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chloral hydrate (Escre suppositories)

✓ Approved

Hisamitsu · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is chloral hydrate?

chloral hydrate is a small molecule developed by Hisamitsu. It is approved for therapeutic indications via rectal.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesEscre suppositories
CompanyHisamitsu
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteRectal
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Hisamitsu

Therapeutic Indications

chloral hydrate is developed for 2 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Nervous system disordersEpilepsy✓ Approved
Psychiatric disordersInsomnia✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedFrontiers in physiology2026-10-07

Effects of carbon dioxide hydrate cryotherapy on knee flexor muscle function recovery trajectory after muscle damage: a randomized controlled trial.

Watabe Rina R, Shiozaki Daigo D, Ono Kohei K, Hirata Kosuke K et al.

This study investigated the effects of carbon dioxide hydrate (CDH) cryotherapy on the recovery trajectories of muscle function and physiological markers following exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) of the knee flexors. In a randomized parallel-group design, 24 young men were assigned to the CDH, conventional icing (ICE), or non-intervention control (CON) group (n = 8 per group). To induce muscle damage, participants performed 10 sets of eight maximal eccentric contractions of the knee flexors in a prone position (knee joint range: 75°-15° of flexion at 60°/s; 0° = the fully extended anatomical position). Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque of the knee flexors was measured at 30° of knee flexion at baseline (PRE), immediately post-exercise (POST), and at 4.5, 24, 48, 72, and 168 h post-exercise. Secondary outcomes, including thigh circumference, hip joint range of motion (ROM), and hamstring muscle stiffness and pressure-induced soreness were assessed at all time points except POST. A 20-min intervention was administered after each assessment from POST to 72 h. Linear mixed-effects models, adjusted for PRE values, revealed no significant group × time interactions for changes from PRE in any outcome across post-exercise time points (POST to 168 h for MVIC torque; 4.5 to 168 h for secondary outcomes; p = 0.177-0.914). A significant main effect of group was observed only for hip joint ROM (p = 0.039). Post-hoc comparisons revealed a significantly greater overall reduction from PRE in the CDH group than in the CON group (difference: 10.3°, 95% CI: 3.0° to 17.6°, p = 0.017), with no significant differences between the other group pairs (both p = 0.131). Given the multi-outcome testing, this isolated effect should be interpreted as exploratory. Under the present experimental conditions, CDH cryotherapy did not accelerate the recovery of muscle function or attenuate secondary markers following EIMD relative to conventional icing or no intervention.

PMID 42840088
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PubMedJournal of hazardous materials2026-10-06

Comparative studies of hydroxyl radical and sulfate radical-mediated degradation of aromatic compounds: Changes in electron-donating moieties and disinfection byproduct formation potential.

Huang Nan N, Zeng Zhao-Jin ZJ, Wu Qian-Yuan QY, Wang Wen-Long WL

Aromatic compounds contribute the majority of UV254, electron-donating moieties (EDM), and disinfection byproduct formation potential (DBP-FP) for natural organic matter (NOM). This study selected 4-ethylphenol (4-EP), 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol (4-HPE), 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenone (4-HPA), and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (4-HPAA) as model compounds representing aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, and carboxylic acids, respectively. 4-HPA behaves differently from the other three: its electron-withdrawing carbonyl group substantially increases UV254 while decreasing EDM. During oxidation, 4-HPA uniquely shifts from a negative to a positive EDM-UV254 correlation, whereas the other three maintain negative correlations. SO4•- oxidation removed more EDM but generated higher UV254 products than •OH. Both radical oxidations enhanced representative DBP-FP (6-108-fold), with •OH showing 1.5-4.4-fold higher DBP-FP than SO4•-. 4-HPA exhibited the highest trichloromethane and 1,1,1-trichloropropanone formation potential before and after oxidation. For •OH, 4-HPE was the primary chloral hydrate precursor, while for SO4•-, multiple compounds contributed comparably. EDM removal serves as a better surrogate for DBP-FP when applied to aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, and carboxylic acids, while UV254 change is more suitable for aromatic ketones. These correlations were extended to Suwannee River NOM, providing a potential mechanistic basis for understanding DBP formation from complex NOM during radical-based water treatment.

PMID 42837925
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PubMedActa crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications2026-10-06

2,2'-(Ethane-1,2-di-yl)bis-[3-(pyridin-2-yl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-2-ium] dichloride hexa-hydrate.

Vassilyeva Olga Yu OY, Kokozay Vladimir N VN, Goreshnik Evgeny E

The title compound, C26H22N6 2+·2Cl-·6H2O, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with one mol-ecule in the asymmetric unit. Structure determination at 150 K from a two-component twin crystal reveals the non-symmetrical n-shaped dication, where two pyridine-imidazole fused cores bearing pendant pyridyl rings are linked by an ethyl-ene bridge. The fused five- and six-membered rings are almost coplanar with the largest deviation from the mean plane being 0.019 Å for a nitro-gen atom of one of the rings. The pendant pyridyl groups are twisted by 42.14 (11) and 46.47 (11)° with respect to the planes of the adjacent imidazo[1,5-a]pyridinium cores. In the crystal, the dications stacked along the b-axis direction are linked by π-π inter-actions that possibly stabilize the n-type structure in the solid state. The chloride anions and water mol-ecules form R 2 4(8), R 5 5(12), R 6 6(12) and R 8 11(22) ring motifs through O-H⋯O/Cl hydrogen bonds, building corrugated layers that run between columns of the stacked organic dications.

PMID 42835851
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PubMedActa crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications2026-10-06

Structures of bimetallic FeIII-FeIII and trimetallic FeIII-K-FeIII complexes incorporating the deprotonated ligand N,N'-bis-(2-hy-droxy-3-methoxy-ben-zyl-idene)-1,2-phenyl-enedi-amine.

Thiam Mariama M, Diouf Ngoné N, Orton James J, Ndoye Cheikh C et al.

The title compounds μ-oxido-bis-[(2-{[2-(3-meth-oxy-2-oxido-benzyl-idene-amino)-phenyl-imino]-meth-yl}-6-meth-oxy-phenolato)iron(III)] penta-hydrate, [Fe2(C22H18N2O4]·5H2O or {[(FeIII(L)](μ2-O)[FeIII(L)]}·5H2O (2), and di-chlorido-bis-(μ-2-{[2-(3-meth-oxy-2-oxido-benzyl-idene-amino)-phenyl-imino]-meth-yl}-6-meth-oxy-phenolato)diiron(III)potassium(I) nitrate, [KFe2(C22H18N2O4)2Cl2]NO3 or {[(FeIII(L)(Cl)](K)[FeIII(L)(Cl)]}·NO3 (3), were formed from the reaction of the metallo-ligand [FeII(L)]·(H2O) (H2 L is 2-{[2-(2-hy-droxy-3-meth-oxy-benzyl-idene-amino)-phenyl-imino]-meth-yl}-6-meth-oxy-phenol, C22H20N2O4) with yttrium acetate and potassium nitrate, respectively. In complex 2, the FeIII ions, which presumably arise through aerial oxidation from FeII, have a distorted square-pyramidal environment and are bridged by a μ2 oxo oxygen atom with an Fe-O-Fe angle of 137.97 (5)°. In complex (3) the environment around the FeIII ions is a distorted square pyramid. All four phenoxo oxygen atoms link the FeIII ions to a potassium atom (site symmetry 2), yielding two four-membered Fe/O/K/O rings. The K+ ion is linked also to four meth-oxy oxygen atoms.

PMID 42836228
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PubMedActa crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications2026-10-06

Crystal structure of a hydrate of 1,3,5-substituted 2,4,6-tri-alkyl-benzene bearing hy-droxy-methyl and pyridinyl-amino groups.

Stapf Manuel M, Seichter Wilhelm W, Mazik Monika M

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, (3,5-bis-{[(4,6-di-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)amino]-meth-yl}-2,4,6-tri-ethyl-phen-yl)methanol sesquihydrate, C29H40N4O·1.5H2O, 1·1.5H2O, contains two crystallographically independent mol-ecules (I and II) and three water mol-ecules [(1)2(H2O)3]. These components are connected by O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds to form a 2:3 complex. Within this structural unit, the three water mol-ecules and one of the hy-droxy-methyl O atoms create a strongly distorted eight-membered R 4 3(8) supra-molecular synthon. In addition, the three water mol-ecules form a structure unit that can be defined as a D3 water cluster. In the crystal, neighbouring 2:3 complexes are linked by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds into infinite strand-like aggregates extending along the a-axis direction. The pattern of non-covalent inter-molecular bonding is completed by numerous C-H⋯π arene inter-actions. The crystal contains highly disordered solvent mol-ecules that could not be refined to an acceptable level. Their contribution to the diffraction intensities was therefore removed using the BYPASS routine in OLEX2, and these solvent mol-ecules were excluded from the reported mol-ecular weight and crystal density.

PMID 42836246
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PubMedEnvironmental research2026-10-06

Upcycling chemical polishing effluent into a hierarchical CSH-CH composite for rapid multi-metal removal and phytotoxicity mitigation.

Yu Peng P, Liu Yuyan Y, Shen Jiaying J, Wang Zhiguo Z et al.

The disposal of hazardous chemical polishing effluent and the remediation of multi-metal-contaminated water represent two closely linked environmental challenges. To address both simultaneously through a closed-loop waste-treats-waste strategy, this study upcycled an authentic chemical polishing effluent into a hierarchical calcium silicate hydrate-calcium hydroxide (CSH-CH) composite. Unlike conventional CSH synthesized from pure chemicals, this waste-derived material exploits the unique chemical signature of the effluent to inherently retain highly mobile Na+, creating a dual-cation (Na+/Ca2+) exchange advantage. Acting as a multi-target scavenger, CSH-CH exhibited rapid adsorption kinetics toward five co-existing heavy metals (Cd2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, and Ni2+), reaching equilibrium within 30-60 min, with sequestration governed by a synergistic mechanism. The practical applicability and ecological safety of CSH-CH were further evaluated using hydroponic Pisum sativum (pea) seedling assays under multi-metal co-contamination (5 mg/L each). CSH-CH treatment substantially reduced metal bioavailability in the root zone, decreasing root accumulation by 85-90% (to 0.90-1.11 mg/kg) and suppressing bioconcentration factors to below 0.3. Root-to-shoot translocation was likewise effectively restricted (translocation factor < 0.2), limiting metal accumulation in the aerial shoots to near-negligible levels (< 0.03 mg/kg). Consequently, CSH-CH treatment markedly alleviated metal-induced phytotoxicity, restoring seed germination and seedling growth comparable to unpolluted controls. Collectively, this work demonstrates a viable waste-treats-waste route for converting a hazardous industrial effluent into a low-cost, biosafe composite for multi-metal wastewater remediation.

PMID 42838210
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