Drug Database
IN

insulin (Rinsulin R)

✓ Approved

GeroPharm · INSR · Recombinant Proteins

What is insulin?

insulin is a recombinant proteins developed by GeroPharm. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intramuscular (im) injection or intravenous (iv) or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesRinsulin R
CompanyGeroPharm
Drug ClassRecombinant Proteins
Molecular TargetINSR
RouteInjectable (Others), Intramuscular (IM) Injection, Intravenous (IV), Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, GeroPharm

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

insulin acts on 1 molecular target:

INSRinsulin receptor (CD220, HHF5)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

insulin is developed for 2 unique indications across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 1 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 2 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedNutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)2026-08-30

Effect of a web-based nutrition intervention among families to increase regular-fat and low-fat dairy products: a randomized controlled trial.

Lemay Juliette J, Provencher Véronique V, Tremblay Angelo A, Panahi Shirin S et al.

This study evaluated the effect of a family- and web-based nutrition intervention, "Dairyathlon," promoting regular- or low-fat dairy consumption on dairy and calcium intakes, diet quality, and weight outcomes. Fifty-seven families, 108 parents and 109 children participated in an 8-week web-based nutrition intervention. They were randomly assigned to either Control, Low-fat dairy, or Regular-fat dairy group. All groups received education based on the 2019 Canada's Food Guide. Intervention groups were asked to include four daily servings of dairy (milk, cheese, and two yogurt servings). Three assessments were completed at baseline (T0), postintervention (T1), and 4-6 months follow-up (T2) for dietary intake via three 24-hour web-based dietary recalls and anthropometric. In parents, a significant effect of the intervention was observed, indicating differential changes over time across groups. Post hoc analyses showed that both intervention groups increased dairy consumption and calcium intake at T1. Specifically, Low-fat group increased dairy intake from 2.1 ± 0.2 to 3.1 ± 0.3 servings/day (P = 0.03) and calcium intake (P = 0.04), while dairy intake in Regular-fat group increased from 2.3 ± 0.2 to 3.5 ± 0.3 servings/day (P = 0.006) and calcium intake (P = 0.02). Only dairy consumption remained elevated at follow-up in the Low-fat group, which was significantly higher than in the Control group (2.7 ± 0.2 versus 1.6 ± 0.2 servings/day, P = 0.04). A significant interaction was also observed for diet quality; C-HEI was significantly higher at follow-up compared to baseline among parents in the Low-fat group. No significant changes were observed in children. Dairy and calcium intake improved among parents in the intervention groups during the program's active phase; however, sustained effects were limited. A significant effect at follow-up was observed only for the low-fat dairy intake group among parents. Web-based, family-centered approaches may facilitate targeted dietary changes, but additional strategies are necessary to achieve lasting, clinically meaningful impacts. ClinicalTrials.gov [Full-fat Dairy Products, Body Weight Control and Metabolic Health]; [NCT05417347]; [https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05417347?titles=NCT05417347&rank=1].

PMID 42669255
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PubMedCureus2026-08-30

Online-Sourced Retatrutide Complicating Impending Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a Patient With Type 1 Diabetes and Concurrent Shigella Gastroenteritis.

Branine Nassim N

Growing public interest in incretin-based therapies for weight loss has been accompanied by increasing availability of research peptides purchasable online. Products may be used without medical assessment or counselling regarding adverse effects, sick-day management or appropriate follow-up. In addition, composition, purity and dosing accuracy may be uncertain. Retatrutide is a novel triple agonist of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptors currently being investigated for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, but has no established role in type 1 diabetes mellitus. We report a man in his mid-30s with longstanding type 1 diabetes mellitus who presented with severe vomiting, diarrhoea, hyperglycaemia, ketonaemia and acute kidney injury shortly after self-administering an online-purchased product marketed as retatrutide for weight loss. His partner, who had taken the same preparation, also developed gastrointestinal symptoms. Both had also consumed a potential foodborne source of infection. In type 1 diabetes mellitus, where patients remain dependent on exogenous insulin to suppress ketogenesis, gastrointestinal illness may rapidly precipitate ketosis when insulin is omitted and oral intake is reduced. Although diabetic ketoacidosis did not develop, peak ketonaemia reached 4.3 mmol/L in the setting of dehydration and insulin omission, requiring intravenous insulin and fluid replacement. During recovery, recurrent hypoglycaemia required intravenous dextrose and insulin dose adjustment, highlighting challenges of glycaemic management in acutely unwell patients exposed to agents with incretin and glucagon receptor activity. Stool culture subsequently grew Shigella flexneri, introducing diagnostic uncertainty regarding the relative contributions of gastrointestinal infection and retatrutide exposure, and complicating counselling regarding future retatrutide use. While causation cannot be established, the temporal relationship, similar symptoms in another exposed individual, and recognised gastrointestinal adverse-effect profile of retatrutide suggest that exposure may have contributed to symptom severity or amplified the metabolic consequences of infection. This case highlights diagnostic and management challenges created by unregulated research peptides obtained outside healthcare pathways, particularly in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus where evidence to guide management is limited and clinicians in non-specialist settings may be unfamiliar with these agents. As access expands through online vendors and social media, clinicians should routinely enquire about prescribed and non-prescribed agents when assessing unexplained illness or metabolic decompensation.

PMID 42669023
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PubMedInternational journal of endocrinology2026-08-30

Associations of Five Insulin Resistance-Related Indices With Gout Risk in the 2007-2018 NHANES Cross-Sectional Study.

Yang Kewei K, Yang Kongming K, Liu Yuhan Y, Wang Qin Q et al.

This study investigated the associations between five insulin resistance (IR)-related surrogate indices and gout and compared their associations and discriminative abilities for gout. The indices included the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, TyG combined with body mass index (TyG-BMI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), visceral adiposity index (VAI), and metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR). Data from the 2007-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed. Comparisons between the gout and nongout groups were performed using t-tests and chi-square tests. Multivariable logistic regression and subgroup analyses were used to assess the associations. Among 14,582 participants (4.80% with gout), adjusted analyses identified the highest METS-IR quartile as the strongest predictor of gout (adjusted OR = 2.823, 95%CI 1.643-4.851), followed by TyG-BMI (OR = 2.290, 95%CI 1.555-3.373). Restricted cubic splines revealed nonlinear associations of TyG and LAP with gout risk, contrasting with linear trends for TyG-BMI, VAI, and METS-IR. Subgroup analyses suggested that elevated TyG and VAI were positively associated with gout in nondiabetic individuals (interaction p < 0.05). All five IR-related indices showed positive associations with gout, particularly in those with central obesity. These indices showed modest discriminative ability for gout, and further validation is needed.

PMID 42668779
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PubMedOrvosi hetilap2026-08-30

[Modern treatment of androgenetic alopecia].

Rózsa Petra P, Kemény Lajos L, Gyulai Rolland R

Androgenetic alopecia is the most common hair loss, characterized by a chronic and progressive course and a significant psychosocial burden. The aim of this study was to provide a comparative analysis of current international guidelines and expert consensus statements on the treatment of androgenetic alopecia and to summarize their applicability in clinical practice. A literature search was performed in the PubMed database to identify English-language guidelines and expert recommendations published between 2015 and 2025. The included documents were analyzed narratively and compared based on therapeutic approaches. Conventional treatments, including topical minoxidil and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, remain the cornerstone of therapy. More recent recommendations increasingly support the use of low-dose oral minoxidil and dutasteride; however, their position varies across guidelines. The role of procedural therapies also differs, mainly due to limited evidence. Differences between recommendations are primarily driven by variability in levels of evidence and the evolving new therapies. In clinical practice, an individualized, multimodal treatment strategy combined with regular follow-up is essential. The management of androgenetic alopecia is a rapidly evolving field requiring personalized therapeutic decisions. In clinical practice, a personalized combined treatment strategy and regular follow-up are of paramount importance. Orv Hetil. 2026; 167(35): 1385-1393.

PMID 42669143
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PubMedPhotodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy2026-08-30

Choroidal microvascular heterogeneity across non-autoimmune type 2 diabetes mellitus subtypes defined by beta-cell function and insulin resistance: a wide-field Swept-Source OCTA study.

Wu Xiaoyan X, Li Qiong Q, Cui Yi Y, Xu Nuo N

To investigate the intergroup differences in choroidal thickness (CT), choroidal vascularity index (CVI), and choroidal vascular volume (CVV) across non-autoimmune type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subtypes defined by beta-cell function and insulin resistance. This cross-sectional study enrolled 22 healthy controls (22 eyes) and 85 T2DM patients (85 eyes). T2DM patients were categorized into 4 groups using K-means clustering: Severe Insulin-deficient Diabetes (SIDD) =22, Severe Insulin-resistant Diabetes (SIRD)=26, Mild Obesity-related Diabetes (MOD)=16, and Mild Age-related Diabetes (MARD)=21. CT, CVI, CVV were measured by widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (WSS-OCTA) across three concentric annular regions(0 - 10 mm, 10 - 15 mm, and 15 - 20 mm), subdivided into 12 sectors. Linear mixed-effects and multivariate regression models were constructed to evaluate intergroup differences. Compared with the control group, both CT and CVV decreased significantly in most of the 12 analyzed regions across all T2DM groups, whereas the MOD and SIRD groups exhibited no statistically significant global changes. In contrast, CVI exhibited pronounced spatial and subtype-specific heterogeneity. In the SIDD group, CVI decreased in most regions, with significant reductions in the nasal sector of the 0 - 10 mm annulus (P<0.01]), and in the nasal and inferior sectors of the 10 - 15 mm annulus (P<0.01] and -0.065 (P<0.01). Conversely, the SIRD group demonstrated a widespread increase in CVI, with significant increased in the nasal (P < 0.05), superior (P < 0.05), and temporal (P < 0.05]) sectors of the 15 - 20 mm annulus. Compared with CT and CVV, CVI shows the highest spatial heterogeneity. This indicates that divergent metabolic drivers may exert opposing effects on choroidal vascular remodeling. This subtype-specific characterization enhances our understanding of diabetic choroidopathy pathophysiology and holds potential for guiding personalized screening and therapeutic strategies.

PMID 42669328
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PubMedClinical medicine insights. Case reports2026-08-30

Successful Reversal of Tamoxifen-Associated Weight Gain and Metabolic Dysfunction with Liraglutide in a Breast Cancer Survivor: A Case Report.

Anvarbek Masharibov M, Umarov Doniyor D, Khalbayeva Zarina Z, Smerat Aseel A et al.

Introduction: Adjuvant endocrine therapy for breast cancer - particularly tamoxifen - is commonly associated with weight gain, increased adiposity, and metabolic dysfunction. Lifestyle measures often fail to reverse these effects. Evidence regarding glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists in this specific context remains limited. Reversal of tamoxifen-associated weight gain with liraglutide has been rarely reported. Case Presentation: A 58-year-old postmenopausal woman with stage IIA, hormone-receptor positive breast cancer experienced marked weight gain after 24 months of tamoxifen therapy, despite diet and exercise. She developed prediabetes, insulin resistance (assessed by Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance [HOMA-IR] 4.9), and dyslipidemia. Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, was initiated and titrated to 3.0 mg/day. Over 12 months, she lost 18.5 kg, and her metabolic parameters, including HOMA-IR and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), normalized. Tamoxifen therapy was continued without adverse effects. Conclusion: This case suggests that liraglutide may reverse substantial tamoxifen-associated weight gain and related metabolic derangements in a breast cancer survivor. The observed improvement exceeded what is typically achieved with lifestyle measures alone. Formal studies are needed to define the role of GLP-1 receptor agonists in managing endocrine therapy-related metabolic complications.

PMID 42668751
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