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montmorillonite (Diarrafin)

✓ Approved

Beijing Holley-Cotec Pharma · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is montmorillonite?

montmorillonite is a small molecule developed by Beijing Holley-Cotec Pharma. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesDiarrafin
CompanyBeijing Holley-Cotec Pharma
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Beijing Holley-Cotec Pharma

Therapeutic Indications

montmorillonite is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Gastrointestinal disordersDiarrhoea✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedEnvironmental geochemistry and health2026-07-16

Adsorption behavior and isotopic effect of boron on montmorillonite in the presence of Ca2.

Zhu Zihao Z, Hao Xiaodong X, Dong Ruixue R, Chen Xuejun X et al.

Owing to the high solubility of boron, it is prone to migration in aqueous environments, which may consequently affect its geochemical processes in soil systems. To better understand the role of clay minerals and coexisting cations in the adsorption and isotopic fractionation of boron, montmorillonite (Mmt) was selected as a model mineral, and batch adsorption experiments were conducted in aqueous solution to explore the kinetic and equilibrium adsorption behavior of boron in the presence of Ca2+. The results showed that the dynamic adsorption process could be well described by the Freundlich isotherm model (R2 > 0.8). The isotopic composition of adsorbed boron on Mmt decreased with increasing pH when boron existed predominantly as B(OH)3, which indicated the preferential enrichment of 10B on the surface of Mmt. Moreover, the presence of Ca2+ enhanced the adsorption of boron and led to more negative δ11B values on Mmt, which suggested the formation of a surface-associated Ca10B(OH)4+ complex and was further supported by negative zeta potentials measured. These findings provide fundamental insights into the adsorption of boron on clay minerals in aqueous systems and offer a basis for future investigations into the regulation of boron-containing fertilizers and the leaching behavior of boron in different types of soils.

PMID 42461463
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PubMedPolymers2026-07-15

Organo-Montmorillonite (OMMT) Modified SiC/Hydrogenated Epoxy Micro-Nanocomposites for Enhanced Corona Aging Resistance.

Hu Haitao H, Dong Hailiang H, He Mingpeng M, Ma Boxin B et al.

The concentration of electric fields at the end region of stator bars in large generators can readily induce corona discharge. Under long-term operation, corona discharge may cause drift in the surface conductivity and nonlinear coefficient of anti-corona materials, thereby weakening their capability to homogenize the tangential electric field. In severe cases, this can lead to charring failure of the anti-corona material. To improve the electrical-parameter stability and surface morphological resistance to corona aging of silicon carbide (SiC)-based anti-corona materials under long-term corona exposure, epoxy-resin-based anti-corona materials were investigated in this study. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were first employed to analyze the effects of corona aging on the microstructure and chemical structure of the anti-corona layer, thereby revealing its failure mechanism. Subsequently, the evolution of surface conductivity, nonlinear coefficient, and surface morphology of bisphenol A epoxy resin (EP)- and hydrogenated bisphenol A epoxy resin (H-EP)-based anti-corona materials during 120 h of corona aging was comparatively investigated. On this basis, different mass fractions of organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) were introduced into the H-EP-based anti-corona material for synergistic modification. The OMMT used in this study had a particle size of approximately 5 μm and an interlayer spacing of 2.6 nm, and its lamellar morphology and dispersion state in the epoxy matrix were characterized by cross-sectional SEM. Meanwhile, the trap-regulation mechanism of the OMMT-modified anti-corona materials was analyzed using isothermal surface potential decay (ISPD). The results show that erosion of the epoxy resin matrix by corona discharge is the primary cause of internal conductive-pathway disruption and anti-corona layer failure. Compared with the EP-based material, the H-EP-based material exhibited better conductivity and nonlinear stability during aging, although a certain degree of drift still occurred. The incorporation of an appropriate amount of OMMT further improved the corona resistance of the material. Among the investigated samples, the material containing 1 wt% OMMT showed the best performance, with its conductivity stabilized within the range of 10-13-10-11 S, the lowest variation rate of 104.76%, a relatively stable nonlinear coefficient, and slight surface damage. The ISPD results indicate that the interfaces introduced by OMMT increase the deep-trap density and suppress carrier migration, thereby stabilizing the conductive network. Overall, the synergistic effect of the H-EP matrix and 1 wt% OMMT can effectively enhance the corona resistance of SiC-based anti-corona materials.

PMID 42452119
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PubMedMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2026-07-15

Chitosan-Modified Bentonite for the Adsorptive Removal of Three Organic Dyes: A Comprehensive Experimental and Theoretical Investigation.

Huang Teng T, Li Meng M, Wang Enwen E, Wu Qian Q

Chitosan has significant advantages due to its good biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, the original chitosan often has problems such as limited adsorption capacity and poor selectivity. Therefore, modifying chitosan to improve its adsorption performance has become an important research direction. This study adopted molecular dynamics simulations to explore the factors influencing the physical modification of chitosan and further conducted adsorption experiments with three different dyes. The results indicated that when combined with different clays, the interaction between chitosan and montmorillonite was more likely to occur, making it a suitable adsorbent for physical modification. As the molecular weight (MW) of chitosan increased, the <500 MW chitosan-modified bentonite exhibited the maximum adsorption capacity for different dyes, with the adsorption rates of 90.73% (methylene blue), 72.05% (methylene orange), and 32.28% (cresol red) at 20 mg/L, respectively. The adsorption kinetic and thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process is consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 > 0.99004), while lower temperature was more conducive to the adsorption process. The results would help determine the optimum synthetic conditions for chitosan-based composite materials and make positive contributions to the green development of agriculture.

PMID 42451595
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PubMedAngewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)2026-07-15

Interlayer Confinement Steers Peracetic Acid Activation Toward Nearly Exclusive Singlet Oxygen Generation.

Li Guang G, Chen Xinying X, Liu Mengfan M, Xie Zhihao Z et al.

Precisely controlling reaction pathway is vital for selective oxidation chemistry but remains challenging due to the complexity of oxidant-catalyst interactions, especially during activation of peracetic acid (PAA) that offers greater structural flexibility than inorganic oxidants. While various catalyst engineering approaches are available to strengthen PAA nonradical catalysis, they fail to fundamental suppress radicals generation. Here, we propose an interlayer confinement strategy to deterministically reprogram the PAA activation pathway toward singlet oxygen (1O2) generation. By stabilizing atomically dispersed cobalt sites within a KOH-compressed interlayer space of montmorillonite (MT) nano-galleries (CoSAC-KMT), a deck-effect-induced confined microenvironment is constructed to fundamentally alters the PAA-catalyst interaction. Such confinement suppresses radical-dominated channels and redirects PAA activation route to nearly exclusive 1O2 generation. Mechanistic and theoretical analyses reveal that reduced interlayer spacing reshapes the local PAA adsorption configuration and energy landscape to facilitate 1O2 formation. Such a confinement regulation strategy can also be extended to peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation for efficient pathway modulation, indicating it may serve as a transferable principle to guide Fenton-like catalyst design. With 1O2-dominated pathway, the CoSAC-KMT/PAA system demonstrated superior environmental robustness and long-term stability for real water treatment.

PMID 42454877
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PubMedMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2026-07-15

Alkali Activation of Natural Calcium Bentonite for Foundry Applications: Structural, Physicochemical, and Technological Characterization.

Radulović Dragan D, Stojanović Jovica J, Marković Marija M, Todorović Dejan D et al.

The technological performance of bentonite in foundry applications is strongly influenced by the nature of its exchangeable interlayer cations, with sodium bentonites generally exhibiting superior swelling, plasticity, and bonding properties compared with calcium bentonites. Given the limited availability of natural sodium bentonite, upgrading abundant calcium-rich bentonite resources holds significant industrial interest. In this study, a natural Ca-rich bentonite from the Bijelo Polje deposit (Bar, Montenegro) was upgraded by alkali activation using Na2CO3 and evaluated as a binder for green sand foundry molds. The raw bentonite was characterized by physicochemical, mineralogical, and structural analyses, confirming its Ca-type character and suitability for sodium activation. Activation was performed using 2-6 wt.% Na2CO3, with the optimum treatment achieved at 5 wt.% Na2CO3. The activated bentonite was subsequently characterized using structural, textural, thermal, and physicochemical methods. Alkali activation significantly improved the key technological properties of the material, increasing the free swelling capacity from 7 to 20 cm3, the specific surface area from 27.4 to 45.8 m2 g-1, the cation exchange capacity from 74.6 to 89.5 meq/100 g, and the plasticity index from 79.6% to 193.4%. XRD, ATR-FTIR, and thermal analyses confirmed successful sodium activation while preserving the fundamental montmorillonite structure. Evaluation of foundry-relevant properties, including refractoriness, methylene blue adsorption, gas permeability, thermal stability, and bonding strength, demonstrated that the activated bentonite satisfies the technological requirements for green sand molding of both ferrous and non-ferrous alloys. These findings demonstrate that Na2CO3 activation is an effective and resource-efficient approach for converting natural Ca-rich bentonite into a high-performance foundry binder.

PMID 42451902
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PubMedPolymers2026-07-15

Experimental and Theoretical Studies on Enhanced Lubricity of Hyperbranched Polyamide-Amine for Water-Based Drilling Fluids.

Wang Wei W, Lin Rongsheng R, Xu Lin L, Zhang Zhujun Z et al.

High friction and drag are among the challenging subjects for constructing water-based drilling fluids available in horizontal drilling. Lubricants play a major role in mitigating friction of water-based drilling fluids, and thus, developing new lubricants is necessary for efficient horizontal drilling. In this work, a generation 1.5 (1.5G) hyperbranched polyamide-amine P(EDA-MA-OA), which serves as a candidate for a traditional lubricant with linear conformation, was newly synthesized via a divergent approach. A set of physicochemical characterizations was carried out on P(EDA-MA-OA) to confirm its effective synthesis. The results indicated that P(EDA-MA-OA) has a nanoparticulate morphology with a size of approximately 100 nm. Its molecular structure shows strong thermal stability, with initial thermal decomposition occurring at 146 °C. The water-based drilling fluid formulated with P(EDA-MA-OA) as the lubricant exhibits effective comprehensive properties and, in particular, the lubrication coefficient was 0.067, comparable to that of the oil-based drilling fluid, indicating enhanced lubricity by the incorporation of the hyperbranched polymer. The results of molecular simulations show that P(EDA-MA-OA) possesses a unique "basket-like" architecture, with C18 long chains enveloping the central active segments, namely the carbonyl (-C=O) and amide (-CO(NH2)) groups. When interacting with montmorillonite (MMT) particulates, the active groups can interact with MMT, allowing the eight C18 branched terminal chains to form a "molecular brush" with a normal orientation toward the MMT interface, which can serve as a hydrophobic lubricating film to improve lubricity. A lubrication model was finally proposed to rationalize the enhanced lubricity from the hyperbranched polymers in the water-based drilling fluid.

PMID 42452019
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