Drug Database
ER

erythropoietin (Epocain / Epokine)

✓ Approved

HK inno.N · EPOR · Recombinant Proteins

What is erythropoietin?

erythropoietin is a recombinant proteins developed by HK inno.N. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intravenous (iv) or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesEpocain, Epokine
CompanyHK inno.N
Drug ClassRecombinant Proteins
Molecular TargetEPOR
RouteInjectable (Others), Intravenous (IV), Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, HK inno.N

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

erythropoietin acts on 1 molecular target:

EPORerythropoietin receptor (EPO-R)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

erythropoietin is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Blood and lymphatic system disordersAnaemia✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedCureus2026-10-15

Clinical, Functional, and Radiological Profile of Patients With Spondyloarthritis: A Cross-Sectional Study From a Tertiary Care Center in Central India.

Kuthe Shilpa S SS, Kakade Ajinkya A, Ganu Salil S, Shaikh Fahad Idrees FI et al.

Spondyloarthritis (SpA) includes a group of chronic inflammatory rheumatic disorders, such as ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, enteropathic arthritis, and undifferentiated SpA, unified by shared genetic, clinical, and immunopathological features. Comprehensive clinical profiling of SpA patients, including disease activity, functional status, and structural complications such as vertebral fracture, remains limited in Indian tertiary care settings. This study aims to describe the sociodemographic, clinical, radiological, and biochemical profile of patients with SpA, including disease activity and functional status using validated indices (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score with C-reactive protein (ASDAS-CRP), and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI)), and to assess associations between these measures, inflammatory markers, and the presence of vertebral fractures, a structural complication anticipated to be uncommon in this cohort. This hospital-based, cross-sectional, observational study was conducted in the Department of General Medicine of a tertiary care teaching hospital. Fifty adult patients diagnosed with SpA per the European Spondyloarthropathy Study Group (ESSG) criteria were enrolled by consecutive sampling. We performed detailed clinical evaluation, radiological assessment (modified New York criteria for sacroiliitis and vertebral fracture), and laboratory investigations (including HLA-B27 typing). Disease activity and function were assessed using BASDAI, ASDAS-CRP, and BASFI. Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA); categorical variables were compared using the chi-square/Fisher's exact test and continuous variables using the Student's t-test/Mann-Whitney U test, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Given the anticipated small number of vertebral fracture events, all fracture-related comparisons were pre-specified as exploratory. The cohort had a mean age of 41.8 ± 10.9 years with a male predominance (74%). Ankylosing spondylitis was the most common subtype (54%), and axial involvement was present in 56% of patients; HLA-B27 was positive in 80%. Musculoskeletal (enthesitis, dactylitis) and extra-articular manifestations were noted in 64% of patients overall, most commonly enthesitis (38%) and uveitis (16%). Radiologically, 54% had grade III-IV sacroiliitis, and 12% (n=6) had vertebral fractures (predominantly thoracic, 50%). Fracture prevalence was numerically higher with longer disease duration (p=0.018) and higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)/C-reactiive protein (CRP) (p=0.038 and p=0.021, respectively). High disease activity was observed in 72% of patients (BASDAI ≥4.0) and 74% (ASDAS-CRP >2.1); 68% had moderate-to-severe functional limitation (BASFI ≥4.0). Spondyloarthritis in this cohort predominantly affected young to middle-aged men from rural and lower socioeconomic backgrounds, with a high burden of active disease and structural damage. Vertebral fractures were more frequent with longer disease duration and higher inflammatory markers in this exploratory analysis. The need for early diagnosis, routine disease-activity monitoring, and clinical vigilance for vertebral fracture as an under-recognized structural complication is imperative in resource-limited settings.

PMID 42876945
Read full article →
PubMedIndian journal of occupational and environmental medicine2026-10-14

Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis and Dental Caries in Relation to Fluoride Levels in Drinking Water among Residents of Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Shanmugam Nathiya N, Mitthrashree V S VS, Umanath Preethi P, Vinotha A T Sathiya ATS et al.

Fluoride, while protective against dental caries at optimal levels, can cause fluorosis at higher concentrations. Limited data on fluoride levels and related dental health issues in Coimbatore necessitated this study. The present study aimed to estimate fluoride concentrations in drinking water and the prevalence of dental caries and fluorosis in Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu. Fluoride concentration was assessed in 100 randomly selected drinking water sources across five zones of Coimbatore using the color comparator technique. A total of 933 residents were examined for dental caries (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index) and fluorosis (Dean's Fluorosis Index). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Corp., USA). Descriptive statistics and Spearman's correlation test was used and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Corporation-supplied water was the main drinking source in Coimbatore. The mean fluoride concentration was 0.48 parts per million (ppm). Dental caries prevalence was 65%, while dental fluorosis was observed in 4% of the population. Suboptimal fluoride levels in drinking water may contribute to the high prevalence of dental caries. Water fluoridation is recommended to improve oral health in Coimbatore.

PMID 42872144
Read full article →
PubMedCureus2026-10-14

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease and Its Outcome at Shri Maharaja Gulab Singh Hospital, Jammu, India: A Retrospective Data Analysis.

Sharma Deepika D, Verma Shreya S, Singh Gagandeep G

Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a term used to describe a range of benign and malignant trophoblastic diseases, which have a variable clinical presentation and outcome. Early diagnosis via ultrasonography, histopathology, and serial monitoring of β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) is crucial to ensure timely treatment and avoid disease progression. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical profile, spectrum of diagnosis, and outcome of GTD in a tertiary care center. This is a retrospective observational study carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shri Maharaja Gulab Singh (SMGS) Hospital, Jammu, from May 1, 2026, to June 30, 2026. Medical records of 69 patients with a diagnosis of GTD were examined. SPSS version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) software was used for the analysis of demographic parameters, clinical presentation, histopathological and ultrasonographic findings, pre-evacuation β-hCG level, treatment, and outcome. Among 69 patients, 38 (55.1%) were aged 25-30 years, 54 (78.3%) had parity ≥2, and 41 (59.4%) had no formal education. Hydatidiform mole was the most common diagnosis, occurring in 65 (94.2%) cases, while choriocarcinoma and invasive mole accounted for 3 (4.3%) and 1 (1.4%) cases, respectively. Passage of grape-like vesicles (27 (39.1%)) and vaginal bleeding (26 (37.7%)) were the predominant clinical presentations. Complete mole was confirmed histopathologically in 60 (87.0%) patients, and 60 (87.0%) had pre-evacuation serum β-hCG levels above 100,000 mIU/mL. Complete resolution was achieved in 62 (89.9%) patients, whereas 7 (10.1%) developed persistent or invasive disease. The most common type of GTD was hydatidiform mole, where the majority had a high level of β-hCG and a classic clinical picture. The clinical outcome was excellent with early diagnosis, early treatment, and regular β-hCG monitoring, highlighting the need for prompt diagnosis and appropriate surveillance of GTD.

PMID 42872049
Read full article →
PubMedFrontiers in nephrology2026-10-14

SGLT2 inhibitors as a strategy for volume management in peritoneal dialysis: a case series.

Sosa Barrios R Haridian RH, Domínguez-Tejedor Miriam M, Moreno García Raquel R, Burguera Vion Víctor M VM et al.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have demonstrated cardiovascular and renal benefits in chronic kidney disease, yet their role in peritoneal dialysis (PD) remains largely unexplored, and clinical experience is limited. We describe, at the individual-patient level, seven consecutive patients treated with an SGLT2i at a single centre (median age 69 years, range 43-73; five men; one with type 2 diabetes; six dapagliflozin, one empagliflozin). The PD prescription was not modified during treatment, and ultrafiltration refers to the 24-hour drained volume. In the four patients in whom the drug was added to established, unchanged PD, ultrafiltration rose in three and fell in one; the single non-responder was also the only low-average transporter and was later transferred to haemodiafiltration. Both patients anuric at baseline increased their ultrafiltration, and in one of them PD was the only feasible modality. Peritoneal transport category was unchanged wherever paired equilibration tests were available. Serum urate fell in the patients with preserved diuresis but not in those who were anuric, whereas the largest ultrafiltration gain occurred in a patient anuric throughout, dissociating the peritoneal response from any renal effect. The erythropoietin resistance index fell in all treated patients, although the magnitude was clinically relevant in a minority and must be read alongside the haemoglobin trajectory. No patient developed anuria de novo. One patient died of fungal peritonitis in the context of documented non-adherence, an event reported here with its mechanistic implications. These observations support a direct peritoneal mode of action and warrant prospective evaluation with surveillance for fungal infection.

PMID 42870974
Read full article →
PubMedActa medica portuguesa2026-10-14

Practical Management of Cytopenias in Patients with Myelofibrosis Adapted to the Portuguese Reality.

Medina de Almeida António A, Marques Bárbara B, Polo Blanca B, Pierdomenico Francesca F et al.

Cytopenias are a common clinical manifestation of myelofibrosis, particularly anemia. Although correcting cytopenias is essential to improve prognosis and quality of life of patients with myelofibrosis, there are few effective therapeutic options. Furthermore, there are no national guidelines for the management of cytopenias in myelofibrosis. To address this gap, a panel composed of six hematologists proposes an approach for patients with myelofibrosis and cytopenias adapted to clinical practice in Portugal, based on scientific evidence and clinical experience. Firstly, the etiology of the anemia should be identified. In patients with myelofibrosis-related anemia who have splenomegaly and/or constitutional symptoms, the use of Janus kinase inhibitors should be prioritized: momelotinib as monotherapy, or ruxolitinib in combination with an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent or danazol, depending on erythropoietin levels. In anemic patients without splenomegaly or constitutional symptoms, treatment with an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent, danazol, a combination of an immunomodulator with corticosteroid, or momelotinib, should be considered. In patients with treatment-induced anemia, the use of a Janus kinase inhibitor (with possible dose reduction in the case of ruxolitinib) in combination with an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent or danazol, or momelotinib as monotherapy should be considered. Thrombocytopenic patients eligible for Janus kinase inhibitors may receive ruxolitinib at a reduced dose, or momelotinib, the latter of which does not require dose reduction for thrombocytopenia. In thrombocytopenic patients without splenomegaly, constitutional symptoms, or anemia, the approach consists of monitoring or treatment with danazol, corticosteroids, or a combination of immunomodulator and corticosteroid, according to platelet count and hemorrhagic diathesis. Transfusion should be considered in patients with severe anemia or thrombocytopenia, diathesis, or the need for surgery. Symptomatic and analytical improvement, reduction of splenomegaly, and independence from or a significant decrease in transfusion support indicate a response to treatment. Treatment switch is warranted in cases of toxicity, failure, loss of clinical or hematological response after initial response, or disease progression. The implementation of these recommendations will help to optimize care for patients with myelofibrosis and cytopenias, improving clinical outcomes.

PMID 42874039
Read full article →
PubMedCureus2026-10-14

Negative Appendicectomy Rate and Surgery Despite Negative Triple-Screen Inflammatory Markers in Children: A Single-Centre Retrospective Cohort Study.

Pun Neal N, Aydemir Sultan S

Introduction  The negative appendicectomy rate (NAR) is an important measure of diagnostic accuracy and quality of care. Diagnosing appendicitis in children remains challenging due to frequently atypical and non-specific clinical presentations. Despite advances in clinical scoring and imaging, NAR in the UK remains high. The primary aims of this audit were to determine the NAR at Queen's Hospital Burton against the Getting It Right First Time (GIRFT)-reported national figure, and to establish how often surgery proceeded despite negative Academy of Medical Royal Colleges (AoMRC) triple-screen inflammatory markers, to inform review of the local diagnostic pathway. Exploratory analyses examined the association of Paediatric Appendicitis Score (PAS) risk category and preoperative imaging with NAR.  Methods  This retrospective, single-centre, single-cycle audit included 318 children aged 5-16 years who underwent surgical exploration for suspected acute appendicitis between December 2017 and June 2026; 302 had appendicectomy with available histopathology and were included in the primary analysis. Data were retrospectively collected from electronic patient records, including demographics, inflammatory markers, imaging, histopathology, and post-operative complications. Negative appendicectomy was defined histologically as the absence of inflammatory changes. Triple-screen-negative was defined as CRP <10 mg/L, WCC <10.5 ×10⁹/L, and neutrophil percentage <75% on the first pre-operative sample. As secondary, exploratory analyses, the PAS was reconstructed retrospectively, blinded to histopathology, and the association of PAS risk category and preoperative imaging with NAR was examined. Statistical analysis used Microsoft Excel for the web (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA), with Fisher's exact test and ROC/AUC analyses performed in GraphPad (Dotmatics, Boston, MA) and jamovi (https://www.jamovi.org), respectively.  Results  Of 302 children who underwent appendicectomy with available histopathology, the NAR was 21.2% (95% CI 17.0-26.1%), significantly higher than the GIRFT-reported national figure of 10% (two-sided exact binomial test, p<0.0001). Of 318 children explored, 55 (17.3%) met AoMRC triple-screen-negative criteria yet proceeded to surgery; among the 49 with histopathology, the NAR was 73.5% (36/49; 95% CI 59.7-83.8%). In exploratory analyses, NAR fell across PAS risk categories, from 50.0% (low risk) to 31.1% (equivocal risk) to 10.0% (high risk) (χ² p≈1.65×10⁻⁶), and PAS had an AUC of 0.730 (95% CI 0.663-0.798) for appendicitis. Imaging use declined from low risk (52.6%) to high risk (27.6%). Within the equivocal-risk group, NAR was higher among imaged than non-imaged patients (48.9%, 23/47 vs 21.2%, 18/85; OR 3.57, 95% CI 1.65-7.73; Fisher's exact p=0.0015).  Conclusion  NAR at this centre significantly exceeded the GIRFT-reported national figure. A substantial minority of children who underwent surgery (17.3%) met AoMRC triple-screen-negative criteria, and the NAR in this subgroup was high. These findings identify an opportunity to review the local diagnostic pathway. Prospective evaluation is required to determine whether standardised, combined use of a validated clinical scoring system (PAS), biochemical inflammatory markers, and imaging can reduce unnecessary appendicectomy without increasing missed or delayed diagnoses.

PMID 42871823
Read full article →

+9996 more articles available with a free account

Sign up free to view all articles →

Ask about erythropoietin