Hisamitsu · Small Molecule · Small Molecule
chloral hydrate is a small molecule developed by Hisamitsu. It is approved for therapeutic indications via rectal.
| Brand Names | Escre suppositories |
| Company | Hisamitsu |
| Drug Class | Small Molecule |
| Route | Rectal |
| Status | Approved |
chloral hydrate is developed for 2 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.
| Therapeutic Area | Condition | Phase |
|---|---|---|
| Nervous system disorders | Epilepsy | ✓ Approved |
| Psychiatric disorders | Insomnia | ✓ Approved |
Jiang Chenyu C, Xu Yunlong Y, Zhong Jiafeng J, Wu Junyan J et al.
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.934167.].
Wei Hengzheng H, Li Yiyao Y, Zhao Tianyu T, Ren Xiao X et al.
The ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) has long been regarded as a linear relay of somatosensory information from the spinal cord to the primary somatosensory cortex (SSp). However, the circuit architecture underlying VPL integration of non-sensory signals, including motor commands and affective states, remains poorly defined; in particular, the relevant circuit mechanisms of canonical excitatory neurons labeled by vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGluT2) within this nucleus remain largely unelucidated. By combining monosynaptic rabies tracing with fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography (fMOST), we generated a quantitative, single-cell resolution connectome of VPLVGluT2 neurons in mice. We find that these neurons receive substantial convergent inputs from motor, limbic, and basal ganglia circuits, challenging the classical view that VPL is a unimodal sensory relay. Single-neuron reconstructions (n=149) further reveal four distinct projection subtypes that innervate not only the SSp but also the primary motor cortex (MOp) and higher-order association areas. Notably, projections to MOp preferentially target layer 5, bypassing the canonical sensory hierarchy. These anatomical findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the VPL may serve as a hub for sensorimotor integration, and they provide a critical structural basis for understanding how somatosensation interfaces with action and cognition.
Yu Xi X, Ma Ling L, Shao Lei L, Shi Lili L et al.
Objective To investigate the distribution characteristics of the genotypes and allele frequencies of HNA-1~-5 alleles in a blood donor population from Jiangsu Province. Methods Genomic DNA was extracted from 300 peripheral blood samples collected from healthy donors. All samples were genotyped using an optimized polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer (PCR-SSP) protocol. Randomly selected results were verified by direct sequencing, and genotype distributions were tested for conformity to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Samples identified as potential HNA-1 null were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction sequencing-based typing (PCR-SBT) and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results The allele frequencies for HNA-1a, HNA-1b, and HNA-1c were 58.6%, 41.4%, and 0%, respectively. Two identified HNA-1 null cases were confirmed to result from a complete deletion of the Fc gamma receptor IIIb (FCGR3B) gene. The allele frequency of the HNA-2-encoding CD177 gene was 100%, with no HNA-2 null cases detected due to the homozygous c.787 A>T (TT) mutation. The allele frequencies for HNA-3a, HNA-3b, HNA-4a, HNA-4b, HNA-5a, and HNA-5b were 63.0%, 37.0%, 100%, 0%, 88.8%, and 11.2%, respectively. No statistically significant differences in HNA allele frequencies were found between the Jiangsu population and those from Shanghai or Zhejiang. However, significant differences were observed when compared to the Guangzhou population specifically for the HNA-1a/1a (P=0.008), HNA-3a/3a (P=0.033), and HNA-3b/3b (P=0.022) genotypes. Conclusion This study establishes the HNA genotype and allele frequency profile for the Jiangsu blood donor population, providing essential baseline data for research into HNA-related alloimmunization. Furthermore, it optimizes a methodology suitable for large-scale HNA screening and establishes a comprehensive confirmatory testing protocol for HNA-1 null, thereby laying a technical foundation for subsequent research on this allele.
Gao Chengwu C, Li Mingyang M, Sun Chao C
In a deep-water reliable acoustic path environment, the sound field is dominated by the direct (D) and surface-reflected (SR) paths. Utilizing the time delay between these two paths (D-SR time delay), we can estimate the source depth, exploiting the relationship between the time delay and the source depth based on the knowledge of the channel sound speed profile (SSP). However, mismatches in SSP can significantly degrade estimation performance. In this work, we theoretically demonstrate that the D-SR time delay exhibits a linear relationship with both the source depth and an SSP-related nuisance term. Utilizing multiple observations of the D-SR time delay, we then reformulate the source depth estimation as a problem of estimating a linear coefficient vector within a linear model. We propose solving for the source depth using least squares methods, which yields a closed-form solution. This approach, termed the joint sound-speed and source depth estimator, enables accurate source depth estimation without SSP knowledge and facilitates rapid computation. Simulation results confirm the method's robustness against SSP mismatches compared to existing techniques. The real data collected from experiments in the Western Pacific also demonstrate its effectiveness.
Fattahi Mahbod M, Tu Carter C, Romeo Hannah H, B-Castro Jonathan J et al.
The University of California, Irvine (UCI) Summer Surgery Program (SSP) was founded in 2012 to empower high school students to learn surgical skills, experience surgery in the operating theater, and participate in the surgical innovation process. The 2-week program includes endoscopic, laparoscopic, robotic, open surgical skills training, and a group innovation requirement. Our objective was to assess the impact the SSP on subsequent career paths. We sent a REDCap-based postactivity survey to all 555 program participants to assess the long-term impact of the program. Associations between demographics and survey responses, and career outcomes between cohorts, were determined using chi-square analysis and false discovery rate (FDR) correction. The summer surgery program is located at UCI Medical Center, Orange, CA. Of the 313 survey respondents, 10 were excluded due to virtual participation between 2020 and 2024. A total of 303 individuals were included in the study. Of the 555 participants in the SSP between 2012 and 2024, 303 (54.6%) completed the follow-up survey. Among respondents, 301 (99.3%) reported an increase in their knowledge of healthcare, 93.1% indicated enhanced interest in studying medicine or the sciences in college, 94.1% reported an increased understanding of the importance of innovation, and 83.5% gained a clearer understanding of the innovation process. Overall, 84.2% reported greater confidence in their ability to succeed in a healthcare career, with these students being significantly more likely to report high confidence in becoming a healthcare professional (p = 0.00020). Among the 58 respondents with long-term results (students from 2012-2015), 32 (55.2%) reported being currently enrolled or having completed an MD/DO program and 54 respondents (93.1%) reported pursuing or completing any health-related graduate degree (MD, DO, PhD, RN, etc.) CONCLUSIONS: The 2-week UCI summer surgery program exerted a significant and long-lasting influence on participants' academic trajectories and career aspirations.
Wang Congxiao C, Yao Wenxuan W, Chen Zuoqi Z, Liu Gang G et al.
Nighttime light (NTL) remote sensing data serves as a vital data source for monitoring urbanization processes and assessing the level of sustainable development from multidimensional aspects. Predicting NTL data offers a more comprehensive reflection of future urbanization, with the potential to provide deeper insights into future human activities and capture environmental indicators. To address the lack of globally consistent and dynamically evolving SSP-based NTL projections, we generated a global future NTL dataset (FUT-NTL) from 2025 to 2050 (at 5-year intervals) under five Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) with a spatial resolution of 1 km through the random forest regression models. The prediction models perform well globally, achieving the highest regional R2 of 0.92 compared to the observed NTL intensity in 2020, with RMSE values ranging from 2.73 to 7.83 nWcm-2sr-1. Predicted NTL datasets align well with SSP narratives, showing the highest growth rates of NTL in scenarios of rapid development, particularly under SSP5. Sub-Saharan Africa stands out with the highest growth rates in NTL intensity across scenarios, except SSP4. Generally, our predicted datasets can be easily updated and provide valuable proxies for analyzing future urbanization, socioeconomic activities, and environmental indicators.
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