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enfenamic acid (Tromaril / enfenamic acid)

✓ Approved

Unichem · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is enfenamic acid?

enfenamic acid is a small molecule developed by Unichem. It is approved for therapeutic indications.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesTromaril, enfenamic acid
CompanyUnichem
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Unichem

Therapeutic Indications

enfenamic acid is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Hepatobiliary disordersHepatitis✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedThe Journal of biological chemistry2026-07-17

Lauric acid engages an O-GlcNAc-sensitive BCKDH regulatory node to modulate branched-chain amino acid oxidation in skeletal myotubes.

Sumi Koichiro K, Shioyama Miho M, Munakata Kinuyo K, Takasugi Satoshi S et al.

Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism is controlled by the phosphorylation state of the branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) complex, which is regulated by the opposing actions of BCKDH kinase (BDK) and the phosphatase PPM1K. Although fatty acids and amino acids both contribute to skeletal muscle energy metabolism, how fatty acid availability influences BCAA catabolic regulation remains incompletely understood. Here we examined the effects of lauric acid (C12), a medium-chain fatty acid abundant in dietary lipids, on BCAA metabolism in differentiated skeletal myotubes. Lauric acid increased phosphorylation of the BCKDH E1α subunit at Ser293 during nutrient perturbation in both mouse and human skeletal myotubes. Stable isotope tracing with U-[ˆ13C6]-leucine revealed that C12 reduced incorporation of leucine-derived carbon into downstream tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle-associated metabolites, indicating suppression of BCAA oxidative flux, whereas incorporation of labeled leucine into protein was not significantly altered. Mechanistically, genetic and pharmacological perturbation experiments indicated that the C12 effect requires PPM1K and is sensitive to O-GlcNAc cycling. Knockdown of O-GlcNAc transferase attenuated the C12-induced increase in BCKDH phosphorylation and reversed suppression of leucine-derived carbon flux. Dual-tracer experiments further showed that carbon derived from lauric acid and leucine converges in shared TCA cycle-associated metabolite pools, including glutamate and glutamine. Together, these findings identify a nutrient-sensitive regulatory node linking fatty acid availability, O-GlcNAc signaling, and BCKDH phosphorylation that modulates BCAA oxidation in skeletal myotubes.

PMID 42463056
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PubMedMicrobiology spectrum2026-07-17

Antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of natural phenolic acids: Insights into structure-function relationships, extracellular pH, and morphological changes.

Bārzdiņa Ance A, Teterovska Renāte R, Prudņikova Daniela Paula DP, Broks Renārs R et al.

Wound infections are a challenging healthcare burden against which treatment is hindered by the presence of biofilms and the rise in antibacterial resistance. To date, the potential of natural phenolic acids as topical antibacterial agents is under-researched. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of 5 hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and rosmarinic acid), 4 hydroxybenzoic acids (gallic acid, salicylic acid, syringic acid, and vanillic acid), as well as 2 related compounds (tannic acid and quinic acid) against a panel of 10 bacterial strains. The tested phenolic acids showed a bactericidal action with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in the range of 0.625 to 10.0 mg/mL. A negative correlation between an increase in the polarity of the molecule and antibacterial effect was observed. At minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), phenolic acids prevent an increase in extracellular pH by halting bacterial metabolism. Under bacterial metabolism-induced alkaline conditions, caffeic, chlorogenic, rosmarinic, and gallic acids change color to brown or green at sub-MIC concentrations. Caffeic and chlorogenic acids induce filamentation of planktonic P. aeruginosa. Tested phenolic compounds reduce biofilm biomass in the range of 10% to 90%, with Gram-positive biofilms being more susceptible. SEM imaging revealed a significantly diminished biofilm EPS with damaged cell structure after phenolic acid treatment. Out of the tested compounds, p-coumaric acid and salicylic acid show the most promise as antibacterial agents against bacterial species characteristic of wound infections. The search for new antibacterial agents is one of the highest healthcare priorities. Phenolic acids are increasingly researched alone and as part of various drug delivery systems for wound care applications. However, to date, the available literature on the antibacterial effects of these compounds is rather fragmented and outdated, with unreproducible results. In this study, we link the physicochemical properties and structure of the molecules with their antibacterial and antibiofilm potential, investigate phenolic acid's impact on the bacterial metabolism-induced extracellular pH change, and use SEM imaging to characterize the morphological changes of both planktonic bacteria and biofilms in response to phenolic acid treatment. Additionally, we provide an assessment of the compound ADMET properties with respect to their potential topical application. The data can be used in the future to test potential synergic effects with antibiotics, develop drug delivery systems, and investigate the efficacy of these agents against multi-resistant bacterial strains.

PMID 42466895
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PubMedPhysiological research2026-07-17

Impact of Co-Supplementation of Gallic Acid With Vitamin C on Oxidant Stress, Inflammation, Hepatic and Renal Histology of Type 2 Diabetic Rats Induced With Fructose and Streptozotocin.

Yan S S, Xiang X X, Hua W W

This study assessed the impact of gallic acid plus vitamin C on systemic oxidant stress, inflammation, hepatic and renal histology of rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Twenty five albino male rats were allotted into five categories of five rats each and treated hereafter as: control and diabetic group (fed rat diets and water), vitamin C (diabetic treated rats administered vitamin C, 50 mg/kg), gallic acid (diabetic treated rats administered gallic acid at 20 mg/kg), gallic acid plus vitamin C (diabetic treated rats administered 20 mg/kg gallic acid and 50 mg/kg vitamin C). The study duration was forty two days. The diabetic group had significant raise (P<0.05) of fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, insulin resistance scores, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers (in the liver, kidney and serum), alteration of relative liver and kidney weights, liver and kidney function indices, significant decrease (P<0.05) in total hemoglobin, serum insulin, insulin sensitivity and pancreatic beta cell function scores, body weights and pathological changes in their liver and kidney histology. These changes were ameliorated following supplementation of the diabetic group with gallic acid, vitamin C and gallic acid plus vitamin C combined treatment. Intervention with vitamin C was more efficacious than gallic acid. However, combined treatment of gallic acid plus vitamin C was more efficacious than the single treatments in modulating systemic and local oxidative stress, inflammation and in restoring the altered liver and kidney histology of the diabetic rats. Key words Antioxidants " Type 2 diabetes mellitus " Diabetic liver disease " Diabetic kidney complication " Natural products.

PMID 42466700
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PubMedThe Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology2026-07-17

Gallic acid from Moutan Cortex promotes osteoblast differentiation and alleviates osteoporosis in mice by targeting HRAS and activating the ERK pathway.

Gu Weiwei W, Zhou Haiyan H, Sun Yongjin Y, He Xiaojing X et al.

Fracture healing is a complex process where osteoblasts appear as central players in restoring bone integrity through proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization. Previous studies have identified several compounds in cortex moutan, which have been testified to significantly expedite osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. In this study, cell experiments were utilized to screen gallic acid, the key active substance in Moutan Cortex that promote osteogenesis. Subsequently, the targets of gallic acid were analyzed through network pharmacology. As a result, HRAS was a potential target of gallic acid. We further verified the regulation of the RAS/ERK pathway by gallic acid through bioinformatics and Western blot (WB) experiments. Finally, through cell and animal experiments, we demonstrated that Moutan Cortex promoted osteoblast differentiation and relieved osteoporosis.

PMID 42463030
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PubMedbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2026-07-17

Metabolomics of in vivo inflammation identifies soluble sialic acid as a conserved myeloid-cell metabolite.

Jordan Helen A HA, Tandurella Joseph A JA, Vengayil Vineeth V, Parnaik Tanay S TS et al.

During an immune response, metabolism changes dramatically. Metabolites are oxidized to power immune cell functions, serve as building blocks for proliferation, and act as effectors to regulate pathogen or host cells. Though metabolic changes in cultured cells have been studied extensively, metabolism changes in vivo are less understood. Here, we measured metabolomic changes across six mouse tissues in three models of immune activation: CpG-DNA cytokine storm, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, and polyI:C viral mimetic injection; and carried out metabolomics in cultured macrophages activated with different stimuli. We found most metabolomic changes were exclusive to either inflamed tissues or cultured macrophages, although itaconate was strongly induced in both contexts. We then mechanistically dissected the role of the soluble sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid, which is highly induced in inflamed tissues yet only modestly in cultured macrophages. This metabolite rises in tissues in different models of inflammation, and the analogous human metabolite, N-acetylneuraminic acid, is increased in human patients experiencing inflammation. We found that N-glycolylneuraminic acid is produced in CD11b+ myeloid cells by cleavage of protein-bound sialic acid. However, blocking its production did not affect CpG-DNA liver inflammation or LCMV infection in mice. Therefore, these experiments identify soluble sialic acid as a conserved biomarker of inflammation in mice and humans and highlight the differences in metabolism between in vitro and in vivo models of inflammation.

PMID 42465476
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PubMedFrontiers in pharmacology2026-07-17

Intraperitoneal administertion: compatibility and stability of common antibiotics in amino acid-based peritoneal dialysate.

Zhang Bohua B, Zhong Lichao L, Zhou Xueli X, Zhong Hui H et al.

The preferred method of antibiotic administration for peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis is intraperitoneal. However, there are few studies on the compatibility of antibiotics in amino acid-based peritoneal dialysate. Our study employed High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and amino acid analyzer to evaluate the stability of different antibiotics in amino acid-based peritoneal dialysate. We also used the two-dose method to detect the antimicrobial potency of gentamicin. Gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, heparin Sodium and fluconazole showed excellent stability under different conditions (14 days at 4 °C: ≤3.57%, 14 days at 25 °C: ≤3.77%). β-Lactam antibiotics including meropenem, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and aztreonam showed significant degradation, especially at high temperature (37 °C)(14 days at 4 °C: ≤59.98%, 14 days at 25 °C: 19.06%-84.97%, except for aztreonam demonstrating degradation at 48 h at 37 °C (18.51%-41.88%). Among them, meropenem was the least stable (14 days at 4 °C: 59.98%, 14 days at 25 °C: 84.97%). Low concentration vancomycin is relatively stable, while medium and high concentration vancomycin has poor stability (14 days at 4 °C 500 mg/L: 45.8%, 1 g/L 27.7%). Most amino acids remained basically stable under different antibiotic environments. We counted the degradation rate of all amino acids under different conditions. The maximum degradation rate appeared on glycine, but it was only 8.21%. Finally, we also found that the antibacterial efficacy of gentamicin in acid-based peritoneal dialysate was enhanced. Most antibiotics are stable in amino acid-based peritoneal dialysate. However, β-lactams (especially meropenem, ceftazidime, and cefotaxime) and medium-to-high dose vancomycin showed significant degradation and require prompt administration. The nutritional amino acid profile in dialysate remains largely unaffected. Gentamicin demonstrates enhanced antibacterial activity in the amino acid-based peritoneal dialysate.

PMID 42465997
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