oxybutynin hydrochloride (HP 5070 / HP5070 / Apohide)

Correction to: In vitro comparative quality evaluation of different brands of metformin hydrochloride tablets available in Mekelle City, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia.

Welegebrial Brhane Gebrehiwot BG, Gezae Zenawi Z, Gebrekidan Samrawit Kidanemariam SK, Gebrerufael Gebru Gebremeskel GG et al.

An age-matched comparison of early urological outcomes in patients who underwent antenatal versus postnatal myelomeningocele repair: A prospective single centre experience.

Pickett Lianne L, Jayasimha Sudhindra S, Maestri Susan S, Cao Kevin K et al.

Antenatal myelomeningocele (MMC) repair improves neurosurgical outcomes, but its impact on early renal and bladder outcomes remains uncertain. To test the hypothesis that antenatal myelomeningocele repair is associated with fewer symptomatic febrile urinary tract infections during early follow-up than postnatal repair, and to compare secondary upper urinary tract, bladder management and non-invasive bladder function outcomes within a single-centre risk-stratified pathway. We reviewed a prospectively maintained MMC database (2018-2025). All antenatally repaired children were included; postnatal repairs were restricted to children meeting Management of Myelomeningocele Study eligibility criteria. Outcomes included symptomatic febrile UTI, upper urinary tract findings, bladder emptying management, post-void residual urine on non-invasive bladder function assessment, selective uroflowmetry and invasive urodynamics, and symptomatic oxybutynin use. UTI was defined as a febrile episode with UTI-compatible symptoms and urinary leucocytes or pyuria; asymptomatic bacteriuria was not counted. Sixty-six children were managed; Nineteen underwent antenatal repair and 14 formed the MOMS-eligible postnatal comparator group. Prematurity was more frequent after antenatal repair (79% vs 0%, p < 0.001) and ventriculoperitoneal shunt requirement was lower (26% vs 79%, p = 0.005). Symptomatic UTI occurred less often in the antenatal group (21% vs 79%, p = 0.002). Hydronephrosis, VUR, DMSA scarring and overnight drainage all favoured the antenatal group but did not reach statistical significance. Within this small single-centre cohort managed by a consistent risk-stratified pathway, antenatal MMC repair was associated with fewer documented symptomatic febrile UTIs during early follow-up. Differences in upper tract outcomes, bladder emptying management and selectively measured functional outcomes remained uncertain.

Revisiting Cinacalcet HCl Hepatic Disposition: Insights from Isolated Perfused Rat Liver.

Mireskandari Katayoon K, Barazesh Ahmadreza A, Rostamnezhad Mostafa M, Darabi Majid M et al.

Hepatic drug handling determines systemic exposure, yet the balance between tissue uptake, intracellular binding, and metabolic clearance is difficult to dissect in vivo. Cinacalcet hydrochloride (CINA), a calcimimetic used to manage secondary hyperparathyroidism, has low oral bioavailability and is widely described as a high-extraction drug subject to extensive hepatic metabolism. Whether tissue sequestration rather than biotransformation underlies its rapid hepatic removal has not been tested directly in an intact ex vivo liver model. We investigated the hepatic clearance of cinacalcet hydrochloride (CINA) using the isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) model. A validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was established to quantify CINA and its primary metabolite, M7, in both liver tissue and perfusate samples. To evaluate the influence of perfusate composition and protein binding, experiments were conducted under single-pass perfusion modes, in the presence and absence of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Dose recovery and mass balance analysis indicated that ~93% of the administered dose was recovered: ~63% in liver tissue and ~29% in the outlet perfusate. No metabolites were detected in any sample, pointing to tissue uptake and retention as the dominant clearance mechanism. Drug loss to plastic perfusion tubing was substantial and was only partially offset by BSA. Inclusion of BSA also shifted the apparent drug distribution between liver and perfusate. In the IPRL, hepatic tissue sequestration rather than metabolic conversion was the dominant clearance mechanism for CINA. Non-specific adsorption to plastic perfusion tubing and the protein content of the perfusion medium were important confounders that must be controlled in future ex vivo studies. CINA was extensively retained in rat liver tissue with negligible in situ metabolism over 90 min of single-pass perfusion, raising the question of whether metabolic extraction truly explains its low oral bioavailability in vivo.

CoAl2O4/Co3O4/boron and nitrogen doped biochar for round-the-clock ultra-efficient degradation of 4-nitrophenol with peroxymonosulfate.

Guo Haoran H, Xu Zixuan Z, Ding Xiaoli X, Li He H et al.

Developing a new strategy to boost the degradation efficiency of photocatalysts for toxic phenolic compounds in peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based degradation processes was essential but remained an challenging task. Our study proposed the one-pot construction of CoAl2O4/Co3O4/boron and nitrogen doped biochar (CoAl2O4/Co3O4/BNC) to accelerate the PMS activation and enable ultra-fast degradation of 80 mg L-1 nitrophenol (4-NiP). Radical species (˙OH, SO4˙-, and h+) and non-radical (1O2) played crucial roles during the degradation process. Additionally, 4-NiP was effectively degraded across the full pH range. The catalyst's stability in simulated real aqueous environments was evaluated, demonstrating that the CoAl2O4/Co3O4/BNC exhibited excellent recyclability and anti-interference capability during degradation. Under UV-visible light irradiation, 80 mg L-1 of 4-NiP was degraded within 10 min, it has been demonstrated that illumination accelerates the activation of PMS and the photocatalytic degradation rate of 4-NiP. Furthermore, the degradation efficiency exceeded 95% for seven types of organic pollutants in different water matrices. Seven types of organic pollutants included levofloxacin (LEV), tetracycline (TC), doxycycline hydrochloride (DOX), ciprofloxacin (CIP), 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (2C4Nip), 2-chloro-6-nitrophenol (2C6Nip), these results confirmed the capability of CoAl2O4/Co3O4/BNC to activate PMS for degrading organic pollutants in wastewater.