Drug Database
IN

insulin (insulin, HGT / Insuman Implantable / Insuman Comb)

✓ Approved

Sanofi S.A · INSR · Recombinant Proteins

What is insulin?

insulin is a recombinant proteins developed by Sanofi S.A. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intramuscular (im) injection or subcutaneous injection or surgical implantation or intraperitoneal injection.

Drug Profile

Brand Namesinsulin, HGT, Insuman Implantable, Insuman Comb
CompanySanofi S.A
Drug ClassRecombinant Proteins, Polypeptide
Molecular TargetINSR
RouteInjectable (Others), Intramuscular (IM) Injection, Subcutaneous Injection, Surgical Implantation, Intraperitoneal Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Sanofi S.A

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

insulin acts on 1 molecular target:

INSRinsulin receptor (CD220, HHF5)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

insulin is developed for 2 unique indications across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 1 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 2 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedJournal of invertebrate pathology2026-08-30

Bombyx mori lipase-1 reduces viral replication and proliferation by inhibiting the expression of the DNA-binding protein (dbp) gene.

Chen Haiyu H, Ding Xiangrui X, Wang Jinyang J, Zhao Qiaoling Q et al.

Bombyx mori lipase-1 (Bmlipase-1) has strong anti-BmNPV activity, but the mechanism by which Bmlipase-1 resists BmNPV invasion has not been elucidated so far. In this paper, based on the construction of recombinant viruses overexpressing Bmlipase-1, we analyzed the effects of the recombinant viruses on the genes related to recombinant virus replication as well as viral replication and proliferation after the recombinant viruses infected BmN cells. In the presence of the virus, Bmlipase-1 localizes to the cell nucleus. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), northern blotting and western blot analyses showed that Bmlipase-1 inhibited the expression of BmNPV DNA-binding protein (dbp) as well as the replication and proliferation of the recombinant virus. DBP is a key factor for normal viral DNA replication and for the stabilization of nascent viral DNA. A biotin-labeled probe was synthesized around the c-Myb transcription factor binding site in the upstream promoter region of dbp and analyzed by EMSA with prokaryotically expressed and purified Bmlipase-1. It was found that Bmlipase-1 could bind to CACTTCAATT in the dbp promoter region, while the activity of the dbp promoter lacking CACTTCAATT was significantly reduced. In conclusion, Bmlipase-1 can bind to the CACTTCAATT motif on the dbp promoter in vitro, and this motif contributes positively to the activity of the dbp promoter. Overexpression of Bmlipase-1 significantly downregulates dbp expression and inhibits viral replication. Based on these findings, we propose the following hypothesis: Bmlipase-1 may inhibit viral replication by binding to the CACTTCAATT motif and interfering with the transcriptional regulation of dbp. However, this regulatory model requires further validation in the context of viral infection. This paper provides a new theoretical basis for the prevention and control of lepidopteran insect viruses, and also opens up a new way to study the antiviral mechanism of the silkworm, Bombyx mori.

PMID 42669400
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PubMedActa tropica2026-08-30

Recombinant Toxoplasma gondii expressing FIPV spike protein S1 subunit: A proof-of-concept approach against toxoplasmosis and feline infectious peritonitis.

Xie Fujie F, Jiang Xinyu X, Yang Yilin Y, Xie Yuehua Y et al.

Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) is a lethal feline pathogen with no widely effective prophylactic vaccine available. To address this unmet need, we explored the feasibility of using Toxoplasma gondii (whose definitive host is felids) as a live delivery platform to develop a bivalent vector vaccine. We generated a transgenic T. gondii strain engineered to express and secrete the FIPV spike protein S1 subunit into the parasitophorous vacuole. Immunization in mice confirmed the immunogenicity of this recombinant parasite, which induced specific antibody responses targeting both the T. gondii vector and the FIPV S1 antigen. In vitro neutralization assays revealed limited FIPV-neutralizing capacity in immune sera, with only low-level inhibitory activity observed at the lowest serum dilution, which was markedly inferior to the neutralization potency induced by recombinant S1 protein vaccination. Collectively, these data preliminarily verify the potential of T. gondii as a multivalent antigen delivery vector. This work provides a proof-of-concept framework for a dual-target vaccination strategy intended to mitigate the epidemiological burden of both FIPV and T. gondii in cats, and underpins integrated One Health-oriented disease prevention and control efforts.

PMID 42669354
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PubMedMicrobial cell factories2026-08-30

Recombinant thermotolerant alkaline lipase from Lysinibacillus fusiformis for detergent and hard (Ras) cheese applications: cloning, expression, molecular docking, and characterization.

El-Sayed Ghada M GM, Wehaidy Hala R HR, Kholif Adel M M AMM, Salama Walaa H WH et al.

Thermostable and alkaline lipases are of significant interest for industrial applications, particularly in detergents and food processing. This study aimed to isolate, clone, and express lipase-encoding genes from a potent bacterial source to produce a thermo-tolerant alkaline lipase with enhanced catalytic efficiency and practical applicability. Among several bacterial isolates, the most potent lipase producer was identified as Lysinibacillus fusiformis, and its 16 S rRNA sequence was deposited in GenBank (PP757498). Three lipase-encoding genes (est, est2, and lipA) were successfully isolated, cloned, and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Their sequences were submitted to GenBank under accession numbers PX136937.1, PX136938.1, and PX136936.1, respectively. The recombinant lipase encoded by lipA (rLipase) exhibited the highest activity (150 U/mL) compared with the native enzyme (56.2 U/mL). Molecular docking analysis demonstrated strong binding affinity of rLipase toward major fatty acid derivatives in olive oil, with the highest affinity for linoleic acid (- 8.0 kcal/mol), followed by oleic acid (- 7.8 kcal/mol) and palmitic acid (- 7.3 kcal/mol). These interactions were stabilized by hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding, with key contributions from critical amino acid residues, particularly VAL250. The partially purified recombinant lipase (rLipase) exhibited a maximum activity of 320 U/mL at 80 °C and pH 9, demonstrating remarkable thermostability and alkaline tolerance. Functional evaluation showed that rLipase improved the detergent efficiency for oil stain-removal from cotton fabrics. In addition, supplementation with 0.4% rLipase accelerated Ras cheese ripening by shortening the maturation period from 120 to 90 days with maintaining the desired ripening process. The recombinant lipase from Lysinibacillus fusiformis demonstrated high thermal stability, alkaline tolerance, and strong catalytic efficiency. Its effectiveness in detergent formulations and cheese ripening highlights its potential as a versatile industrial biocatalyst for lipid bioconversion and related applications.

PMID 42668381
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PubMedCureus2026-08-30

Online-Sourced Retatrutide Complicating Impending Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a Patient With Type 1 Diabetes and Concurrent Shigella Gastroenteritis.

Branine Nassim N

Growing public interest in incretin-based therapies for weight loss has been accompanied by increasing availability of research peptides purchasable online. Products may be used without medical assessment or counselling regarding adverse effects, sick-day management or appropriate follow-up. In addition, composition, purity and dosing accuracy may be uncertain. Retatrutide is a novel triple agonist of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptors currently being investigated for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, but has no established role in type 1 diabetes mellitus. We report a man in his mid-30s with longstanding type 1 diabetes mellitus who presented with severe vomiting, diarrhoea, hyperglycaemia, ketonaemia and acute kidney injury shortly after self-administering an online-purchased product marketed as retatrutide for weight loss. His partner, who had taken the same preparation, also developed gastrointestinal symptoms. Both had also consumed a potential foodborne source of infection. In type 1 diabetes mellitus, where patients remain dependent on exogenous insulin to suppress ketogenesis, gastrointestinal illness may rapidly precipitate ketosis when insulin is omitted and oral intake is reduced. Although diabetic ketoacidosis did not develop, peak ketonaemia reached 4.3 mmol/L in the setting of dehydration and insulin omission, requiring intravenous insulin and fluid replacement. During recovery, recurrent hypoglycaemia required intravenous dextrose and insulin dose adjustment, highlighting challenges of glycaemic management in acutely unwell patients exposed to agents with incretin and glucagon receptor activity. Stool culture subsequently grew Shigella flexneri, introducing diagnostic uncertainty regarding the relative contributions of gastrointestinal infection and retatrutide exposure, and complicating counselling regarding future retatrutide use. While causation cannot be established, the temporal relationship, similar symptoms in another exposed individual, and recognised gastrointestinal adverse-effect profile of retatrutide suggest that exposure may have contributed to symptom severity or amplified the metabolic consequences of infection. This case highlights diagnostic and management challenges created by unregulated research peptides obtained outside healthcare pathways, particularly in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus where evidence to guide management is limited and clinicians in non-specialist settings may be unfamiliar with these agents. As access expands through online vendors and social media, clinicians should routinely enquire about prescribed and non-prescribed agents when assessing unexplained illness or metabolic decompensation.

PMID 42669023
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PubMedInternational journal of endocrinology2026-08-30

Associations of Five Insulin Resistance-Related Indices With Gout Risk in the 2007-2018 NHANES Cross-Sectional Study.

Yang Kewei K, Yang Kongming K, Liu Yuhan Y, Wang Qin Q et al.

This study investigated the associations between five insulin resistance (IR)-related surrogate indices and gout and compared their associations and discriminative abilities for gout. The indices included the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, TyG combined with body mass index (TyG-BMI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), visceral adiposity index (VAI), and metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR). Data from the 2007-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed. Comparisons between the gout and nongout groups were performed using t-tests and chi-square tests. Multivariable logistic regression and subgroup analyses were used to assess the associations. Among 14,582 participants (4.80% with gout), adjusted analyses identified the highest METS-IR quartile as the strongest predictor of gout (adjusted OR = 2.823, 95%CI 1.643-4.851), followed by TyG-BMI (OR = 2.290, 95%CI 1.555-3.373). Restricted cubic splines revealed nonlinear associations of TyG and LAP with gout risk, contrasting with linear trends for TyG-BMI, VAI, and METS-IR. Subgroup analyses suggested that elevated TyG and VAI were positively associated with gout in nondiabetic individuals (interaction p < 0.05). All five IR-related indices showed positive associations with gout, particularly in those with central obesity. These indices showed modest discriminative ability for gout, and further validation is needed.

PMID 42668779
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PubMedPhotodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy2026-08-30

Choroidal microvascular heterogeneity across non-autoimmune type 2 diabetes mellitus subtypes defined by beta-cell function and insulin resistance: a wide-field Swept-Source OCTA study.

Wu Xiaoyan X, Li Qiong Q, Cui Yi Y, Xu Nuo N

To investigate the intergroup differences in choroidal thickness (CT), choroidal vascularity index (CVI), and choroidal vascular volume (CVV) across non-autoimmune type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subtypes defined by beta-cell function and insulin resistance. This cross-sectional study enrolled 22 healthy controls (22 eyes) and 85 T2DM patients (85 eyes). T2DM patients were categorized into 4 groups using K-means clustering: Severe Insulin-deficient Diabetes (SIDD) =22, Severe Insulin-resistant Diabetes (SIRD)=26, Mild Obesity-related Diabetes (MOD)=16, and Mild Age-related Diabetes (MARD)=21. CT, CVI, CVV were measured by widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (WSS-OCTA) across three concentric annular regions(0 - 10 mm, 10 - 15 mm, and 15 - 20 mm), subdivided into 12 sectors. Linear mixed-effects and multivariate regression models were constructed to evaluate intergroup differences. Compared with the control group, both CT and CVV decreased significantly in most of the 12 analyzed regions across all T2DM groups, whereas the MOD and SIRD groups exhibited no statistically significant global changes. In contrast, CVI exhibited pronounced spatial and subtype-specific heterogeneity. In the SIDD group, CVI decreased in most regions, with significant reductions in the nasal sector of the 0 - 10 mm annulus (P<0.01]), and in the nasal and inferior sectors of the 10 - 15 mm annulus (P<0.01] and -0.065 (P<0.01). Conversely, the SIRD group demonstrated a widespread increase in CVI, with significant increased in the nasal (P < 0.05), superior (P < 0.05), and temporal (P < 0.05]) sectors of the 15 - 20 mm annulus. Compared with CT and CVV, CVI shows the highest spatial heterogeneity. This indicates that divergent metabolic drivers may exert opposing effects on choroidal vascular remodeling. This subtype-specific characterization enhances our understanding of diabetic choroidopathy pathophysiology and holds potential for guiding personalized screening and therapeutic strategies.

PMID 42669328
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