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ES

estradiol (Estreva oral / Estreva / Estreva gel)

✓ Approved

Merck KGaA · ESR1 · Small Molecule

What is estradiol?

estradiol is a small molecule developed by Merck KGaA. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po) or transdermal.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesEstreva oral, Estreva, Estreva gel
CompanyMerck KGaA
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetESR1
RouteOral (PO), Transdermal
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Merck KGaA

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

estradiol acts on 1 molecular target:

ESR1estrogen receptor 1 (ER, ESR)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

estradiol is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Surgical and medical proceduresHormone replacement therapy✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedSoft matter2026-10-15

The roles of elasticity and dimension in liquid-gel phase separation.

Wang Shichen S, Olmsted Peter D PD

We compare seven elastic models for polymer networks in the context of phase separation within a gel, including a new model that combines the finite extensible Arruda-Boyce model and the slip tube model for entangled chains. We study incompressible uniaxial stretch and compression, and three volume-changing constrained-dimension deformations, in which the material can only deform in the designated dimension(s), while the constrained direction(s) remain(s) the same. Each model responds differently to large deformations, and our proposed model successfully describes both strain softening and strain hardening, which are both present in well-entangled elastomers. When considering phase separation, we show that the commonly used neo-Hookean model fails to admit a common tangent construction for phase coexistence for 3D deformations. This can be resolved by using a model with finite extension, such as the Arruda-Boyce model. In constrained-dimension deformations, where the gel's volume is allowed to change, for elastic models in which phase coexistence is possible, the critical temperature increases and the critical concentration decreases with increasing deformation dimensions. This strong dependence of the phase diagram on spatial dimension and geometry distinguishes phase separation in elastic media from conventional liquid-liquid phase separation.

PMID 42876437
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PubMedInternational journal of primatology2026-10-15

Hair Steroid Signatures of Cooperative Breeding in Male and Female Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

Laubi Benjamin N BN, Glauser Gaëtan G, Willems Erik P EP, van Schaik Carel P CP et al.

Cooperative breeding presents social and reproductive challenges that differ from those associated with independent breeding, but its endocrine correlates are not well understood. We investigated cumulative steroid hormone profiles in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), a primate species characterized by shared caregiving and clearly defined reproductive roles between primary breeders and non-breeding helper group members. Using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) on hair samples, we simultaneously quantified six steroid hormones across 71 individuals varying in breeding role, sex, age, and group reproductive context. Glucocorticoids were highest in breeder females, declined with age, and were higher in breeders when dependent offspring were present. Testosterone showed a comparatively modest male-female difference and was positively associated with the presence of dependent offspring in breeders, whereas androstenedione closely paralleled testosterone across age, consistent with shared regulation. Ovarian steroids showed clear sex differentiation in progesterone, with markedly elevated levels in breeder females, whereas estradiol differences were smaller, emerging as a modest sex effect within breeders and an age effect in helpers. Together, these findings highlight weaker sexual dimorphism in sex hormone profiles than often reported for independently breeding primates. They also reveal hormonal signatures of stress and vigilance related to caregiving, consistent with cooperative breeding in marmosets. Our study demonstrates the value of hair for long-term hormonal assessment and underscores the utility of HPLC-MS/MS for quantifying multiple hormones with high specificity in socially complex primates. The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-026-00568-9.

PMID 42876644
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PubMedJournal of biological engineering2026-10-15

Years-long stability of X10 expansion microscopy hydrogels.

Abbas Eman E, Shaib Ali H AH, Hassan Mohamed A MA, Rizzoli Silvio O SO

Expansion microscopy (ExM) is developing rapidly to explore biological structures, both towards nanoscale imaging and the wider-scale analysis of cells and tissues. ExM is based on embedding samples in swellable hydrogels, which then expand to enable superior microscopy performance with conventional microscopes. However, imaging precision is limited by the stability of the hydrogels, which are typically regarded as less robust than conventional samples. Here, we show that hydrogels based on N, N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) remain stable for several years, without a perceivable loss of structure. No special measures of stabilization are necessary for the gel matrix, but post-fixation is required to maintain the integrity of antibody labeling, when post-expansion labeling procedures are employed. Otherwise, antibodies slowly lose epitope binding over years, corrupting both signal intensity and resolution. We conclude that ExM hydrogels are substantially more robust than previously envisioned, enhancing signal intensity and enabling years-long performance, with minimal care. Moreover, this paves the avenue to re-imaging, inter-lab sample exchange, and retrospective analyses, which could be employed in medical applications ranging from diagnostic validation and biomarker discovery to comparative studies across time points or cohorts. This approach extends ExM from a single-use technique to a platform compatible with sustained experimental workflows.

PMID 42875804
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PubMedSmall (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)2026-10-15

Low-Energy Vertical Organic Synaptic Transistors Enabled by Siloxane Crosslinking-Induced Edge-On Molecular Ordering.

Huang Jiale J, Lan Linfeng L, Liu Yutian Y, Huang Bo B et al.

The von Neumann bottleneck has driven the development of low-power neuromorphic devices such as vertical organic synaptic transistors (VOSTs), which offer ultrashort charge transport pathways and high integration density. However, their performance is still limited by poor molecular ordering and the difficulty in achieving effective gate-controlled modulation. Here, a siloxane crosslinking strategy is proposed by incorporating 1,6-bis(trichlorosilyl)hexane (C6Si) into poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) to form a dense cross-linked network, enabling improved molecular ordering, backbone planarity, and interfacial stability. As a result, a pronounced edge-on molecular orientation of 93.00% was achieved, establishing efficient vertical charge transport pathways. The ion gel-gated VOSTs exhibited excellent electrical performance at an ultralow operation voltage (-0.5 V), including high on/off current ratio (Ion/Ioff) (9.48 × 104), low subthreshold swing (SS) (111 mV dec-1), and the minimum synaptic-event energy consumption at low level (∼50 aJ), along with rich synaptic plasticity. Ex-situ neural network simulations demonstrate over 91% accuracy in MNIST handwritten digit recognition. Meanwhile, the device arrays enable high-contrast image reconstruction and visual memory functions, providing an effective molecular design strategy for the development of low-cost, scalable neuromorphic computing devices.

PMID 42876228
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PubMedTransport in porous media2026-10-15

Adaptive Time-Stepping and Machine Learning Approach for Pore-Scale Reactive Transport Simulations.

Baur Micha P MP, Churakov Sergey V SV, Prasianakis Nikolaos I NI

Pore-scale reactive transport simulations are typically computationally very expensive, which limits their application to complex heterogeneous systems. To solve the computational bottleneck, an adaptive time-stepping algorithm is developed and combined with machine learning-derived surrogate models for geochemical calculations. The time-step is adapted by monitoring the evolution of the diffusion field and the precipitation reactions and by exploiting intermediate stationary states of the system. The algorithm is benchmarked on a system relevant to cement-claystone interaction with the geochemical reaction being the precipitation of Calcium-Silicate-Hydrates (C-S-H) in the pore space of a claystone. The precipitation of C-S-H is modeled as a solid solution, and it is possible to calculate and trace the local Ca/Si ratio of C-S-H, as well as the local amount of gel porosity. In the reactive transport simulations presented here, the geochemical surrogate models alone lead to acceleration factors of up to two orders of magnitude. The adaptive time-stepping algorithm leads to an additional acceleration of three to five orders of magnitude maintaining the relative deviation below 2%. The overall combined acceleration is demonstrated to be six to seven orders of magnitude having a profound impact and opening new computational avenues. The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-026-02287-4.

PMID 42876658
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PubMedJournal of the science of food and agriculture2026-10-15

Characterization of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)-phosphorylated hemoglobin for changing pork meat quality: from simulations to applications.

Wang Yanli Y, Liu Lili L, Cheng Weiwei W, Zhang Xinshuai X et al.

The valorization of hemoglobin (Hb) from meat processing by-products is essential for sustainable recycling. However, this process is severely constrained by the inherent limitations of Hb, such as poor stability and low solubility. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes a computationally guided dual-modification strategy. This approach integrates covalent phosphorylation with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)-mediated non-covalent interactions to enhance the applicability of modified Hb. Artificial neural network prediction and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to rationalize the modification process. MD simulations and binding energy calculations revealed that the stability of the complex is driven by specific amino acid residues, with ALA142, ASN139 and THR38 making the most significant contributions through robust hydrogen bonding networks. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed that this interaction with EGCG drastically reduced the α-helix content (from 74% to 30%), inducing a conformational opening that exposed cryptic hydrophobic pockets. The modified Hb exhibited superior surface hydrophobicity, antioxidant activity and foaming capacity. Crucially, application in a pork meat sausage model demonstrated that the EGCG-phosphorylated porcine hemoglobin (EGCG-PHb) complex effectively acted, overcoming the severe gel brittleness caused by phosphorylation and significantly enhancing the springiness and chewiness of the meat matrix. The protein structure of the EGCG-PHb complex was significantly altered compared to Hb, and EGCG-PHb complex also significantly improved the springiness and chewiness of pork sausages. This dual-modification strategy provides new insights into the development and utilization of Hb. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID 42876045
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