Drug Database
TE

testosterone (TBS1 / Natesto / TBS 1)

✓ Approved

HyundaiPharm · AR · Steroids

What is testosterone?

testosterone is a steroids developed by HyundaiPharm. It is approved for therapeutic indications via inhaled or intranasal.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesTBS1, Natesto, TBS 1
CompanyHyundaiPharm
Drug ClassSteroids, Small Molecule
Molecular TargetAR
RouteInhaled, Intranasal
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, HyundaiPharm

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

testosterone acts on 1 molecular target:

ARandrogen receptor (DHTR, AR8)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

testosterone is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Endocrine disordersHypogonadism✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedNature reviews. Urology2026-10-07

Preclinical animal models of lower urinary tract dysfunction associated with metabolic syndrome.

Covarrubias Claudia C, Sirmakesyan Stephanie S, Hamouda Aalya A, Lasri Sami S et al.

Lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) substantially affects quality of life and is increasingly associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS). An intricate relationship exists between MetS components, such as obesity, diabetes, dyslipidaemia and hypertension, and bladder dysfunction. Insights from preclinical models show that MetS-driven autonomic dysfunction, increased intra-abdominal pressure, chronic bladder ischaemia, low-grade inflammation, dysregulated nutrient-sensing pathways and an altered oestrogen-to-testosterone ratio contribute to lower urinary tract symptoms. Diabetic models, such as streptozotocin-induced rodents and polygenic TallyHo mice, show biphasic diabetic LUTD progression, from detrusor hyperactivity to underactivity, driven by hyperglycaemia and neural degeneration. Obesity models, such as leptin-deficient ob/ob mice, undergo prostate and urethral changes exacerbating lower urinary tract symptoms, whereas dyslipidaemia models, such as Apoe-/- mice, show ischaemia-induced bladder remodelling. Hypertension and early-life stress further worsen LUTD through angiotensin-mediated pathways and visceral adiposity, respectively. Preclinical models provide important insights in this context but face limitations, including non-physiological bladder filling rates and interspecies differences, necessitating advanced approaches such as multi-omics and patient-derived urinoids. These tools could facilitate personalized therapies by elucidating disease mechanisms and enabling longitudinal monitoring but ethical challenges associated with clinical translation persist.

PMID 42838982
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PubMedThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2026-10-07

Biallelic CYB5A disruptions in 46, XY DSD: Novel missense and deep intronic variants.

Moradifard Shirin S, Le Thanh Nha Uyen TNU, Ha Nguyen Thu NT, Dung Vu Chi VC et al.

Cytochrome b5, encoded by CYB5A, is an essential co-factor for CYP17A1-mediated 17,20-lyase activity. CYB5A deficiency is a rare cause of 46,XY DSD. We report two siblings with 46,XY DSD from a Vietnamese family, presenting with phenotypic female. Clinical evaluation and hormone profiling were conducted. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on extracted DNA from both affected siblings and identified variants were classified according to the ACMG/AMP 2015 guidelines. A minigene RNA splicing assay in HEK293T cells was used to evaluate the functional impact of the CYB5A intronic variant. The two patients' hormone profile showed low testosterone and estradiol. WGS identified novel compound heterozygous CYB5A variants: a paternally inherited missense variant (p.Val34Glu) and a maternally inherited deep intronic deletion (c.129 + 862_129 + 863del) which predicted to create the cryptic splice sites by SpliceAI. Minigene assays confirmed the activation of the cryptic splice sites, resulting in an inclusion of a pseudo-exon between exon 1 and 2. This aberrant insertion introduced a premature stop codon, leading to predicted nonsense-mediated decay of the transcript. Both variants were classified as likely pathogenic according to the ACMG/AMP guideline. Two novel CYB5A variants established the genetic diagnosis in both siblings, expanding the spectrum of pathogenic CYB5A-related DSD. Our findings show that a deep intronic variant can lead to null protein due to disrupted splicing. These results highlight the value of WGS and functional assays for detecting and validating clinically relevant non-coding variants in DSD.

PMID 42839303
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PubMedChemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)2026-10-07

Inverse CeO2/Cu Catalysts with Engineered Cu+-OV-Ce3+ Interfacial Sites for Reverse Water Gas Shift Reaction.

Yang Xihui X, Feng Wanhui W, Ma Xiujia X, Liu Zihao Z et al.

The reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction can serve as a pivotal hub for converting CO2 into value-added chemicals. However, conventional Cu/CeO2 catalysts are constrained by a limited metal-oxide interfacial perimeter, suffering from both inadequate low-temperature activity and poor stability. Herein, a series of CeO2/Cu-x catalysts (where x is the Ce/Cu molar ratio) were synthesized via an oxalic acid-assisted sol-gel coprecipitation method, and tested for RWGS at 400°C and atmospheric pressure. The optimal inverse CeO2/Cu-0.1 achieves an intrinsic reaction rate of 197.0 µmol·gcat -1·s-1, which is 3.7 times higher than that of the conventional CeO2/Cu-10 (53.1 µmol·gcat -1·s-1) and is much more stable. Structural analyses revealed that the CeO2/Cu-0.1 is characterized by an inverse architecture of tiny CeO2 crystallites (4.6 nm) on larger Cu particles (12.7 nm), which is distinct from conventional architecture of Cu clusters (3.3 nm) on larger CeO2 particles (7.1 nm) for CeO2/Cu-10. The inverse architecture significantly improves the density of Cu+-OV-Ce3+ sites at the interfacial perimeter of CeO2/Cu, which facilitates the synergistic activation of H2 and CO2 as well as subsequent reaction, leading to lower reaction orders and a much higher intrinsic rate. This work demonstrates the inverse oxide/metal architecture with engineered oxide-metal interfacial sites for enhancing RWGS.

PMID 42839615
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PubMedClinical advances in periodontics2026-10-07

Long-term stability after non-surgical furcation retreatment with adjunctive collagen hydrogel.

Roncati Marisa M, Parma-Benfenati Lucrezia L

Management of inflammation at previously surgically treated periodontal sites represents a clinical challenge. Although surgical retreatment may be indicated in selected cases, a conservative non-surgical approach may restore periodontal stability while avoiding the additional morbidity associated with repeated surgery. This case report describes the long-term management of a previously surgically treated mandibular molar furcation using site-specific non-surgical retreatment combined with adjunctive application of a collagen-based hydrogel. A 45-year-old non-smoking male with a history of stage III, grade B periodontitis presented with persistent inflammation at a previously surgically treated mandibular first molar. Clinical examination revealed a 4-mm mid-buccal probing depth associated with bleeding on probing and Grade II furcation involvement. Following comprehensive periodontal re-evaluation, the site was managed by meticulous non-surgical re-instrumentation and adjunctive application of a collagen-based hydrogel as a conservative alternative before considering surgical re-intervention. The patient was subsequently enrolled in an individualized supportive periodontal care program. Bleeding on probing resolved within 25 days and remained absent throughout the 6-year follow-up. Probing depth progressively decreased from 4 to 2 mm, while the previously inflamed furcation site became clinically stable and maintainable without requiring additional periodontal surgery. Within the limitations of a single case report, this case illustrates that a carefully executed conservative retreatment strategy, combining meticulous non-surgical periodontal therapy, individualized supportive periodontal care, and adjunctive collagen hydrogel application, may successfully restore and maintain periodontal stability at a previously surgically treated furcation site while avoiding surgical re-intervention. Controlled prospective studies are required to clarify the clinical contribution of adjunctive collagen hydrogels in the management of persistent periodontal defects. Non-surgical re-instrumentation may be considered before surgical re-intervention in selected previously treated periodontal sites, provided that the clinical response is carefully re-evaluated. Molar furcation anatomy may limit non-surgical instrumentation; periodontal surgery remains indicated when adequate access and control of inflammation cannot be achieved through a conservative approach. In this case, periodontal stability was maintained for 6 years within an individualized supportive periodontal care program; the independent contribution of the adjunctive collagen hydrogel cannot be determined. Periodontal disease can leave areas around teeth that are difficult to keep healthy, particularly around the roots of molar teeth where the anatomy is complex. When inflammation persists after previous periodontal surgery, another surgical procedure may sometimes be necessary. This report describes a patient with inflammation around the root-division area of a lower molar that had been surgically treated several years earlier. Before considering another operation, the area was carefully cleaned without surgery, and a collagen-based gel was applied as an additional part of the treatment. The patient was closely monitored and received regular professional periodontal care. Bleeding resolved after treatment, the area became easier to maintain, and clinical stability was preserved over 6 years without additional surgery. This case illustrates that, in carefully selected situations, a conservative approach followed by appropriate monitoring may be considered before repeating periodontal surgery. However, this is the experience of a single patient, and it cannot determine whether the collagen gel contributed to the favorable outcome or whether similar results would occur in other patients.

PMID 42839586
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PubMedFood chemistry. Molecular sciences2026-10-07

Development of a multiplex PCR assay for the authentication of six commercial Pyropia species.

Noh Eun Soo ES, Dong Chun Mae CM, Park Hee Jeong HJ, Jung Hyo Sun HS et al.

The global expansion of the Pyropia (laver) market requires reliable methods to authenticate species and prevent economically motivated adulteration (EMA). While automated molecular techniques exist, their reliance on specialized instrumentation limits routine application in standard laboratories. We hypothesized that pairing species-specific SNPs within the rbcL gene with mismatch-engineered primers enables the discrimination of closely related Pyropia species without advanced instrumentation. In this study, we developed a multiplex PCR assay targeting the rbcL gene to differentiate six Pyropia species (P. yezoensis, P. tenera, P. dentata, P. haitanensis, P. seriata, and P. suborbiculata). By analyzing 162 rbcL sequences, we identified conserved species-specific SNPs. We designed a primer set comprising six forward primers with intentional mismatches to improve specificity, paired with a single common reverse primer. The optimized assay (annealing temperature of 54 °C) generated a step-wise pattern of amplicons ranging from 172 to 781 bp, which were resolvable on a conventional 1.5% agarose gel. The assay demonstrated species specificity with no cross-reactivity and exhibited an analytical sensitivity of 10 ng/μL of genomic DNA. To validate the method, we tested 20 commercial laver products using a multi-point sampling strategy. The assay authenticated single-species compositions and identified multi-species blends. These results indicate that analyzing multiple regions per sheet is necessary to determine the true composition of commercial products. These findings support our hypothesis that mismatch-engineered multiplex PCR effectively discriminates target species in complex matrices, providing an accessible and practical tool for verifying composition during routine quality control.

PMID 42841010
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PubMedRSC advances2026-10-07

CoFe2O4 prepared from cobalt-doped coal-gangue-leached iron as an effective peroxymonosulfate activator to degrade rhodamine B: preparation, application and degradation mechanism.

Zhang Mingxian M, He Ying Y, Kong Deshun D, Du Jinsong J et al.

The typical organic dye rhodamine B (RhB), which poses a serious threat to freshwater safety, could be effectively eliminated via an advanced oxidation technology based on peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Developing efficient catalysts is the key to this process. Herein, CoFe2O4 (CFO) catalysts were synthesized via co-precipitation, hydrothermal, and sol-gel methods using an activated acid leaching/extracting/back-extracting process to recover iron from coal gangue as the Fe source and chemically pure cobalt chloride hexahydrate as the cobalt source. The prepared catalysts were applied as a high-efficiency activator of PMS for RhB degradation. As a result, the CFO catalyst prepared by the co-precipitation method could essentially achieve a degradation efficiency of 99.38% for RhB within 20 min; the optimal reaction parameters were a reaction temperature of 20 °C, catalyst concentration of 0.2 g L-1, dye concentration of 30 mg L-1, initial pH of 7, and PMS concentration of 0.7 g L-1. A series of characterizations demonstrated that the catalyst had a large specific surface area, a rich pore structure, and excellent magnetic properties. Combined with radical quenching experiments, EPR and XPS, a possible PMS mechanism was proposed. 1O2 was the main active substance for the catalytic system, and SO4 - and ˙OH were also produced during the PMS activation process. The work not only provides a valuable reference for the high-value utilization of high-iron coal gangue but also lays the foundation for the wet leaching of iron from coal gangue to prepare efficient PMS activators for treating organic dye wastewater.

PMID 42840851
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