Drug Database
EP

epinephrine (epinephrine, Dey / EpiPen / epinephrine, Mylan)

✓ Approved

Mylan · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is epinephrine?

epinephrine is a small molecule developed by Mylan. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others).

Drug Profile

Brand Namesepinephrine, Dey, EpiPen, epinephrine, Mylan
CompanyMylan
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteInjectable (Others)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Mylan

Therapeutic Indications

epinephrine is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Immune system disordersAnaphylactic reaction✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedFrontiers in oncology2026-10-15

Oxaliplatin desensitization for gastrointestinal cancer patients with hypersensitivity reactions: real-world experience from Vietnam.

Nguyen Le Trang LT, Nguyen Van Thang VT, Nong Hong Thach HT, Doan Nguyen Thanh Dat NTD et al.

Oxaliplatin-induced hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) can interrupt clinically indicated treatment for gastrointestinal malignancies. We evaluated the early implementation of a multidisciplinary oxaliplatin desensitization pathway at Vinmec Times City International Hospital. We conducted a retrospective case series of patients who underwent oxaliplatin desensitization between 2022 and 2025 following an index HSR. Clinical characteristics, skin testing results, desensitization procedures, breakthrough reactions (BTRs), and subsequent oxaliplatin treatment completion were reviewed. Ten patients underwent desensitization after index HSRs occurring at a median of six oxaliplatin cycles (range, 2-11); six index reactions were Brown grade 2. Skin prick testing was negative in all patients, whereas intradermal testing was positive in six, negative in three, and equivocal in one. Three patients initially underwent a three-bag desensitization procedure and seven a four-bag procedure. Eight BTRs occurred in six patients, none requiring epinephrine. Seven patients completed all additional oxaliplatin cycles planned by their oncology team, receiving a median of four additional cycles. Three patients discontinued oxaliplatin after BTRs: two because of recurrent reactions despite procedure modification and one because the patient declined further treatment after a single BTR in the metastatic setting. Multidisciplinary oxaliplatin desensitization enabled most patients in this early case series to continue and complete planned oxaliplatin treatment, although BTRs were common. Given the small, retrospective cohort, these findings are descriptive and require further study to establish comparative safety or efficacy, superiority of a specific desensitization procedure, or predictors of treatment completion.

PMID 42876825
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PubMedFrontiers in cardiovascular medicine2026-10-15

Prognostic discrimination of SOFA-2 vs. SOFA-1 and incremental information from cardiovascular scoring and vasoactive support intensity in patients with sepsis receiving early vasoactive therapy.

Huang Tianci T, Pan Mingyuan M, Pan Lifan L, Liang Peng P et al.

Patients with sepsis who require vasoactive support during the first 24 h of intensive care represent a heterogeneous population. It is uncertain whether the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA)-2 score improves mortality discrimination compared with the SOFA-1 score and whether observed circulatory support intensity provides complementary prognostic information. This multicohort observational study used Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) for a 24-h conditional landmark analysis. Patients alive and still in the ICU beyond 24 h were followed from ICU admission +24 h through ICU day 28 for reconstructed all-cause mortality. We compared SOFA-1 and SOFA-2, evaluated SOFA-2 total and cardiovascular scores, analyzed first-24-h five-agent norepinephrine-equivalent peak burden (norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, phenylephrine, and vasopressin), and internally evaluated an exploratory drug-composition model. Fixed strata were assessed directionally in eICU Collaborative Research Database and an independent-center high-risk stress test cohort with cohort-specific endpoints. The MIMIC-IV 24-h landmark cohort included 11,892 patients and 2,687 post-landmark deaths. SOFA-2 showed no observed discrimination advantage over SOFA-1 (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, AUROC, 0.731 vs. 0.732; difference, -0.0005; 95% confidence interval, -0.0086 to 0.0076; P = 0.908). The SOFA-2 cardiovascular score had lower discrimination than the SOFA-1 cardiovascular score (0.663 vs. 0.676; P = 0.006). Mortality was 51.94% for the exploratory SOFA-2 ≥12 group and 17.09% below 12, and increased from 11.30% to 47.45% across four study-defined peak burden categories. The SOFA-2-plus-drug-composition model had an apparent AUROC of 0.768 and a bootstrap-corrected AUROC of 0.767, but it was not externally validated. Fixed strata preserved the direction of risk ranking in both external cohorts, whereas absolute risk and calibration differed. SOFA-2 did not show an observed overall mortality discrimination advantage over SOFA-1 in this population. SOFA-2 total and cardiovascular scores, together with observed vasoactive support intensity, provided complementary prognostic description at 24 h. The ≥12 rule is exploratory, and drug-related associations do not establish causal treatment effects or clinical decision utility.

PMID 42876688
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PubMedInternational journal of obstetric anesthesia2026-10-14

Management of breakthrough pain during advanced labor with epidural alkalinized lidocaine 0.3%-epinephrine: a single-center retrospective study (2022-2026).

Hyuga Shunsuke S, Okutomi Toshiyuki T, Fujita Tomoe T, Kondo Hiroaki H

Breakthrough pain during advanced labor requires rapid analgesia while limiting motor block. We describe responses to epidural alkalinized lidocaine 0.3% with epinephrine 10 µg/mL. This single-center retrospective cohort included women receiving epidural alkalinized lidocaine 0.3%-epinephrine for breakthrough pain at cervical dilation of at least 7 cm after satisfactory neuraxial analgesia. Women with recurrent epidural boluses suggesting catheter dysfunction were excluded. Median bolus volume was 3 mL [interquartile range, 3-5]. The primary outcome was contraction-pain visual analog scale change from baseline to 5-15 min. Secondary outcomes included sensory and motor changes. Brackets indicate interquartile ranges. Paired assessments preceded delivery. Of 153 women, 143 were analyzed. Median visual analog scale decreased from 50 [30-60] to 0 [0-0] mm (mean reduction, 45.2; 95% confidence interval, 41.9-48.4); 126 (88.1%) scored 10 mm or less. Median rescue-to-delivery interval was 52 min [31-88]. Median cephalad cold-loss extension was one dermatome [1-2]. Modified Bromage scores were unchanged in 138 (96.5%) and worsened in five (3.5%). Maternal hypotension and new fetal heart rate abnormalities each affected six women (4.2%). Among vaginal deliveries, operative delivery rates were 9.3 and 0.6 percentage points higher in nulliparous and parous women, respectively, than in same-period deliveries with neuraxial analgesia without the study rescue. Epidural alkalinized lidocaine 0.3%-epinephrine (3-8 mL) was followed by early pain reduction with infrequent motor block increase, supporting clinical application of prior laboratory findings. Prospective comparisons should assess motor function and delivery outcomes.

PMID 42874531
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PubMedHernia : the journal of hernias and abdominal wall surgery2026-10-14

Perineural versus intravenous dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant for ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block in open inguinal hernia repair: a randomised controlled trial.

Pisutchareonpong Pinyada P, Chumthong Chanyaphak C, Sirimanakul Nattanicha N, Paenee Nutnicha N et al.

Dexmedetomidine is widely added to peripheral nerve blocks, but whether the perineural or intravenous route provides better analgesia-and at what haemodynamic cost-is unclear in inguinal hernia repair. We compared the two routes as adjuncts to an ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric (II/IH) nerve block. This single-centre, triple-blind randomised controlled trial enrolled 90 adults (ASA I-III) undergoing elective open inguinal hernia repair. All received an ultrasound-guided II/IH block (0.5% bupivacaine with epinephrine, 20 mL) and standardised tumescent local anaesthesia, and were randomised 1:1:1 to perineural dexmedetomidine 1 µg/kg (DexLA), intravenous dexmedetomidine 1 µg/kg over 10 min (DexIV), or placebo (Control). The primary outcome was movement-evoked visual analogue scale (VAS, 0-100) pain at 6 h, analysed by intention-to-treat. Movement VAS at 6 h was lower with perineural dexmedetomidine (DexLA 10.3 ± 10.3) than DexIV (20.0 ± 17.4) or Control (22.0 ± 20.6; overall p = 0.018): DexLA versus Control - 11.7 (95% CI - 21.9 to - 1.4; p = 0.022), whereas DexIV did not differ from Control (p = 0.888). This reduction reached the established minimum clinically important difference of approximately 10 points, although pain was low overall. Time to first opioid was similar (p = 0.723). Bradycardia was more frequent with DexIV (20.0%) than DexLA (3.3%) or Control (6.7%; DexIV vs DexLA p = 0.040); hypotension occurred in 43.3%, 40.0% and 20.0% (p = 0.151). Perineural-but not intravenous-dexmedetomidine produced a clinically relevant reduction in early movement-evoked pain, whereas intravenous dexmedetomidine added bradycardia without analgesic benefit. If dexmedetomidine is used in this setting, the perineural route is preferable. Thai Clinical Trials Registry TCTR20220208002; registered 7 February 2022.

PMID 42873284
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PubMedAnnals of medicine2026-10-14

Influencing factors analysis and prediction model development for ROSC in adult non-traumatic OHCA: a retrospective study based on pre-hospital emergency settings.

Zhang Qing Q, Pang Zhixin Z, Yan Xiangyu X, Tang Feng F et al.

Cardiac arrest is a major global public health problem. This study aimed to explore factors influencing return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and develop a prediction model for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients. We retrospectively collected electronic medical records of adult non-traumatic OHCA patients at Tianjin Emergency Medical Center from January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2024. The primary outcome was sustained ROSC up to emergency department arrival and handover to receiving-hospital staff. Multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression with clinician ID as random intercept adjusted clustering bias; predictors with p < 0.05 formed the nomogram. Patients were randomly split 7:3 for training and internal testing. Discrimination was assessed by ROC-AUC (acceptable threshold >0.7). We performed 1000 bootstrap resampling to correct C-index against overfitting. Calibration curves and decision curve analysis (DCA) further evaluated predictive consistency and net clinical benefit. Among 9,386 included cases, 678 (7.2%) achieved ROSC. Mixed-effects regression identified independent ROSC predictors: public location (aOR = 1.285, 95% CI:1.038-1.592), 06:00-12:00 onset (aOR = 1.308, 95% CI:1.018-1.682), prolonged emergency response time (aOR = 0.971, 95% CI:0.945-0.999), extended onset-to-ambulance intervals (5-10 min: aOR = 0.758;10-30 min: aOR = 0.578;>30 min:aOR = 0.498 vs ≤5 min), no OHCA occurred at emergency call (aOR = 1.540, 95% CI:1.048-2.262), male attending physicians (aOR = 1.255, 95% CI:1.077-1.464), longer physician practice years (aOR = 1.043, 95%CI: 1.022-1.065), intermediate physician title (aOR = 1.236, 95% CI:1.047-1.459), shockable initial rhythm (aOR = 2.850, 95% CI:2.390-3.397), endotracheal intubation (aOR = 2.294, 95% CI:1.936-2.718), epinephrine >5 mg (aOR = 0.765,95% CI:0.626-0.935). The nomogram AUC reached 0.775 (95% CI:0.756-0.794) in the training set and 0.775 (95% CI:0.745-0.805) in the test set; 1000 bootstrap internal validation gave an optimism-corrected C-index of 0.7679 with minimal optimism of 0.0071, showing negligible overfitting, good calibration and favorable net clinical benefit via DCA. This study identified multiple factors significantly associated with ROSC in OHCA patients; the constructed model showed good predictive value.

PMID 42872556
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PubMedPediatric emergency care2026-10-13

Anaphylaxis in Infants and Toddlers Presenting to a Pediatric Emergency Department.

M Shannon Colleen C, Trofa Melissa M, Lavelle Jane J, Brown-Whitehorn Terri T et al.

To characterize the clinical presentation and management of anaphylaxis in infants and toddlers. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients aged 0 to 24 months presenting to a pediatric emergency department between June 2019 and June 2022 with concern for anaphylaxis. Patients were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth and 10th Revision codes associated with anaphylaxis and confirmed to meet 2006 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network clinical criteria by chart review. Demographic and clinical information-including presenting symptoms, administered treatment, and patient disposition-were abstracted from the electronic medical record. Treatments of interest included epinephrine, antihistamines, corticosteroids, albuterol, and intravenous fluids. Data were analyzed descriptively. Among 225 potentially eligible encounters, we identified 155 patients who met inclusion criteria. Median age was 10.8 months (interquartile range: 8.4 to 15.6). Food triggered 96.1% of episodes. Skin and mucosal symptoms occurred in 99.4% of patients, gastrointestinal symptoms in 74.2%, respiratory symptoms in 57.4%, and cardiovascular symptoms in 5.8%. Intramuscular epinephrine was administered to 87.1% of patients, 90.4% of whom received a single dose. Most patients (88.4%) were discharged home, and none of those admitted required additional epinephrine. In this cohort, reactions were most often food-triggered and characterized by mucocutaneous symptoms with gastrointestinal and/or mild-to-moderate respiratory symptoms. Severe respiratory or cardiovascular involvement was uncommon. Symptoms tended to resolve after a single dose of epinephrine, and most patients were discharged home.

PMID 42865096
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