Drug Database
TE

testosterone (TBS1 / Natesto / TBS 1)

✓ Approved

HyundaiPharm · AR · Steroids

What is testosterone?

testosterone is a steroids developed by HyundaiPharm. It is approved for therapeutic indications via inhaled or intranasal.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesTBS1, Natesto, TBS 1
CompanyHyundaiPharm
Drug ClassSteroids, Small Molecule
Molecular TargetAR
RouteInhaled, Intranasal
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, HyundaiPharm

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

testosterone acts on 1 molecular target:

ARandrogen receptor (DHTR, AR8)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

testosterone is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Endocrine disordersHypogonadism✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedInternational journal of biological macromolecules2026-08-30

Anti-freezing, hybrid hyaluronate‑gold nanoparticles-polyacrylamide gel - synthesis, characterization and application as sensitive pressure sensor.

Kościelniak Patrycja P, Kaniewska Klaudia K

The composition of gel materials can be tailored to achieve desired properties and functions, making them suitable for applications as sensors and smart interfaces. In this work, the sodium hyaluronate (HA) polymer enables multiple functions as a reducing and stabilizing agent for gold nanoparticles; additionally, the hyaluronate chains enhance mechanical properties and improve interfacial adhesion. In the first step, the gold nanoparticles were formed by reduction with hyaluronate. Using this method, small AuNPs with a narrow size distribution can be obtained. Then, the HA/AuNPs solution was utilized to synthesize semi-interpenetrating polymer pAAm-sIPN-HA/AuNPs. The obtained material has mechanical properties similar to those of human skin, good adhesion, compression-dependent conductivity, and, due to the presence of glycerol, excellent anti-freezing properties. The pAAm-sIPN-HA/AuNPs hybrid gel exhibits a compressive strength of (120.2 ± 34.3) kPa, elongation at break of (620 ± 21) %, tensile strength of (22.9 ± 4.3) kPa, toughness of (71.3 ± 11.2) kJ·m-3, and adhesion strength to porcine skin of (6.03 ± 0.24) kPa. This soft nanocomposite gel can be applied as a pressure sensor for monitoring very subtle human motion; it possesses exceptional sensitivity - 0.0896 kPa-1 for low pressures in the range of 0-1 kPa, and in the range of 1-10 kPa - 0.0530 kPa-1, with fast response and recovery times of 200 ms. The pAAm-sIPN-HA/AuNPs sensor can be used to detect touch stimuli, as well as to detect Morse code signals.

PMID 42669339
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PubMedFood chemistry: X2026-08-30

Evaluation of high-pressure homogenization modified quinoa protein on water distribution, gel and rheology properties of chicken breast batters.

Zhao Yanyan Y, Yao Xinyuan X, Han Qizhao Q, Wei Zhaohui Z et al.

This study examined the influence of quinoa protein modified by high-pressure homogenization (HQP) on the gelation behavior, water mobility, rheological attributes, and microstructure of chicken breast batters. Cooking yield and gel strength of batter gels increased progressively from 88.93% and 859.56 g to 95.35% and 1467.34 g, respectively, with elevated HQP supplements. Concurrently, L ⁎ and a ⁎ values dropped gradually, whereas the b ⁎ value elevated evidently (P < 0.05). Textural indicators all displayed an ascending-descending trend, reaching optimal values at 12% HQP incorporation. Rheological assessment demonstrated that HQP markedly enhanced the G' value throughout thermal and frequency scan analyses. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) data indicated that HQP significantly elevated the immobilized water fraction while concomitantly reduced the free water proportion. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated a marked decline in α-helix fraction paired with elevated β-sheet formation. SEM imaging confirmed that HQP supplementation facilitated the formation of a smoother and more compact gel architecture. Collectively, HQP demonstrates strong potential as a functional ingredient for enhancing emulsified chicken systems.

PMID 42668547
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PubMedFood chemistry: X2026-08-30

Preparation of modified shiitake mushroom stem insoluble dietary fiber and black rice anthocyanin complex and its effects on the gel properties, rheological properties and microstructure of rice starch.

Fan Hongxiu H, Gao He H, Zhang Yumeng Y, Du Meixuan M et al.

This study constructed a complex of steam-exploded shiitake mushroom stem insoluble dietary fiber (SEIDF) and black rice anthocyanins (BRA) and elucidated the interactions between SEIDF and BRA, the structural features of the SEIDF-BRA complex, and the effect of this complex on the rice starch gel structure and property. Results showed that SEIDF had higher surface porosity and roughness after steam explosion. BRA was adsorbed onto SEIDF in a multilayer manner, and the interaction between BRA and SEIDF involved non-covalent binding (including hydrogen bonds), resulting in the formation of a thermally stable complex. Structure characterization indicated that the hydrogen bonding of the SEIDF-BRA complex was greatly enhanced, and more functional groups (such as C-O) were exposed in the SEIDF-BRA complex. Moreover, the addition of the SEIDF-BRA complex not only increased the gelatinization temperature and viscosity of rice starch while inhibiting starch retrogradation, but also improved the rheological behavior, texture property and sensory quality of rice starch. Structurally, the SEIDF-BRA complex reduced the relative crystallinity and short-range order degree of rice starch and improved the porosity and cross-linking of the gel network. This study might contribute to the development of SEIDF-BRA complex as a potential functional food ingredient.

PMID 42668544
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PubMedJournal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association2026-08-30

Exploring the Efficacy and Safety of a Nursing Gel Formulation in Pregnant and Lactating Women With Cracked and Painful Nipples: An Open-Label, Single-Arm Clinical Study.

Patel Trupti T, Prajapati Ramesh R, Narkhede M Virendra V, Bhimani Rutu R et al.

Breastfeeding women often experience nipple pain, usually caused by incorrect newborn positioning in the first 10 days after childbirth. To explore the efficacy and safety of a novel gel-based formulation in healthy pregnant and lactating women with cracked and painful nipples. Sixty participants were instructed to gently apply approximately 0.5 g of test product onto the nipples and surrounding area for 14 days (an open-label, single-arm study). Nipple pain, nipple skin physical parameters, skin hydration, and skin barrier function were assessed at various time points. The nipple pain significantly reduced at all visits following the application of the test product, with a 43.7% decrease by 24 hours (Day 2; p < 0.0001) and a complete relief at Day 14 (p < 0.0001) after application of the test product compared to the baseline. The dermatological assessment of nipple skin conditions revealed a significant improvement in dryness, nipple skin roughness, nipple skin redness/erythema, burning, itching, and stinging at all visits compared to the baseline. Skin hydration significantly improved by 23.55% by 24 hours (p < 0.0001) and 42.25% at Day 14 (p < 0.0001) as compared to baseline. Additionally, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) significantly reduced by 8.78% by 24 hours (p < 0.0001) and 21.52% at Day 14 (p < 0.0001) as compared to baseline. The gel-based formulation was well-tolerated and safe, with participants showing marked improvement in nipple symptoms within 24 hours and complete resolution by Day 14. These findings are preliminary and further controlled studies are needed to confirm the results.Clinical trial registry name:Clinical Trials Registry-IndiaURL:www.ctri.nic.in. CTRI/2022/08/044645.

PMID 42668402
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PubMedACS applied materials & interfaces2026-08-30

Diverse Combinations of Multiple Surfactants for Chirality Recognition and Separation of Carbon Nanotubes.

Huang Junxiong J, Wei Xiaojun X, Feng Shuhao S, Luo Xin X et al.

Compared with the single surfactants adopted in earlier studies, mixed surfactants exhibit superior capabilities in terms of chirality recognition and separation of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) because of their unique synergistic interactions in various liquid-phase separation methods. In this study, we designed diverse combinations of multiple surfactants and comprehensively investigated their chirality selectivity. The results of systematic separation experiments based on gel chromatography demonstrated a novel ternary-surfactant system, which has not been reported thus far but possesses significantly higher selectivity for both the diameter and chiral angle of SWCNTs than other combinations do. Through precise concentration modulation of ternary surfactants for controlling the chirality-selective adsorption and desorption of SWCNTs on a gel medium, we successfully separated near-zigzag single-chirality SWCNTs with ultrahigh and near-perfect optical chirality purity (∼100%), thereby reaching the highest level reported to date. Furthermore, the results of spectroscopic titration experiments and first-principle calculations revealed that the higher chirality selectivity originates from the much higher affinity of the present ternary-surfactant system for near-zigzag SWCNTs than for near-armchair SWCNTs, providing a greater understanding of the molecular interactions between surfactants and SWCNTs. Our findings address the issue of the greater difficulty in producing small-chiral angle SWCNTs and facilitate their applications in single-photon sources, optoelectronic devices, and bioimaging.

PMID 42669416
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PubMedInternational journal of pharmaceutics: X2026-08-30

Water-triggered in-situ gelling phospholipid oil enema for enhanced budesonide delivery and mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis.

Ouyang Ting T, Chen Yumo Y, Jia Yiying Y, Li Jiarui J et al.

Budesonide (BUD) enema therapy for ulcerative colitis (UC) is limited by poor solubility, inadequate bio-adhesion, and rapid clearance due to intestinal peristalsis. To address the limitations of conventional budesonide enemas, we designed a water-triggered in situ phase-transition phospholipid formulation (termed PG oil). This system comprises soybean phosphatidylcholine (PC-98), glyceryl dioleate (GDO), propylene glycol, and anhydrous ethanol, and achieves markedly enhanced BUD solubilization (35 mg/mL), in contrast to its negligible aqueous solubility (0.021 mg/mL). Upon contact with colonic fluid, PG oil rapidly underwent sol-gel transition, forming a bio-adhesive lamellar liquid crystalline gel that serves as both a physical mucosal barrier and a sustained-release drug depot. In a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model, rectal administration of BUD-PG oil (0.3 mg/kg) significantly outperformed free BUD suspension, as evidenced by restored body weight, reduced disease activity index, normalized colon length, and decreased spleen index. Immunohistochemistry revealed marked suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1) in colonic tissue. Histological analysis demonstrated that BUD-PG promoted favorable mucosal repair characterized by reduced collagen deposition (Masson's trichrome: from 48.5% to 16.7%) while restoring gut barrier integrity through replenishment of goblet cells and upregulation of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Occludin-1, Claudin-5, β-catenin). Collectively, this water-responsive in situ gelling phospholipid oil platform addresses critical limitations of conventional BUD enemas by combining sustained local drug delivery with physical mucosal protection, offering a promising therapeutic strategy for comprehensive mucosal healing in UC.

PMID 42668512
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