Drug Database
TE

testosterone (TBS1 / Natesto / TBS 1)

✓ Approved

HyundaiPharm · AR · Steroids

What is testosterone?

testosterone is a steroids developed by HyundaiPharm. It is approved for therapeutic indications via inhaled or intranasal.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesTBS1, Natesto, TBS 1
CompanyHyundaiPharm
Drug ClassSteroids, Small Molecule
Molecular TargetAR
RouteInhaled, Intranasal
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, HyundaiPharm

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

testosterone acts on 1 molecular target:

ARandrogen receptor (DHTR, AR8)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

testosterone is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Endocrine disordersHypogonadism✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedInternational journal of primatology2026-10-15

Hair Steroid Signatures of Cooperative Breeding in Male and Female Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

Laubi Benjamin N BN, Glauser Gaëtan G, Willems Erik P EP, van Schaik Carel P CP et al.

Cooperative breeding presents social and reproductive challenges that differ from those associated with independent breeding, but its endocrine correlates are not well understood. We investigated cumulative steroid hormone profiles in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), a primate species characterized by shared caregiving and clearly defined reproductive roles between primary breeders and non-breeding helper group members. Using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) on hair samples, we simultaneously quantified six steroid hormones across 71 individuals varying in breeding role, sex, age, and group reproductive context. Glucocorticoids were highest in breeder females, declined with age, and were higher in breeders when dependent offspring were present. Testosterone showed a comparatively modest male-female difference and was positively associated with the presence of dependent offspring in breeders, whereas androstenedione closely paralleled testosterone across age, consistent with shared regulation. Ovarian steroids showed clear sex differentiation in progesterone, with markedly elevated levels in breeder females, whereas estradiol differences were smaller, emerging as a modest sex effect within breeders and an age effect in helpers. Together, these findings highlight weaker sexual dimorphism in sex hormone profiles than often reported for independently breeding primates. They also reveal hormonal signatures of stress and vigilance related to caregiving, consistent with cooperative breeding in marmosets. Our study demonstrates the value of hair for long-term hormonal assessment and underscores the utility of HPLC-MS/MS for quantifying multiple hormones with high specificity in socially complex primates. The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-026-00568-9.

PMID 42876644
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PubMedSoft matter2026-10-15

The roles of elasticity and dimension in liquid-gel phase separation.

Wang Shichen S, Olmsted Peter D PD

We compare seven elastic models for polymer networks in the context of phase separation within a gel, including a new model that combines the finite extensible Arruda-Boyce model and the slip tube model for entangled chains. We study incompressible uniaxial stretch and compression, and three volume-changing constrained-dimension deformations, in which the material can only deform in the designated dimension(s), while the constrained direction(s) remain(s) the same. Each model responds differently to large deformations, and our proposed model successfully describes both strain softening and strain hardening, which are both present in well-entangled elastomers. When considering phase separation, we show that the commonly used neo-Hookean model fails to admit a common tangent construction for phase coexistence for 3D deformations. This can be resolved by using a model with finite extension, such as the Arruda-Boyce model. In constrained-dimension deformations, where the gel's volume is allowed to change, for elastic models in which phase coexistence is possible, the critical temperature increases and the critical concentration decreases with increasing deformation dimensions. This strong dependence of the phase diagram on spatial dimension and geometry distinguishes phase separation in elastic media from conventional liquid-liquid phase separation.

PMID 42876437
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PubMedStem cells (Dayton, Ohio)2026-10-15

Bridging the Translational Gap in Sex-Specific Alzheimer's Disease Using Human iPSC-Based Neural Cell Models.

Supakul Sopak S, Phisalaphong Romruedee R, Changchai Makalin M, Okano Hideyuki H

Alzheimer's disease (AD) exhibits marked sex differences in disease prevalence, progression, and therapeutic responsiveness, with women disproportionately affected by both cognitive decline and neuropathological burden. Although sex hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone have demonstrated neuroprotective effects in experimental systems, clinical outcomes of hormone-based interventions remain inconsistent. Emerging evidence further indicates that sex-specific molecular programs extend beyond endocrine signaling alone and include cell type-specific transcriptional architectures established across the lifespan. Recent single-cell transcriptomic studies have suggested that biological sex fundamentally shapes multicellular brain vulnerability. However, prevailing preclinical systems incompletely model human endocrine aging, sex chromosome biology, and patient-specific genetic heterogeneity, thereby limiting translational relevance. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural systems provide a new platform for mechanistically interrogating sex-specific pathways within human genetic backgrounds. By preserving donor-specific genetic backgrounds and sex chromosome complement, iPSC-derived neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and multicellular systems enable controlled investigation of hormone-responsive phenotypes, APOE-associated mechanisms, and cell type-specific transcriptional programs. However, their developmental immaturity and incomplete representation of systemic aging, vascular, immune, and endocrine physiology limit direct extrapolation to patients. Integration of these cellular systems with human omics datasets, neuropathological observations, and clinical studies may therefore help address specific components of the translational gap in AD.

PMID 42876052
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PubMedThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2026-10-15

Waist circumference outperforms cardiometabolic indices for identifying hypogonadism in Klinefelter Syndrome.

Graziani Andrea A, Nardin Matteo M, Grande Giuseppe G, Pollis Riccardo Maria RM et al.

Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is characterized by primary hypogonadism and increased cardiometabolic risk. The utility of cardiometabolic indices remains unclear. To evaluate whether anthropometric and cardiometabolic indices provide incremental value beyond age for identifying hypogonadism in men with KS. Retrospective cross-sectional cohort study at a tertiary referral center. 580 patients with KS were evaluated. Analyses assessing biochemical hypogonadism were restricted to untreated patients with available calculated free testosterone (cFT) concentrations (n = 328). Biochemical androgen deficiency was defined as cFT <0.220 nmol/L. Discriminative performance and incremental value of WC, LAP, TyG, and HOMA-IR were assessed using logistic regression, ROC analyses, reclassification analyses, decision curve analysis (DCA), and bootstrap validation. Among untreated patients, 64.9% had biochemical hypogonadism. WC showed the highest discriminative ability (AUC 0.747) and slightly greater discrimination than cardiometabolic indices including LAP (AUC 0.704), HOMA-IR (AUC 0.681), and TyG index (AUC 0.612). In multivariable analyses adjusted for age, WC remained independently associated with hypogonadism (OR 1.05 per cm; p < 0.001). Age alone yielded an AUC of 0.744, which increased to 0.796 after addition of WC (p = 0.007), whereas addition of LAP resulted in only modest improvement (AUC 0.758). Addition of WC improved reclassification beyond age. DCA demonstrated consistent gains in clinical net benefit with inclusion of WC, whereas composite cardiometabolic indices provided limited additional utility. In KS, WC provides incremental value beyond age for identifying hypogonadism, whereas composite cardiometabolic indices offer limited additional discriminatory value. These findings suggest that simple anthropometric assessment may support endocrine-metabolic stratification in KS.

PMID 42875728
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PubMedJournal of biological engineering2026-10-15

Years-long stability of X10 expansion microscopy hydrogels.

Abbas Eman E, Shaib Ali H AH, Hassan Mohamed A MA, Rizzoli Silvio O SO

Expansion microscopy (ExM) is developing rapidly to explore biological structures, both towards nanoscale imaging and the wider-scale analysis of cells and tissues. ExM is based on embedding samples in swellable hydrogels, which then expand to enable superior microscopy performance with conventional microscopes. However, imaging precision is limited by the stability of the hydrogels, which are typically regarded as less robust than conventional samples. Here, we show that hydrogels based on N, N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) remain stable for several years, without a perceivable loss of structure. No special measures of stabilization are necessary for the gel matrix, but post-fixation is required to maintain the integrity of antibody labeling, when post-expansion labeling procedures are employed. Otherwise, antibodies slowly lose epitope binding over years, corrupting both signal intensity and resolution. We conclude that ExM hydrogels are substantially more robust than previously envisioned, enhancing signal intensity and enabling years-long performance, with minimal care. Moreover, this paves the avenue to re-imaging, inter-lab sample exchange, and retrospective analyses, which could be employed in medical applications ranging from diagnostic validation and biomarker discovery to comparative studies across time points or cohorts. This approach extends ExM from a single-use technique to a platform compatible with sustained experimental workflows.

PMID 42875804
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PubMedSmall (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)2026-10-15

Low-Energy Vertical Organic Synaptic Transistors Enabled by Siloxane Crosslinking-Induced Edge-On Molecular Ordering.

Huang Jiale J, Lan Linfeng L, Liu Yutian Y, Huang Bo B et al.

The von Neumann bottleneck has driven the development of low-power neuromorphic devices such as vertical organic synaptic transistors (VOSTs), which offer ultrashort charge transport pathways and high integration density. However, their performance is still limited by poor molecular ordering and the difficulty in achieving effective gate-controlled modulation. Here, a siloxane crosslinking strategy is proposed by incorporating 1,6-bis(trichlorosilyl)hexane (C6Si) into poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) to form a dense cross-linked network, enabling improved molecular ordering, backbone planarity, and interfacial stability. As a result, a pronounced edge-on molecular orientation of 93.00% was achieved, establishing efficient vertical charge transport pathways. The ion gel-gated VOSTs exhibited excellent electrical performance at an ultralow operation voltage (-0.5 V), including high on/off current ratio (Ion/Ioff) (9.48 × 104), low subthreshold swing (SS) (111 mV dec-1), and the minimum synaptic-event energy consumption at low level (∼50 aJ), along with rich synaptic plasticity. Ex-situ neural network simulations demonstrate over 91% accuracy in MNIST handwritten digit recognition. Meanwhile, the device arrays enable high-contrast image reconstruction and visual memory functions, providing an effective molecular design strategy for the development of low-cost, scalable neuromorphic computing devices.

PMID 42876228
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