Drug Database
LE

leuprolide acetate (Leupronax)

✓ Approved

Nanox · GNRH1 · Small Molecule

What is leuprolide acetate?

leuprolide acetate is a small molecule developed by Nanox. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intramuscular (im) injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesLeupronax
CompanyNanox
Drug ClassSmall Molecule, Polypeptide
Molecular TargetGNRH1
RouteInjectable (Others), Intramuscular (IM) Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Nanox

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

leuprolide acetate acts on 1 molecular target:

GNRH1gonadotropin releasing hormone 1 (GNRH, LHRH)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

leuprolide acetate is developed for 4 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps)Breast cancer✓ Approved
Reproductive system and breast disordersEndometriosis✓ Approved
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps)Prostate cancer✓ Approved
Reproductive system and breast disordersUterine fibrosis✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedOrganic & biomolecular chemistry2026-10-15

Visible-light-promoted bismuth-catalysed synthesis of dihydroquinoline scaffolds from β-enaminones.

Khadanga Lambodar L, Roopan Selvaraj Mohana SM

Dihydroquinolines are established as important scaffolds in medicinal chemistry owing to their ubiquitous occurrence in bioactive molecules. Utilising water as a solvent in photochemical synthesis provides a synthetic route for chemical transformations under mild conditions. Herein, we report a step-economical and efficient heterogeneous N-doped Bi2WO6 catalysis to obtain a diverse array of dihydroquinolines by using ammonium acetate as a cheap nitrogen source. The protocol exhibits excellent functional group tolerance and is amenable to gram-scale synthesis. The post-synthetic transformations open a window to access structurally complex as well as molecularly diverse heterocyclic scaffolds.

PMID 42876403
Read full article →
PubMedFood & function2026-10-15

Prebiotic potential and modulation of the fecal microbiota by konjac oligo-glucomannan prepared using Pediococcus acidilactici mannanase.

Yang Shuhan S, Chen Xi X, Li Zijing Z, Yang Ruoxi R et al.

In this study, konjac oligo-glucomannan (KOGM) was prepared from konjac glucomannan (KGM) by enzymatic hydrolysis using β-mannanase derived from Pediococcus acidilactici HDM2. The prepared KOGM had an average molecular weight of 13.4 kDa under optimized conditions (50 °C, pH 6.0, 80 U mL-1 and 180 min). The KOGM exhibited selective prebiotic potential by promoting probiotic growth, particularly Lacticaseibacillus paracasei HD1.7 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CICC 6076. In contrast, it inhibited the growth of potentially harmful bacteria, including Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. Its prebiotic potential was further evaluated using an in vitro fecal fermentation model with six treatment groups: blank control, commercial mannan oligosaccharides (MOS), KGM, KOGM, KGM combined with HDM2 (KGM2), and KOGM combined with HDM2 (KOGM2). After 24 h of fermentation, the KOGM2 group exhibited the lowest pH (3.89 ± 0.03, P < 0.05) and increased production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly acetate (2062.72 μg mL-1), propionate (1356.81 μg mL-1), and valerate (16.89 μg mL-1). Notably, the KGM2 group produced the highest acetate level, while KGM yielded the greatest butyrate content (206.7 ± 15.0 μg mL-1). α and β diversity analyses revealed that KGM and KOGM treatments enhanced microbial diversity and accelerated community stabilization. Furthermore, KOGM enriched beneficial phyla such as Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, stimulated the growth of beneficial genera including Bifidobacterium, Prevotella, and Limosilactobacillus, and reduced potential pathogens including Escherichia-Shigella and Proteobacteria. These findings highlight the prebiotic potential of enzymatically prepared KOGM, which effectively modulates gut microbiota composition and promotes beneficial metabolic activity.

PMID 42876295
Read full article →
PubMedMicrobial cell factories2026-10-15

RNA thermometers as temperature-dependent tools for enhanced recombinant protein production in precision fermentation.

Peternell Christina C, Noll Philipp P, Henkel Marius M

Precision fermentation is a key technology for the future sustainable production of food proteins, bulk ingredients, and high-value recombinant products. However, process efficiency is often limited by the coupling of biomass formation and recombinant protein synthesis, leading to substantial carbon losses into non-recyclable biomass. Particularly for cost-sensitive bulk products such as food proteins, economically viable production requires highly efficient and dynamically controllable bioprocesses. RNA thermometers (RNATs) offer a promising inducer-free strategy for temperature-dependent control of recombinant protein production and dynamic bioprocess regulation, with the potential to improve carbon efficiency and product yields. In this study, a fluorescent reporter protein (EmGFP) under the control of a fourU (4U) RNA thermometer was evaluated in E. coli BL21 across a temperature range of 25-40 °C. Temperature-dependent regulation enabled maximal recombinant protein production at 35 °C, resulting in a 2.6-fold higher specific productivity compared to the derepressed control. The strongest RNAT-mediated regulatory effect was observed at 35.5 °C, highlighting the relevance of precise temperature control for recombinant protein production. Evaluation of altered carbon partitioning revealed a substantially increased carbon allocation toward product formation, while carbon partitioning into biomass and CO2 remained largely unchanged. Furthermore, the product-per-acetate yield increased more than threefold at induction temperature, indicating controllable carbon partitioning and reveals potential for decoupling approaches of biomass formation from recombinant protein production. This study demonstrates the successful implementation of an RNAT-controlled recombinant expression system enabling temperature-dependent regulation of protein production in E. coli. Quantitative analysis revealed controllable carbon partitioning toward recombinant protein synthesis and defined target temperatures for future process induction and switching. In contrast to conventional inducer-based systems, RNAT-mediated regulation enables dynamic control without chemical additives, supporting more resource-efficient bioprocess operation. However, fully exploiting RNAT-based process control will require advanced model-based strategies integrating temperature and feeding regimes, particularly for cost-sensitive precision fermentation processes such as food protein production. Overall, RNATs represent promising molecular control elements for future high-efficiency precision fermentation processes.

PMID 42875774
Read full article →
PubMedFood chemistry2026-10-14

Ester markers of sweet fruit aroma prediction in Xiangning Cabernet Sauvignon dry red wines.

Li Na N, Li Guanyu G, Miao Chengpeng C, Cheng Yang Y et al.

Sweet fruit aroma is characteristic of Cabernet Sauvignon dry red wines from the Xiangning appellation, China Loess Plateau. To identify its volatile markers, 13 consecutive vintages of Xiangning Cabernet Sauvignon were analyzed using sensomics and chemometric approaches. Results indicated that sweet fruit aroma fluctuated inconsistently yet maintained consistently high levels across vintages, with vintage exerting a significant influence (P < 0.05). Moreover, fruity ester content increased and then slightly decreased during storage, among which ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl isobutyrate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl octanoate were identified as sweet fruit aroma markers through omission tests and PLSR. Sweet fruit aroma was attributed to ester marker content and ethyl acetate/ethyl isobutyrate proportion, with sweet fruit flavor intensity prediction model developed using natural logarithm concentrations of markers. This study identifies ester markers that confirm the aging potential of sweet fruit aroma in Xiangning Cabernet Sauvignon, providing data for the optimization of winemaking technology.

PMID 42874382
Read full article →
PubMedFrontiers in gastroenterology (Lausanne, Switzerland)2026-10-14

NMA plus antitumor therapy versus antitumor therapy alone in patients with BCLC stage B or C hepatocellular carcinoma and pre-cachexia or cachexia: protocol for a prospective, multicenter, randomized, open-label phase II trial.

Dai Ruihong R, Lu Facheng F, Leng Weibing W, He Qing Q et al.

Cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome (CACS) is prevalent among patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage B or C hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is strongly associated with poor prognosis, reduced treatment tolerance, and impaired quality of life. Megestrol acetate (MA) has demonstrated efficacy in improving appetite and body weight; however, conventional formulations are limited by variable bioavailability. This trial will evaluate the efficacy and safety of nanocrystalline megestrol acetate (NMA) in patients with BCLC stage B or C HCC and pre-cachexia or cachexia receiving systemic therapy combined with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) or hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC). This multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group Phase II trial protocol will enroll 68 adults aged 18-75 years with BCLC stage B or C HCC and pre-cachexia or cachexia. Participants will be stratified according to BCLC stage and weight loss during the previous 6 months and then randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either NMA (625 mg/day for 12 weeks) plus antitumor therapy (systemic therapy combined with transarterial chemoembolization [TACE] or hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy [HAIC]) or antitumor therapy alone. Antitumor therapy will comprise systemic therapy combined with TACE or HAIC. The co-primary endpoints are the proportions of Anorexia/Cachexia Subscale-12 (A/CS-12) responders and body mass index (BMI) responders at Week 12. Secondary endpoints include objective response rate, progression-free survival, changes in the L3 skeletal muscle index (L3 SMI), and the incidence of adverse events. Exploratory endpoints will evaluate inflammatory and nutritional biomarkers as well as quality of life, assessed using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-C30 (EORTC QLQ-C30). This trial will provide preliminary comparative data on NMA plus antitumor therapy versus antitumor therapy alone in patients with BCLC stage B or C HCC and pre-cachexia or cachexia. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of West China Hospital, Sichuan University (IRB No. 2025-2539). The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT07356037.

PMID 42871009
Read full article →
PubMedSmall (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)2026-10-14

Bioinspired Segregated Networks Couple Phase-Change Confinement With Ultrafast Sensing for Thermal Energy Storage.

Yu Shuo S, Luo Tianwen T, Zhang Huadong H, Yang Xiyuan X et al.

Harvesting ambient renewable energy requires materials that can retain their function under coupled and often harsh environmental conditions. Flexible phase-change materials (PCMs) are promising for wearable systems because they can integrate thermal regulation, physiological sensing and energy harvesting. Here, inspired by the hierarchical architecture of rice leaves, we report a phase-change elastomer for ambient energy harvesting and ultrafast moisture sensing, fabricated via an in situ biomimetic assembly strategy. A continuous 3D segregated network of carboxymethyl chitosan coordinated with Cu2+ ions spatially confines polyethylene glycol (PEG) within a poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) (EVA) matrix. This biomimetic network enables a toughness of 9.80 MJ m-3 and an elongation at break of 218%. Unlike conventional PEG composites that are prone to humidity-induced instability, the elastomer exhibits enhanced moisture resistance and a reduced leakage rate of 1.46%. Continuous ionic pathways within the segregated network enable an ultrafast humidity response of 172 ms, whereas the Cu2+-containing network provides broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. This work establishes a biomimetic strategy for designing multifunctional phase-change elastomers for wearable energy harvesting and environmental sensing in complex operating conditions.

PMID 42872900
Read full article →

+9996 more articles available with a free account

Sign up free to view all articles →

Ask about leuprolide acetate