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montmorillonite (Diarrafin)

✓ Approved

Beijing Holley-Cotec Pharma · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is montmorillonite?

montmorillonite is a small molecule developed by Beijing Holley-Cotec Pharma. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesDiarrafin
CompanyBeijing Holley-Cotec Pharma
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Beijing Holley-Cotec Pharma

Therapeutic Indications

montmorillonite is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Gastrointestinal disordersDiarrhoea✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedPolymer science & technology (Washington, D.C.)2026-08-28

From Print to Soil: Superworm-Degradable Organic Electrochemical Transistors via PEDOT:PSS-Clay Composites.

Na Hyeonjun H, Hong Yeongbeom Y, Jo Il-Young IY, Lee Da-Young DY et al.

The growing use of disposable electronics has intensified concerns regarding end-of-life electronic waste, highlighting an urgent need for devices that balance high functionality with sustainability. Herein, we report disposable printed organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) featuring a worm-edible PEDOT:PSS-clay composite active layer. These devices are constructed entirely from components selected to reduce environmental burden: a chemically reinforced and hydrophobically modified paper substrate; printable electrodes derived from a cellulose nanofiber (CNF)-templated silver ink; and a PEDOT:PSS/montmorillonite (MMT) composite active layer that ensures both electrochemical performance and superworm-derived biodegradability. Despite the use of low-resolution printing and sustainable materials, the resultant OECT devices exhibit low-voltage but stable operation and decent electrical characteristics suitable for practical applications. Critically, we demonstrate that these fully integrated devices are edible at the device level and can be disposed of via superworm ingestion (Zophobas morio), providing a proof-of-concept insect-mediated disposal pathway that may reduce environmental burden without requiring device retrieval or industrial composting. This work establishes a potential insect-mediated disposal strategy using superworms for the design of sustainable printed bioelectronic systems.

PMID 42662785
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PubMedFrontiers in pharmacology2026-08-27

Effect of dosing interval on the pharmacokinetic interaction between montmorillonite powder and pyrotinib in rats.

Gao Xiaohuan X, He Guangzhao G, Bi Yanzhi Y, Luo Hui H et al.

Montmorillonite powder (MP) can adsorb pyrotinib and reduce its bioavailability. This study investigated the effects of different dosing intervals on the pharmacokinetic interaction between MP and pyrotinib in rats. Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 6/group): Control (pyrotinib alone), 0.5-h interval (MP given 0.5 h after pyrotinib), and 2.0-h interval (MP given 2.0 h after pyrotinib). Pyrotinib (10 mg/kg) was orally administered to all rats, followed by MP (240 mg/kg) or water (control) at designated time points. Blood samples were collected up to 24 h post-dose. Plasma pyrotinib concentrations were determined by a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using WinNonlin. The 0.5-h interval group showed substantially reduced pyrotinib exposure, with area under the curve (AUC) from time zero to last time point (AUClast) and AUC from time zero to infinity (AUCinf) decreasing by 31.2% and 31.3%, respectively, indicating statistically significant reductions (90% CIs <1.0). C max reduction was 20.7%, which was not statistically significant (90% CI crossed 1.0). For the 2.0-h interval group, all GMRs were close to unity, but the wide 90% CIs (69.1%-137.6%) could not rule out a clinically meaningful impact. In rats, MP administration at an insufficient dosing interval markedly compromises pyrotinib systemic exposure, whereas adequate temporal separation largely mitigates this interaction. These findings underscore the urgent need for dedicated clinical pharmacokinetic studies to define the optimal dosing interval in humans and to minimize the risk of subtherapeutic pyrotinib exposure in clinical practice.

PMID 42656368
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PubMedMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2026-08-27

Development of Composite Aluminosilicate Materials Based on Iron-Carbon Fly Ash from CHPP-2: A Comparative Analysis of the Effect of Saryozek and Alekseevskaya Clay Structural Types on Phase Formation During Semi-Dry Pressing.

Adilbayeva Gulnaz G, Aknazarov Sestager S, Golovchenko Olga O, Abisheva Aigul A et al.

This study presents a comparative analysis of the effect of the structural-mineralogical type of clay matrices on the phase and structure formation in composite aluminosilicate materials within the multi-component Fe-Al-C-Si system. Highly plastic Saryozek montmorillonite clay and moderately plastic Alekseevskaya kaolinite-illite clay were investigated as binding matrices to consolidate iron-aluminosilicate fly ash from the Almaty CHPP-2. The raw materials and binary batches containing 10 to 50 wt.% fly ash were evaluated using XRD, XRF, TG/DTA, and SEM techniques. The results demonstrate that the superior plastic and binding properties of the Saryozek clay ensure enhanced consolidation of the non-plastic, fragmented ash particles. Simultaneous thermal analysis reveals that increasing the compaction pressure from 20 to 30 MPa induces a kinetic shift in the montmorillonite dehydroxylation interval toward higher temperatures (580-720 °C) due to increased partial water vapor pressure within the dense green body. This thermal shift scientifically necessitates introducing an isothermal dwell at 600 °C to mitigate firing defects. The optimal composite properties are achieved at a molding pressure of 30 MPa, a firing temperature of 1050 °C, and a fly ash concentration of 10-20 wt.%, yielding a peak compressive strength of 38.4 MPa. SEM confirmed that under these conditions, the locally formed silicate melt uniformly encapsulates the crystalline mullite and quartz microparticles, whereas increasing the ash content to 50 wt.% results in a loose, highly porous structure that degrades strength down to 17.9 MPa. These findings lay a scientifically substantiated foundation for optimizing composite ceramic synthesis and reducing structural defects.

PMID 42653881
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PubMedDental materials journal2026-08-26

Cetylpyridinium chloride-montmorillonite-based antimicrobial denture adhesive.

Abe Yasuhiko Y, Yoshihara Kumiko K, Yoshioka Ami A, Nakamori Kiichi K et al.

This study evaluates the antimicrobial properties, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)-release behavior, and performance of a denture adhesive incorporating 0.1 wt% CPC-montmorillonite (Mont). CPC release is quantified using high‑performance liquid chromatography through time-dependent and accelerated elution tests. Antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, and Staphylococcus aureus is evaluated under non-swelling and tenfold-diluted swelling conditions. Suitability as an antimicrobial denture adhesive is assessed following the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) T 6525‑1:2025. Accelerated elution produces significantly greater CPC release than time-dependent elution. Antimicrobial activity (R>2) is observed against all microorganisms under both conditions. The pH, washability, and adhesion performance meet the standards at both the initial and 3-month time points. Microbial contamination remains below 10 CFU/g. The CPC-Mont adhesive exhibits controlled CPC release, sustained antimicrobial activity, acceptable physical performance, and standard compliance, indicating its potential as an effective antimicrobial denture adhesive.

PMID 42649017
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PubMedAnalytical and bioanalytical chemistry2026-08-26

Montmorillonite-fungal biomass hybrid as sustainable sorbent in rotating-disk sorptive extraction coupled to GC-MS for trace-level monitoring of estrogens in hospital wastewater.

Martínez-Garzón Maby M MM, Rosero-Moreano Milton M, Morales-Álvarez Edwin David ED, Ossa-Jaramillo Cesar Augusto CA et al.

In this study, we pioneered a bio-inorganic hybrid material by combining montmorillonite (MMT) with Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium. Moving beyond routine extraction phases, we focused on the preparation, physicochemical characterization, and application of this unique biohybrid for rotating-disk sorptive extraction (RDSE). The engineered material successfully blends the structured mesoporosity and high surface area of pristine clay with the dense, functionalized biopolymer network of fungal hyphae. By deconvoluting the sorptive mechanism, we found that estrogen retention is driven by a highly cooperative network of non-covalent forces. At a near-neutral wastewater pH (6.9-7.2), where the target steroids remain neutral, mass transfer is governed by localized hydrogen bonding with both clay edge sites (Si-OH, Al-OH) and cell-wall functionalities (NH2, -OH), supplemented by stabilizing cation-π interactions involving interlayer Ca2+ ions. When we applied this method to determine four estrogens (E1, E2, EE2, and E3) via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in complex hospital wastewater, our MMT-fungus sorbent significantly outperformed conventional primary-secondary amine phases. The protocol yielded low detection limits (1.1-9.1 ng L-1), quantitative recoveries (95-100%), and narrow intra-laboratory precision (%RSD ≤ 8.5%; Horwitz ratio [HorRat], 0.12-0.35). Authentic effluents revealed critical steroidal micropollutant levels between 195 and 853 ng L-1. Finally, multi-metric sustainability tools confirmed a highly favorable environmental profile (AGREEprep = 0.75, VIGI = 80, BAGI = 52.5), confirming that high-performance analytical chemistry can actively coexist with eco-friendly material engineering.

PMID 42642668
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PubMedRSC advances2026-08-25

Magnetic montmorillonite functionalized with UiO-66 metal-organic framework as a hierarchical adsorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Hosseininia Mojtaba M, Amiri Amirhassan A, Mirzaei Masoud M

A novel hierarchical magnetic nanocomposite, MMT/Fe3O4/UiO-66, was synthesized by functionalizing magnetized montmorillonite with the zirconium-based metal-organic framework UiO-66 and evaluated as an adsorbent for the magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, fluorene, and anthracene. The material combines the magnetic separability of Fe3O4, the layered structure of montmorillonite, and the high porosity of UiO-66, providing enhanced surface area for PAH enrichment. Under optimized MSPE conditions, the method showed wide linear ranges (0.01-500 ng mL-1 for naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene; 0.03-200 ng mL-1 for fluorene and anthracene), low limits of detection (0.003-0.01 ng mL-1), and good precision (RSD = 4.1-5.5%). The method was successfully applied to drinking, river, and well water samples, achieving high relative recoveries (98.1-99.6%). The results demonstrate that the MMT/Fe3O4/UiO-66 nanocomposite is a promising, sustainable sorbent for the efficient monitoring of trace PAHs in environmental waters, offering a practical alternative to conventional extraction materials.

PMID 42639186
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