MicroPharm · Polyclonal Antibodies · Polyclonal Antibodies
snake venom antibody-2 is a polyclonal antibodies developed by MicroPharm. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intravenous (iv).
| Brand Names | ViperaTAb |
| Company | MicroPharm |
| Drug Class | Polyclonal Antibodies, Antibody |
| Route | Injectable (Others), Intravenous (IV) |
| Status | Approved |
snake venom antibody-2 is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.
| Therapeutic Area | Condition | Phase |
|---|---|---|
| Injury, poisoning and procedural complications | Venom poisoning | ✓ Approved |
Devi Shrudhi S, Jayaraman Gurunathan G
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2025.1674791.].
Silva de Assis Thamyres T, Fernandes Costa Tamara G TG, Lopes-de-Souza Letícia L, Costal-Oliveira Fernanda F et al.
L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) is a major component of snake venoms and contributes to several pathological effects associated with envenomation. However, the identification of immunodominant B-cell epitopes within this toxin remains poorly explored. In this study, native LAAO from Bothrops atrox venom was purified and used to generate polyclonal antibodies in rabbits. Anti-LAAO IgG antibodies were purified and employed in SPOT synthesis-based epitope mapping using a peptide array comprising 122 overlapping pentadecapeptides covering the complete amino acid sequence of B. atrox LAAO (GenBank: ALL27300.1). Five antigenic regions distributed throughout the N-terminal, central, and C-terminal portions of the toxin were identified. Subsequent bioinformatic analyses, including epitope prediction and structural evaluation, identified PEP1 (VGEVNKDPGVLEYPVKPSEVGKS) as the most promising candidate. This peptide was synthesized and evaluated as an immunogen in mice. Immunization with PEP1 elicited antibodies capable of recognizing both the synthetic peptide and native LAAO, as well as cross-reacting with crude B. atrox venom. Sequence alignment demonstrated that this epitope is highly conserved among LAAOs from different snake species. These findings identify a conserved and immunoreactive linear B-cell epitope of LAAO, providing a basis for future studies exploring its use in immunogen design and antivenom development.
Mahesh E E, Yousuff Mohammed M, Monika N N, Prabhu Pooja P et al.
Snakebite is a neglected tropical disease with a high burden in South Asia, particularly India. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most serious complications of snake envenomation, which has significant morbidity, mortality, and risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The present study aimed to evaluate the incidence, predictors, and outcomes of snakebite-associated AKI (SBE-AKI) in a tertiary care center. We retrospectively analyzed 325 patients with snakebite envenomation, admitted to our institution. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment variables were compared between patients with and without AKI. AKI was staged according to KDIGO criteria. Renal biopsy was performed selectively in patients with prolonged renal failure, dialysis dependence, delayed renal recovery, or suspicion of irreversible renal injury. Outcomes assessed included recovery, progression to CKD, and mortality. Of the 325 patients, 79 (32.1%) developed AKI. Patients with AKI were significantly younger (mean age 34 vs. 45 years, p = 0.001). Delay in antisnake venom (ASV) administration (5 vs. 9 h, p = 0.001), need for inotropes (41.8% vs. 14.2%, p = 0.001), and mechanical ventilation (36.7% vs. 6.9%, p = 0.001) were strong predictors. Proteinuria was more frequent in AKI (80% vs. 32.5%). Among AKI patients, 57% had Stage 3 AKI; 39.2% required dialysis. Biopsy (n = 8) showed acute tubular necrosis in 37.5% and cortical necrosis in 25%. Outcomes included 77.2% recovery, 6.3% progression to CKD, and 16.5% mortality. SBE-AKI is a common and serious complication of snakebite. Delay in ASV administration, hemodynamic instability, proteinuria, advanced AKI stage, and cortical necrosis predict poor outcomes. Early ASV, timely dialysis, and long-term nephrology follow-up are essential to improve survival and reduce CKD progression.
Bagdonaitė Dovilė Laisvūnė DL, Rodríguez-Pastor Ruth R, Prakas Petras P, Butkauskas Dalius D et al.
Du Pengyuan P, Esfandiari Mojtaba M, Wei Haochen H, Jinno Makoto M et al.
This study presents a modeling and control framework for a retinal microsurgical robot, the Improved Integrated Robotic Intraocular Snake (I2RIS), which accounts for the coupling between pitch and yaw degrees of freedom. The system is modeled using a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) mass-spring-damping (MSD) formulation, with parameters and states jointly estimated through a dual-extended Kalman filter (dual-EKF) approach. Unlike analytical methods such as Cosserat-based models, the proposed approach is computationally efficient, requires minimal training data, and enables real-time control. The coupled MSD model captures the interdependence between pitch and yaw dynamics using experimentally optimized parameters. An optimal stochastic controller, the Model Predictive Path Integral (MPPI), is then designed and compared with a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) in a trajectory-tracking control problem. Experimental results demonstrate that MPPI achieves superior performance and robustness in controlling the coupled dynamics of the I2RIS robot, offering a promising solution for efficient real-time control of snake-like robotic systems.
Wilky Breelyn A BA, Julian Katherine A KA, Maleddu Alessandra A, Mailhot Anne C AC et al.
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