulting intracellular copper accumulation may further promote ROS amplification, supporting a positive feedback loop among ROS production, ATP7A downregulation, and copper retention. Specifically, the introduction of Mt optimizes the Cu d-band center and strengthens tumor cell adhesion, thereby boosting the multi-enzyme-like catalytic activity and enabling efficient utilization of short-lived ROS. Consequently, CuPB/Mt activates nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3)-dependent pyroptosis and elicits a potent anti-tumor immune response, offering an ATP7A-mediated endogenous regulatory paradigm for self-amplified catalytic therapy and immunogenic pyroptosis.

PMID 42860524
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PubMedBulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology2026-10-11

Adsorption Behavior of SARS-CoV-2 S1-RBD Protein on Na+/Ca2+-Saturated Montmorillonites.

Xu Min M, Li Shiqi S, Chen Qian Q, Wang Xinhao X et al.

SARS-CoV-2, known for its high transmissibility, spreads via aerosols, enabling long-term environmental persistence. Mineral particles, a key aerosol component, may interact with the virus, yet research remains limited. This study investigated the adsorption of SARS-CoV-2's receptor-binding domain (RBD) protein onto Na+- and Ca2+-montmorillonite (NaM, CaM) at pH 5 and 9 and ionic strengths of 1 mM and 10 mM. Results showed NaM adsorbed RBD faster and more efficiently than CaM. Higher ionic strength delayed adsorption equilibrium. Adsorption was lower at pH 5 than pH 9, suggesting contributions beyond electrostatic forces (e.g., hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding). Theoretical calculations confirmed experiments and revealed Ca2+-mediated bridging between RBD and CaM. This work clarifies viral adsorption mechanisms on clay minerals, aiding environmental risk assessment of virus-mineral interactions.

PMID 42859220
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PubMedFrontiers in nutrition2026-10-09

Next-generation bio-packaging systems for food safety and shelf-life extension: controlled-release antimicrobial strategies and migration control.

Nahar Lutfun L, Zhang Yumei Y, Li Jinping J, Wang Daijie D et al.

Next-generation bio-packaging systems employ controlled-release antimicrobial and antioxidant strategies to enhance food preservation while limiting premature depletion of active compounds. Biopolymer matrices and nano-enabled architectures regulate bioactive release through diffusion pathways, encapsulation domains, crystallinity, and matrix organization, thereby influencing preservation efficacy, migration behavior, and food-contact safety. Recent advances demonstrate the effectiveness of engineered antimicrobial systems in controlling microbial proliferation during storage. Hybrid ZnO/graphene oxide/montmorillonite coatings have achieved approximately 60% inhibition of gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, highlighting the potential of nano-enabled architectures for sustained antimicrobial protection. Intelligent sensing technologies further support real-time monitoring of freshness and spoilage. Applications across meat, seafood, dairy, fresh produce, bakery, and ready-to-eat foods demonstrate improved shelf life, quality retention, and food safety. Biodegradable materials, renewable feedstocks, and circular-economy compatibility further strengthen the sustainability of these systems. This review examines controlled-release mechanisms, antimicrobial and antioxidant functionalities, intelligent sensing technologies, migration behavior, safety assessment, sustainability considerations, and regulatory perspectives within a unified framework for next-generation bio-packaging systems. Interactions among material structure, bioactive delivery, antimicrobial efficacy, migration characteristics, and food-contact safety determine the performance and application of emerging bio-based packaging technologies. This review integrates controlled-release design, antimicrobial performance, migration control, and food-contact safety to evaluate emerging nano-enabled bio-packaging systems.

PMID 42852074
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PubMedWorld journal of microbiology & biotechnology2026-10-09

Organic-inorganic composite inoculant promotes carbon stabilization in acidic lateritic red soil by redirecting microbial catabolism toward anabolism.

Xiang Junyu J, Zhang Qian Q, Xiong Zicong Z, Liu Zhongning Z et al.

Acidification, nutrient deficiency, and poor carbon pool stability are key bottlenecks restricting the sustainable development of agriculture in lateritic red soils. In this study, we isolated strains GC05 (Paracoccus communis) and GC07 (Advenella kashmirensis). A composite microbial consortium was constructed and then combined with a biochar-montmorillonite-chicken manure carrier to produce an organic-inorganic composite microbial inoculant. After applying the inoculant to acidic lateritic red soil, we investigated its mechanisms in simultaneously ameliorating acidic lateritic red soil and driving soil organic carbon stabilization. After a 30-day incubation, the inoculant ameliorated the soil environment and enhanced both nutrient availability and carbon stability. Soil pH increased from 4.86 to 5.76, the ratio of recalcitrant carbon to total organic carbon increased from 0.72 to 0.86. The inoculant promoted the enrichment of carbon assimilation-dominant functional microbial taxa. Microbial carbon use efficiency increased from 0.02 to 0.41, and the metabolic focus shifted from enzymatic depolymerization and catabolism to biomass synthesis and anabolism. Structural equation modeling further suggested that microbial biomass exerted a dominant direct effect on the stable soil carbon pool, driving the conversion of labile organic carbon into recalcitrant organic carbon via biomass synthesis and microbial necromass accumulation, which constituted an early-stage microbial carbon pump. This study provides a theoretical foundation and practical strategy for the development of bioaugmented technologies with potential for long‑term carbon sequestration in acidic lateritic red soils.

PMID 42853463
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