Drug Database
TE

testosterone (TBS1 / Natesto / TBS 1)

✓ Approved

HyundaiPharm · AR · Steroids

What is testosterone?

testosterone is a steroids developed by HyundaiPharm. It is approved for therapeutic indications via inhaled or intranasal.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesTBS1, Natesto, TBS 1
CompanyHyundaiPharm
Drug ClassSteroids, Small Molecule
Molecular TargetAR
RouteInhaled, Intranasal
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, HyundaiPharm

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

testosterone acts on 1 molecular target:

ARandrogen receptor (DHTR, AR8)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

testosterone is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Endocrine disordersHypogonadism✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedVeterinary medicine and science2026-07-17

The Combination of Nigella sativa Oil-Based Nanoemulsion and Quercetin Alleviates Oxidative Stress From Exogenous Testosterone Through Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms in Rats.

Najafi Majid M, Panahi Negar N, Hesaraki Saeed S, Akbari Ghasem G

Exogenous testosterone therapy induces testicular oxidative stress and inflammation, suppressing spermatogenesis. Chronic restraint and high-intensity exercise stress exacerbate reproductive dysfunction. Quercetin (Qu) and black seed oil (BSO) possess potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study evaluates the efficacy of Qu-loaded BSO (Qu-BSO) nanoemulsion in mitigating testosterone-induced testicular damage in rats subjected to exercise and restraint stress, as well as to testosterone and finasteride administration. A Qu-BSO nanoemulsion was prepared and characterized. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n = 6): control (C), testosterone (T) at 20 mg/kg weekly via subcutaneous injection, testosterone + finasteride (TF) at 1 mg/kg 5 days a week, testosterone + high-intensity treadmill exercise (TE) for 50 min daily, testosterone + chronic restraint stress (TI) for 3 h daily and testosterone + Qu-BSO (TQBSNE) for 6 weeks. Serum testosterone, LH, testicular antioxidants (SOD, CAT and GPx), lipid peroxidation (MDA), inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA), and histopathology were assessed. The T, TF and TI groups exhibited significant testicular damage with elevated oxidative stress and inflammation. The T and TF groups exhibited the highest serum testosterone. TE showed partial protection. The TQBSNE treatment group provided superior protection, with significantly higher SOD, CAT and GPx activities, the lowest MDA levels and reduced TNF-α and IL-1β expression. TQBSNE also partially restored LH levels. The high-intensity exercise group showed a partial protective effect. Chronic restraint stress exacerbated testicular damage caused by testosterone. Qu-BSO nanoemulsion effectively counteracted testosterone-induced testicular damage through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, representing a promising therapeutic strategy.

PMID 42464454
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PubMedFrontiers in medicine2026-07-17

Identification of key vaginal microbial signatures and immune remodeling associated with HR-HPV clearance following Kushen Gel treatment: a longitudinal analysis.

Wang Ying Y, Pan Shuheng S, Zhang Fengying F, Ma Huimin H et al.

Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection drives cervical carcinogenesis, often exacerbated by vaginal dysbiosis and localized immune dysfunction. Kushen Gel shows clinical promise, yet its impact on microbial-immune crosstalk during HR-HPV clearance remains unclear. This study elucidates the microbial remodeling and immune shifts associated with Kushen Gel-mediated HR-HPV regression. A retrospective analysis of 230 vaginal swabs (130 pre-treatment, 100 post-treatment) via 16S rRNA sequencing characterized community structural shifts. Subsequently, a prospective cohort of 35 patients with persistent HR-HPV infection (defined as laboratory-confirmed positive HR-HPV DNA for ≥12 months) validated clinical outcomes (HR-HPV clearance, vaginal pH, Nugent scores) alongside paired 16S rRNA sequencing and ELISA-based quantification of cervicovaginal cytokines (IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ). Kushen Gel intervention significantly decreased microbial alpha diversity and was associated with a distinct beta-diversity shift toward a stable, Lactobacillus-dominant state. Models (LEfSe, Random Forest) identified a marked reduction in pathobionts (Gardnerella, Sneathia, Prevotella) post-treatment. In the prospective cohort, the HR-HPV clearance rate reached 82.9% (29/35) after three menstrual cycles, synchronized with significant reductions in mean vaginal pH (4.85 ± 0.42 to 4.12 ± 0.35, p < 0.001) and an 85.7% Nugent score normalization rate. Crucially, Kushen Gel treatment was associated with a profound shift from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-viral immune microenvironment. Pro-inflammatory markers (IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α) plummeted significantly (p < 0.0001), while anti-viral IFN-γ exhibited a robust increase (3.2 ± 1.1 to 18.6 ± 5.4 pg./mL, p < 0.0001), particularly in responders. Lactobacillus abundance positively correlated with IFN-γ (r = 0.68) and inversely with IL-8 (r = -0.54). Kushen Gel is associated with HR-HPV clearance and concurrent vaginal microenvironment remodeling, marked by suppressed anaerobic-driven inflammation and an enhanced IFN-γ-associated anti-viral niche dominated by Lactobacillus. These findings biologically support using Kushen Gel to manage vaginal dysbiosis and HR-HPV regression.

PMID 42465087
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PubMedAdvanced functional materials2026-07-17

Self-Assembled Nanoclay Gel with Spheroid MSC-Derived Exosome Mimetics to Integrate Demineralized Bone Matrix and Noggin-Targeting miRNA for Synergistic Osteogenesis.

Xu Changlu C, Li Zhi Z, Kang Minjee M, Sheng Ruoyu R et al.

Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) is widely used as an alternative to autografts for repairing bone defects, but its clinical efficacy is limited by poor retention at the defect site and inadequate osteogenic capacity. Here, we developed a multifunctional carrier system aimed at improving the capacity of DBM by utilizing nanoclay-based self-assembly along with cell-derived exosome mimetics (EMs). EMs were derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) osteogenically induced in spheroids and were functionalized with bisphosphonates (BP) to assemble a stable gel network with laponite nanoclays via BP-nanoclay edge interactions. The resulting self-assembled nanoclay gel exhibited excellent injectability, moldability, and self-healing properties, even when loaded with a high concentration of DBM, and supported MSC osteogenic differentiation. We further enhanced the potency of DBM-mediated osteogenesis and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in the nanoclay gel by incorporating BP-functionalized EMs (EM-BPs) loaded with miR-200c that can target BMP antagonist noggin. Lastly, we validated the bone regeneration efficacy of DBM-loaded nanoclay gels in comparison to commercially available DBM putties using a mouse calvarial defect model. This approach presents a versatile nanoclay gel carrier platform that overcomes the limitations of current DBM formulations and provides a promising strategy for improved bone repair.

PMID 42466084
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PubMedAndrology2026-07-17

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone to Inhibin B Ratio Among Primary Infertile Men With Low Testosterone-A Biochemical Marker of Testicular Reserve.

Negri Fausto F, Pozzi Edoardo E, Raffo Massimiliano M, Boeri Luca L et al.

In adult males, Inhibin B (InhB) production depends on follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-which stimulates InhB as part of a negative feedback loop on the pituitary gland-and on spermatogenic activity, which reflects the functional state of the seminiferous epithelium. We aimed to (i) investigate the role of the FSH/InhB ratio in a homogeneous cohort of primary infertile men with low testosterone levels and (ii) evaluate its reliability as a marker of impairment severity. Data from 1568 consecutive primary infertile men, defined according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, were analyzed. Patients underwent thorough assessments comprising complete demographic, clinical, genetic, and laboratory investigations, including semen analysis and sperm DNA fragmentation index (SDF) testing. Low testosterone was defined as serum total testosterone (tT) < 3.5 ng/mL, according to the EAU threshold. Patients with any chromosomal alteration and history of cryptorchidism were excluded from the analysis. The final cohort was stratified into two groups based on the median FSH/InhB ratio (≤ 0.23 vs. > 0.23). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize baseline characteristics, and linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the associations between the FSH/InhB ratio and sperm concentration. Overall, 360 men (23%) reported tT < 3.5 ng/mL. Of these, men with higher FSH/InhB ratio levels displayed lower mean testicular volume (TV) [13.5 (10, 20) vs. 17.5 (15, 22.5) mL, p < 0.001], anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) [0.2 (0.16, 2.7) vs. 6 (3.5, 7.2) ng/mL, p = 0.01] and total motile sperm count (TMSC) [4.4 (0.4, 21.6) vs. 15.7 (2, 55), p < 0.001], along with higher rates of non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) (31.7% vs. 12.8%, p < 0.001). No additional significant differences were observed between the groups. At multivariable linear regression analysis, smaller TV [β = 2.42 (95% CI 1.41, 2.86); p`0.01], higher BMI [β = -1.24 (95% CI -2.25, -0.23); p = 0.02] and higher FSH/InhB ratio [β = -0.53 (95% CI -1.04, -0.03); p = 0.04] were identified as independent predictors of lower sperm concentration, after adjusting for age and tT. Among primary infertile men with low tT levels, those with a higher FSH/InhB ratio exhibited a more severe phenotype, characterized by reduced TV, lower TMSC, and higher rates of NOA as compared with those with a lower ratio. These findings identify a distinct endocrine phenotype characterized by reduced InhB production at comparable FSH levels, which is associated with impaired gonadal function. The FSH/InhB ratio emerges as a useful biomarker to stratify gonadal dysfunction severity in men with primary infertility and hypogonadism.

PMID 42466593
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PubMedCureus2026-07-17

Urological Complications of Morbid Obesity and the Role of Bariatric Surgery and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Their Management: A Systematic Review.

Khalil Waqas W, Bibi Khadija K, Fareed Tauheed T, Khan Sajad S et al.

Morbid obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥40 kg/m² or ≥35 kg/m² with comorbidities) predisposes patients to multiple urological disorders, including urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, erectile dysfunction, hypogonadism, nephrolithiasis, obesity-related kidney disease, renal cell carcinoma, and aggressive prostate cancer. Bariatric surgery is the most effective durable treatment for severe obesity. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, including semaglutide and tirzepatide, have revolutionised obesity pharmacotherapy. This systematic review evaluates the urological complications of morbid obesity and the effects of bariatric surgery and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on these outcomes. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library (January 2000 to June 2025) for studies reporting urological outcomes in adults with BMI ≥35 kg/m². Two reviewers independently screened and extracted data. We assessed risk of bias using the A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) version 2 and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE). Eighty-four studies (>165,000 participants) met the inclusion criteria. Obesity increases renal cell carcinoma risk (relative risk: 1.5-2.0) and prostate cancer mortality (hazard ratio: 1.19-1.24) but paradoxically reduces prostate cancer incidence. Urinary incontinence and overactive bladder improve or resolve in 50-70% of women after bariatric surgery. Erectile dysfunction and hypogonadism improve after bariatric surgery, with International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) scores increasing 4-6 points and testosterone rising 30-50%. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists increase testosterone (standardised mean difference: 1.39 ng/mL) and improve erectile function. Tirzepatide reduces urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio by 19-47% and preserves estimated glomerular filtration rate. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass increases nephrolithiasis risk 2.5-4-fold via enteric hyperoxaluria, whereas sleeve gastrectomy does not. Robot-assisted surgery in obese patients achieves complication rates comparable to those of non-obese patients after comorbidity adjustment. Bariatric surgery improves obesity-related urological morbidity, but Roux-en-Y gastric bypass increases stone risk. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists offer a promising alternative with evidence for testosterone restoration, improved erectile function, and renal protection. Preoperative urological assessment, procedure selection, and multidisciplinary care are essential.

PMID 42465136
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PubMedCureus2026-07-17

The Evidence-Practice Gap in Testosterone Therapy for Prostate Cancer: A Narrative Review.

Aly Mohammed M, Joseph Anisha A, Amer Tarik T

The contraindication to testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in men with prostate cancer (PCa) has been progressively challenged by contemporary evidence. Over recent years, increasing data suggest that TRT does not increase biochemical recurrence, disease progression, or PCa-specific mortality in carefully selected men, including those managed by active surveillance and those treated with radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy. Despite this convergence in the evidence, clinical practice has lagged. Major society guidelines continue to describe the available data as inadequate; many clinicians decline TRT in any man with a history of PCa, and symptomatic hypogonadism in survivors remains undertreated. This narrative review synthesises the contemporary evidence and characterises the persistent gap between evidence and clinical practice. It examines the principal drivers of that gap, which include conservative interpretation of guideline language, medico-legal anxiety, concerns surrounding on-treatment biochemical monitoring, the absence of randomised trials in this specific population, multidisciplinary fragmentation, and limited exposure during training. A practical clinical framework for shared decision-making and on-treatment surveillance, relevant to the UK and European practice, is proposed. The review concludes that an absolute contraindication is no longer tenable in men with symptomatic hypogonadism and a history of treated PCa, and that this population deserves a contemporary, evidence-informed conversation about TRT.

PMID 42465160
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