Drug Database
EP

epinephrine (epinephrine, Dey / EpiPen / epinephrine, Mylan)

✓ Approved

Mylan · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is epinephrine?

epinephrine is a small molecule developed by Mylan. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others).

Drug Profile

Brand Namesepinephrine, Dey, EpiPen, epinephrine, Mylan
CompanyMylan
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteInjectable (Others)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Mylan

Therapeutic Indications

epinephrine is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Immune system disordersAnaphylactic reaction✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedRadiology case reports2026-08-30

Telemedicine-guided management of iodinated contrast media-associated anaphylaxis: A case report.

Soni Ravi V RV, Beger Samuel B SB, Ji William W

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions to iodinated contrast media (ICM) are uncommon, and ICM-associated anaphylaxis with airway compromise is rare, but time critical. In recent years, radiology has increasingly incorporated telemedicine-enabled workflows, including forms of virtual direct supervision, supported in part by evolving U.S. reimbursement and supervision policies. As of January 1, 2026, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has finalized policies indefinitely permitting direct supervision via real-time 2-way audiovisual communications in specified contexts, such as diagnostic imaging. A 63-year-old woman undergoing outpatient CT pelvis with contrast developed acute urticaria, hypotension, hypoxemia, and upper-airway angioedema within minutes of injection, meeting clinical criteria for anaphylaxis. An on-site technologist initiated emergency protocol and activated a telemedicine emergency alert, prompting real-time audiovisual communication with an already connected remote supervising physician. Under remote physician guidance, the on-site team administered two 0.3 mg intramuscular doses of epinephrine, supplemental oxygen, and airway positioning maneuvers, with subsequent improvement in oxygenation and systolic blood pressure before EMS arrival. The patient was later intubated in the emergency department for airway protection, extubated the following day, and discharged home without neurologic sequelae. This case suggests that telemedicine-enabled supervision platforms may support timely recognition and management of ICM-associated anaphylaxis when coupled with on-site preparedness, trained personnel, and readily available emergency medications and airway adjuncts. However, remotely witnessed emergencies introduce distinct operational risks (eg, connection latency, communication handoffs), and warrant rigorous protocols, simulation-based training, and systems-level redundancy. Similar events may become increasingly relevant as distributed imaging care models expand.

PMID 42668604
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PubMedBiochemistry. Biokhimiia2026-08-30

Dopaminergic System of the Eye and Its Role in Glaucoma Pathogenesis.

Chesnokova Natalya B NB, Pavlenko Tatyana A TA, Beznos Olga V OV, Petrov Sergey Y SY et al.

Glaucoma is a multifaceted disease characterized by optic nerve damage and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration, leading to optic neuropathy and vision loss. Neurodegenerative processes in the retina underlie glaucoma pathogenesis. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a contributing factor in the development and progression of most types of glaucoma, making IOP reduction the standard treatment approach, while existing neuroprotective therapies remain largely ineffective. Dopaminergic system (DS) of the eye and its role in ocular pathology are insufficiently studied, yet available data suggest that DS is one of the most significant regulatory systems in the eye. It is widely represented in ocular structures and participates in regulation of visual function, circadian rhythms, blood circulation, and aqueous humor dynamics, as well as in eye development. Both IOP elevation and retinal ganglion cell neurodegeneration in glaucoma are critically influenced by an imbalance in the DS components. In the vertebrate retina, dopamine serves as the primary neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. It is also a precursor to sympathetic nervous system mediators - epinephrine and norepinephrine - expanding its role in physiological processes, including IOP regulation. This review presents recent and foundational studies on the presence of dopamine and its receptors in various ocular structures, their significance in normal eye function, mechanisms of involvement in neurodegenerative processes in glaucoma, and in IOP regulation. Based on analysis of the DS role in glaucoma pathogenesis, the prospects for developing antiglaucoma drugs for neuroprotection, IOP reduction, and combined mechanisms of action are discussed. Additionally, potential use of the analysis of DS components in the tear fluid as a non-invasive test for early diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic justification is considered.

PMID 42669553
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PubMedFrontiers in medicine2026-08-29

Physiologic response to sodium bicarbonate administration during pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest.

Sorcher Jill L JL, Grossestreuer Anne V AV, Duster Nicole A NA, Kleinman Monica E ME et al.

To explore the physiologic response to sodium bicarbonate (SB) administration during pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest (p-IHCA) and its association with outcomes. Retrospective single-center study of patients < 18 years old who experienced IHCA with an arterial line in place and received intra-arrest SB from 2013 to 2023. To evaluate the hemodynamic response to SB in isolation, events in which vasopressors were administered the minute before, during or after the first dose of SB were excluded. The primary outcome was the change in diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Patients were classified as SB responders if DBP increased ≥5 mmHg. To assess for a potential enhancement on vasopressor efficacy, a secondary analysis was performed examining the difference-in-difference between the DBP response to epinephrine before and after SB administration. Thirteen patients were included in the primary analysis, with a median DBP change of 4 mmHg (95% CI: -3, 11 after SB administration (p = 0.31). Of these, 6 (46%) patients were classified as SB responders. There were no significant differences in outcomes between SB responders and non-responders. Ten patients were included in the secondary analysis. There was no significant change in the difference-in-difference between the DBP response to epinephrine before and after SB administration [-2 mmHg (95% CI: -9, 7); p = 0.56]. In this small cohort study, SB administration during p-IHCA was not associated with a significant change in DBP or an augmented DBP response to epinephrine. SB responder status was not associated with outcomes, though power to detect differences was low due to sample size.

PMID 42666620
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PubMedCurrent pain and headache reports2026-08-29

Adjunct Medications for Single-Injection Pediatric Regional Blocks: Implications for Peripheral Nerve Blocks.

Jha Sachin Sunny SS

Single-injection peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) provide excellent perioperative analgesia in children but are limited by finite duration. Pediatric populations were excluded from the major adult adjunct reviews. This narrative review synthesizes the evidence for adjuncts added to local anesthetics for single-injection PNBs and caudal blocks in patients aged 0 to 18 years, including dexamethasone, dexmedetomidine, clonidine, conventional opioids, buprenorphine, magnesium sulfate, midazolam, ketamine, neostigmine, tramadol, nalbuphine, and epinephrine. Across 58 studies, dexmedetomidine (0.5 to 1 mcg/kg) and dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg perineural) were the best-supported agents, each roughly doubling analgesic duration with acceptable safety. Two network meta-analyses ranked neostigmine highest for caudal duration, but its postoperative nausea and vomiting burden limits use. Clonidine has the longest safety record. Ketamine and midazolam show robust caudal efficacy but unresolved neurotoxicity concerns. Nalbuphine and buprenorphine are promising but under-studied. Tramadol carries pediatric regulatory restrictions, while epinephrine and conventional opioids add little. Dexmedetomidine and dexamethasone are the preferred adjuncts in pediatric regional anesthesia. Adult evidence should not be extrapolated directly given developmental pharmacology and pediatric-specific safety considerations. Prospective trials in true pediatric PNBs and pediatric rebound-pain studies remain the critical evidence gaps.

PMID 42667510
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PubMedAnnals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology2026-08-29

Peanut Oral Immunotherapy Updosing via In-Office, Video, and Telephone Encounters: Safety and Caregiver Satisfaction.

Mustafa S Shahzad SS, Capucilli Peter P, Tuong Linh-An LA, Sanchez-Tejera Denise D et al.

Peanut oral immunotherapy (POIT) in infants and toddlers is highly efficacious and can facilitate ad lib peanut consumption. However, traditional protocols require all updosing to occur in the office setting, creating logistical barriers for both families and allergy/immunology practices. To evaluate caregiver satisfaction and safety of POIT with home updosing, facilitated through telephone and video encounters. Children aged 6-47 months with peanut allergy underwent POIT with updosing through telephone, video, and in-office encounters. Reaction rates were prospectively recorded, and caregivers completed a satisfaction survey at protocol completion. Fifty-three children completed the POIT protocol (median age, 13 months [IQR, 11-18]). Fourteen children (26.4%) experienced 24 treatment-related reactions; 54.2% resolved spontaneously, 41.7% improved with antihistamines, and one reaction (4.2%) required epinephrine during an in-office updosing encounter. Three reactions occurred during updosing, for a rate of 0.4% risk of reaction per dose, with 0.1% risk of requiring epinephrine. Although the odds of reaction were higher during updosing (OR = 2.34, 95% CI = 0.69-7.96), the difference in reaction rate did not reach statistical significance when comparing updosing to home maintenance dosing (p=0.16). Most caregivers (71.7%) preferred a combination of all three encounter types for updosing, citing convenience and reduced travel time as advantages. Updosing encounters for infant and toddler POIT are safe to complete via video and telephone encounters. Families prefer a combination of encounter types for updosing, including in-office, video and telephone encounters, commonly citing added convenience and lack of travel time as advantages of this hybrid approach.

PMID 42667982
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PubMedJournal of pharmaceutical sciences2026-08-29

Bacterial nanocellulose as a drug delivery system for local anesthetics: A novel approach for non-invasive pain management.

Cañas-Gutiérrez Ana A, Castaño Melissa M, Castro-Herazo Cristina C, Toro Lenka L et al.

This study presents the development of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) membranes derived from "Nata de fique" for local anesthesia applications. The membranes were successfully produced using fique juice as a culture medium and exhibited a characteristic nanofibrillar structure. After a purification process with KOH, they displayed a neutral pH and a high moisture content of 98.12 ± 0.54%. Following mechanical dehydration, their thickness and weight were reduced, but upon loading with articaine hydrochloride and epinephrine, the membranes recovered 87.35 ± 0.32% of their moisture. Electron microscopy confirmed that the structural integrity of the nanofibrillar network remained intact after dehydration and drug loading, allowing for controlled drug release. FTIR analysis validated the successful incorporation of anesthetics without compromising membrane integrity. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model, with equilibrium reached in 50 minutes, and the membranes absorbed 4.13 ± 0.3 mg of articaine per gram of wet BNC. Desorption studies in simulated physiological fluid revealed a controlled release of up to 88% of the drug within 60 minutes. In vitro studies demonstrated limited cell adhesion, suggesting potential applications as temporary wound dressings that minimize granulation tissue formation. A 48-hour patch test on volunteers confirmed the membranes as "Non-irritating" and dermatologically safe. These findings highlight the potential of BNC derived from "Nata de fique" membranes as a non-invasive alternative for local anesthetic delivery, offering sustained drug release, biocompatibility, and safe skin application.

PMID 42667958
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