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erythropoietin (Epocain / Epokine)

✓ Approved

HK inno.N · EPOR · Recombinant Proteins

What is erythropoietin?

erythropoietin is a recombinant proteins developed by HK inno.N. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intravenous (iv) or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesEpocain, Epokine
CompanyHK inno.N
Drug ClassRecombinant Proteins
Molecular TargetEPOR
RouteInjectable (Others), Intravenous (IV), Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, HK inno.N

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

erythropoietin acts on 1 molecular target:

EPORerythropoietin receptor (EPO-R)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

erythropoietin is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Blood and lymphatic system disordersAnaemia✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedCureus2026-08-30

Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients With Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria Attending a Tertiary Care Urticaria Clinic: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Srinivasan Varsha V, Kannan Rajkumar R, Vadivelu Sampath S

Background and objectives Existing studies have primarily focused on autoimmune thyroid disorders in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU); fewer studies have assessed thyroid function using routine thyroid function tests alone. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence and pattern of common thyroid disorders among CSU patients at a tertiary care center. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 123 patients aged above 18 years with CSU visiting the Urticaria OPD at Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital. After obtaining written informed consent, patients were assessed using a validated, interviewer-administered questionnaire and examined clinically. All patients underwent serum thyroid function testing, including free T3, free T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone estimation by chemiluminescence Immunoassay. Data were entered into Microsoft Excel and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26 (Released 2018; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States) to determine the prevalence and pattern of thyroid disorders among CSU patients. Chi-square, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were used for inferential analysis. Results The prevalence of thyroid abnormalities among patients with CSU was 29 of 123 patients (23.5%; 95% CI: 16.9-31.8%). Hypothyroidism was observed in 28 (22.8%) patients and constituted the majority of abnormalities, while hyperthyroidism was observed in one patient (0.8%). Thyroid dysfunction was observed in 16 (28.0%) patients aged <45 years and 13 (19.6%) patients aged ≥45 years (p=0.339). Female patients showed higher rates of thyroid dysfunction (27.1%) compared to male patients (15.8%), though this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.174). Conclusion The relatively high prevalence of thyroid dysfunction observed in this cohort suggests that thyroid function assessment may be considered in selected CSU patients, particularly where clinical suspicion exists.

PMID 42668794
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PubMedCureus2026-08-29

Pharmacists' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices and Healthcare Stakeholders' Perspectives on Clinical Pharmacy Services in Referral Hospitals in Mainland Tanzania: A Mixed-Methods Study.

Mutagonda Ritah F RF, Kilonzi Manase M, Mwakawanga Dorkasi D, Marealle Alphonce I AI et al.

Background Clinical pharmacy services (CPS) support safe, effective, and rational medicine use. In Tanzania, CPS is a core professional responsibility of pharmacists, but evidence on hospital implementation remains limited. This study assessed pharmacists' knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported practices and explored stakeholder perspectives on CPS implementation in referral hospitals. Methods  A cross-sectional mixed-methods study was conducted in 17 regions of mainland Tanzania during August-September 2021. The quantitative component included 251 pharmacists. The qualitative component included in-depth interviews of 14 hospital administrators and focus group discussions of 83 pharmacists, medical doctors, and nurses. Quantitative data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 23 (IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States), while qualitative data were analysed thematically. Results  Most pharmacists had adequate knowledge of CPS (96.0%), whereas 48.6% had negative attitudes and 47.8% reported poor practice. Prescription review and dispensing-related activities were reported more frequently than ward-round participation, treatment planning, and clinical documentation. Facility level was associated with practice; pharmacists in regional referral hospitals had a lower prevalence of good practice than those at the national hospital (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR)=0.43, 95% CI: 0.33-0.55; p<0.001). Qualitative findings confirmed recognition of pharmacists' clinical value but identified staffing shortages, workload, weak institutional integration, and limited operational guidance as major barriers. Doctors and nurses generally viewed pharmacists' involvement in direct patient care positively. Conclusion Pharmacists demonstrated high awareness and conceptual understanding of CPS, but comprehensive implementation remained limited. Strengthening CPS will require adequate staffing, institutional support, clearly defined clinical roles, practical training and mentorship, operational guidance, and structured interprofessional collaboration.

PMID 42666646
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PubMedMolecular therapy. Advances2026-08-28

Engineering hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells to generate red blood cells as viral traps against HIV-1.

Luna Sofia E SE, Feist William N WN, Ben-Efraim Kaya K, Pendergast Alex A et al.

Canonical HIV-1 entry into target cells depends on binding to CD4 as a primary receptor. Because of this, use of the CD4 receptor as a viral trap (a decoy receptor used to prevent infection of target cells) is a promising strategy for the treatment of HIV-1. One challenge in using CD4 viral traps is maintaining enough of the decoy receptor in circulation to remain effective. Here, we present a strategy to produce cell-based CD4 viral traps by engineering hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) to express the CD4 receptor in red blood cell (RBC) progeny. This takes advantage of the ability of the HSPC to repopulate the blood system for a lifetime, while leveraging the fact that RBCs greatly outnumber any cell targeted for infection. CRISPR-Cas9-engineered HSPCs efficiently express CD4 on their cell surface after differentiation to the RBC lineage in vitro. Fusion of CD4 to glycophorin A (GPA) and introduction of a truncated erythropoietin receptor (tEPOR) leads to increased CD4 expression and enrichment of edited cells (CD4-GPA-tEPOR) to levels capable of neutralizing HIV-1 pseudovirus in vitro. In sum, this work presents a potential strategy for the one-time delivery of CD4-RBC viral traps through autologous transplantation of engineered HSPCs.

PMID 42662417
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PubMedCureus2026-08-28

Phase-Dependent Changes in Heart Rate Variability During the Menstrual Cycle in Healthy Young Women at a Tertiary Care Center.

Singh Krity K, Kaur Vishavdeep V, Bobbara Ankalayya A

Background The menstrual cycle is characterized by cyclical hormonal fluctuations of estrogen and progesterone that influence multiple physiological systems, including the cardiovascular and autonomic nervous systems. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a widely accepted, non-invasive method for assessing autonomic nervous system activity. This study aimed to evaluate HRV across different phases of the menstrual cycle in young, healthy female students. Methodology This observational study was conducted in the Department of Physiology at Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (MMIMSR), Mullana, Ambala, over 18 months. Fifty healthy female students aged 18-30 years with regular menstrual cycles were included. HRV was recorded using electrocardiography during the menstrual, proliferative, ovulatory, and secretory phases. Frequency-domain parameters were analyzed using SPSS software (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp., Version 23.0, Armonk, NY). Results Fifty healthy women (mean age: 20.3 ± 2.6 years) were included. High-frequency (HF) power varied significantly across menstrual phases (F = 15.28, p < 0.001), increasing from 807 ± 949 ms² during the menstrual phase to 2118 ± 2013 ms² in the proliferative phase and 1753 ± 1498 ms² during ovulation before decreasing to 912 ± 1194 ms² in the secretory phase. Low-frequency (LF) power also showed significant phase-dependent variation (F = 8.48, p < 0.001), whereas the LF/HF ratio did not differ significantly between phases (F = 0.74, p = 0.529). Post hoc analysis demonstrated significantly higher HF power during the proliferative and ovulatory phases compared with the menstrual and secretory phases (all p ≤ 0.002), indicating greater parasympathetic activity during estrogen-dominant phases. Conclusion HRV demonstrates phase-dependent variation across the menstrual cycle, with increased parasympathetic activity during the proliferative and ovulatory phases. Consideration of the menstrual phase is important when interpreting HRV findings.

PMID 42662914
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PubMedCureus2026-08-28

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Severe Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Among Adult Sudanese Patients in Kosti Teaching Hospital, 2025.

Imad Ziryab Z, Mohamed Shazer Mubarak Mohamedkhair SMM, Awad Mustafa M, Ahmed Tarig Alhadi Madibbo TAM

Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent and serious complication of severe malaria (SM), contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. In endemic regions like Sudan, AKI complicates the clinical course of SM, yet detailed demographic, clinical, and outcome data remain limited. Aim This study aimed to characterize the demographic profile, clinical features, management strategies, and outcomes of AKI in patients with SM in Sudan. Methods A cross-sectional analysis of 100 SM patients with AKI was conducted in Kosti Teaching Hospital from February to May 2025. Data on demographics, comorbidities, malaria complications, AKI severity (classified via Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria), treatment regimens, contributing factors, interventions, and outcomes were collected from medical records. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp., Version 26.0, Armonk, NY). Results Patients were predominantly male (64 (64%)) with a mean age of 48 years (SD 22); 43 (43%) were under 40 years of age. Central Sudan residents comprised 67 (67%) of cases. Hyperparasitemia (92 (92%)), circulatory shock (58 (58%)), and prostration (44 (44%)) were frequent complications. Hypertension (36 (36%)) and diabetes (20 (20%)) were leading comorbidities. Artesunate was the primary treatment (68 (68%)). AKI severity included Stage 1 (44 (44%)), Stage 2 (28 (28%)), and Stage 3 (28 (28%)). Hypovolemia (95 (95%)) and sepsis (63 (63%)) were key contributors. Interventions included IV fluids (94 (94%)) and antibiotics (74 (74%)). Outcomes revealed full renal recovery in 55 (55%), partial recovery in 28 (28%), progression to chronic kidney disease in 13 (13%), and a four (4%) mortality rate. Conclusion SM-associated AKI in Sudan predominantly affects younger people as well as males and is frequently linked to hyperparasitemia, circulatory shock, and comorbid hypertension. Despite high rates of severe AKI, over half of patients achieve full renal recovery with appropriate treatment, though a notable proportion progress to chronic kidney disease or die.

PMID 42662655
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PubMedCureus2026-08-28

A Comparative Study to Evaluate the Renoprotective Effect of Antidiabetic Drugs in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Pichholiya Meenu M, Abhinav Raj R, Singh Sakshi S, Yadav Arvind K AK et al.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic condition that often leads to long-term microvascular and macrovascular complications. Among its most frequent and severe complications is diabetic nephropathy, which stands as a primary contributor to chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease on a global scale. Literature search studies have exhibited both renoprotective and non-renoprotective effects of different antidiabetic drugs, and to our knowledge, no study comparing the renoprotective effect of antidiabetic drugs was found, so this study was designed to assess the impact of these drugs on kidney function in patients with T2DM. A prospective observational study was carried out on 100 patients with T2DM at a tertiary care hospital after approval from the institutional ethics committee. Informed consent was obtained from all patients. Patients aged ≥18 years receiving antidiabetic therapy were included in the study. Data, including demographic details, ongoing antidiabetic treatment, and clinical parameters, were recorded and analyzed according to the prescribed drug therapy. Glycemic control was assessed using HbA1c levels, while renal function was evaluated using renal parameters at baseline and during follow-up visits. The data was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20 (Released 2011; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). A student's t-test and ANOVA were applied as appropriate, and a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Patients receiving metformin and gliptin therapy showed a statistically significant reduction (p < 0.05) in HbA1c levels and mean serum urea during the study period. Serum creatinine levels were found to be slightly higher than the normal range in all the groups except metformin-based combination therapy with sulfonylureas and metformin-based combination therapy with sulfonylureas plus voglibose at the first visit. The values dropped down gradually in subsequent visits in all the groups except in the insulin group and the metformin-with-voglibose group, but were not statistically significant. A significant reduction was observed in the group taking metformin with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and gliptins. Renal function tests, such as serum urea and serum creatinine levels, showed significant changes during all three subsequent follow-ups. Proper use of antidiabetic drugs, particularly oral combination therapy, not only improves blood sugar control but also helps in protecting kidney function in diabetic patients. Future investigations with large sample sizes and longer observation periods are warranted to substantiate these findings.

PMID 42662112
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