Drug Database
IN

insulin (Monotard MC / Novolin L / Human Monotard)

✓ Approved

Novo Nordisk A/S · INSR · Recombinant Proteins

What is insulin?

insulin is a recombinant proteins developed by Novo Nordisk A/S. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intramuscular (im) injection or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesMonotard MC, Novolin L, Human Monotard
CompanyNovo Nordisk A/S
Drug ClassRecombinant Proteins, Polypeptide
Molecular TargetINSR
RouteInjectable (Others), Intramuscular (IM) Injection, Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Novo Nordisk A/S

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

insulin acts on 1 molecular target:

INSRinsulin receptor (CD220, HHF5)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

insulin is developed for 2 unique indications across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 1 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 2 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedRevista espanola de medicina nuclear e imagen molecular2026-08-30

Duration of levothyroxine discontinuation and pre-radioiodine TSH levels in thyroid cancer.

Mintegui G G, Martínez Z Z, Basantes M M, Ferrando R R

Radioiodine treatment in differentiated thyroid carcinoma requires elevated TSH levels to optimize the uptake of [131I]NaI. Levothyroxine suspension is the usual strategy for inducing endogenous TSH elevation, although the optimal duration of this suspension remains controversial. To evaluate the effect of the duration of levothyroxine suspension on TSH levels achieved prior to radioiodine treatment. Retrospective cohort study that included 104 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma treated at a reference university center. Patients were classified according to the time of discontinuation of levothyroxine prior to radioiodine treatment: three weeks (group A, n = 21) and four weeks (group B, n = 83). TSH levels between groups and their distribution by categories (<30, 30-49, 50-69, 70-99 y ≥100 mIU/L) were analyzed. The proportion of patients who reached the recommended TSH threshold (≥30 mIU/L) was also evaluated. The mean age (SD) was 46.7 (10.3) years and 87 patients were women. The mean TSH was 70.9 mIU/L (95% CI: 54.5-87.2) in group A and 88.7 mIU/L (95% CI: 84.8-92.6) in group B. The proportion of patients who achieved TSH ≥ 30 mIU/L was significantly higher in group B (100% vs 76.2%; p < 0.001). The distribution of TSH levels by category differed significantly between both groups (p < 0.001). On the other hand, the proportion of patients with TSH ≥ 100 mIU/L did not show significant differences (60.2% vs 47.6%; p = 0.42). In multivariate analysis adjusted for age, sex, and radioiodine dose, levothyroxine discontinuation time was not independently associated with the likelihood of TSH ≥ 100 mIU/L. Three weeks of levothyroxine suspension allowed TSH levels ≥30 mIU/L to be reached in most patients, although a proportion did not reach the recommended threshold. Four weeks were associated with adequate TSH elevation in all patients in this cohort. TSH monitoring during preparation could allow for more individualized strategies that optimize thyroid stimulation, minimizing unnecessary exposure to hypothyroidism.

PMID 42669345
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PubMedSkeletal radiology2026-08-30

De novo osteosarcoma following prolonged denosumab treatment for giant cell tumor of bone at an anatomically distant site: a case report.

Burbank Katherine Elon KE, Henshaw Robert Mikael RM, Jelinek James Stephen JS, Murphey Mark D MD

Denosumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting RANKL, FDA-approved for the treatment of giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB). While it has shown efficacy in tumor regression and bone preservation, rare cases of malignant transformation to osteosarcoma have been associated with denosumab treatments. Previous literature has attributed such cases to either initial misdiagnosis of a malignant giant cell tumor at baseline presentation or, more rarely, transformation of previously histologically benign GCTB to a secondary malignant GCTB. To our knowledge, these cases involved or arose from an existing giant cell tumor neoplasm. We present a unique case of a patient who developed de novo osteosarcoma at a distant location from their original GCTB tumor following prolonged denosumab therapy, highlighting the clinical course, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic considerations.

PMID 42668307
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PubMedBioactive materials2026-08-30

Reversing zinc dyshomeostasis and oxidative stress: A metallothionein 1-activating MXene/Zn2+ triple-action nanotherapeutic strategy for chronic non-bacterial prostatitis.

Liu Kailai K, Zhang Yuchen Y, Gao Yanyao Y, Zheng Yunhe Y et al.

Chronic non-bacterial prostatitis (CNP), a prevalent and debilitating urological disorder affecting 8.4% of men aged 15-60 years, presents significant clinical challenges due to the paucity of targeted therapies and poor patient adherence. To address this unmet medical need, we developed an innovative multifunctional nanoplatform (QM (Zn) NPs) by integrating Ti3C2 MXene with a quercetin-zinc coordination complex (Que-Zn) for precision CNP therapy. This system leverages chondroitin sulfate (Chs)-mediated CD44 targeting to achieve selective accumulation in inflamed prostate tissue, thereby enhancing Zn2+ bioavailability while enabling co-delivery of MXene and Que-Zn therapeutic payloads. Upon localization, QM (Zn) NPs orchestrate a coordinated therapeutic cascade: MXene scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) via electron-deficient sites, while Que-Zn drives M1-to-M2 macrophage repolarization and facilitates Zn2+ cellular uptake. The accumulated intracellular Zn2+ critically upregulates metallothionein 1 (Mt1), activating the IKK/NF-κB/IκB axis to resolve inflammation and oxidative damage. Transcriptomic analysis unequivocally identified Mt1 as the pivotal mediator of Zn2+-driven microenvironment reprogramming. Notably, QM (Zn) NPs not only significantly alleviated pelvic pain by mitigating neuronal oxidative stress but also exhibited excellent biocompatibility. This work pioneers a targeted nano-theranostic strategy that synergistically restores zinc homeostasis, quenches ROS, and reprograms immune responses, thereby establishing a transformative paradigm for CNP management.

PMID 42668497
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PubMedChemical communications (Cambridge, England)2026-08-30

Mapping conformational heterogeneity: 19F-Gd3+ ENDOR reveals otherwise hidden rotamer conformations.

Habel Edan E, Judd Martyna M, Huber Thomas T, Cox Nicholas N

19F-Gd3+ ENDOR is used to map the full conformational distribution of Trp42 in dihedral space in a de novo luminescent lanthanide-binding protein. By combining genetically encoded fluorination with regularisation modelling, we extract 19F-Gd3+ distance distributions, revealing a minor rotamer population proximal to the lanthanide, key for photoactivity.

PMID 42669308
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PubMedBiochemistry. Biokhimiia2026-08-30

EF-Hand Calcium-Binding Motif: Novel Structural and Functional Insights.

Denessiouk Konstantin A KA, Permyakov Evgeny A EA, Denesyuk Alexander I AI, Permyakov Sergey E SE

The EF-hand motif is one of the most widespread calcium-binding protein motifs in nature, mediating calcium signaling across a variety of biological processes. While structural and functional properties of the individual proteins within the EF-hand superfamily are well studied, general principles governing organization and function of these proteins are only now being elucidated. This review examines some of these emerging patterns, including recently discovered structural elements of the EF-hand motif (EF-hand zone, one-residue and three-residue units, local "Clamp" units, and "black" and "gray" clusters). Additionally, we discuss the ability of certain EF-hand proteins to recognize a broad spectrum of protein targets, as well as their zinc-binding properties. New structural data on the EF-hand domain allow proposing a structural-functional classification for the proteins in this family. Furthermore, tendency of some EF-hand proteins toward promiscuity and zinc binding significantly expands their functional importance.

PMID 42669557
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PubMedInternational journal of biomaterials2026-08-30

A Comparative Effect of Nano-Zirconia and Nano-Zinc Oxide on Color Stability of Pigmented Maxillofacial Silicone Under Accelerated Aging.

Shakir Shahad Mohammed SM, Salih Zryan Jaza Hama ZJH, Bunyan Shahad Fadhil SF, Aljumaily Izzaldeen Yaseen IY et al.

This in vitro study was designed to assess and compare the color stability of pigmented maxillofacial silicone elastomers reinforced with nano-zirconia and nano-zinc oxide with silicone without nanoparticles following accelerated weathering at various time intervals. A total of 150 disc-shaped pigmented maxillofacial silicone specimens were prepared and classified into one control group of 50 silicone elastomers pigmented without nanoparticles and two experimental groups of 50 nano-zirconia (ZrO2) and 50 nano-zinc oxide (ZnO). The samples were then exposed to artificial weathering for 200, 400, and 600 h of accelerated weathering. All color measurements were performed at baseline and after aging using same specimens assigned to each interval with a spectrophotometer in the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIELAB) color space. Color differences (ΔE) were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Greenhouse-Geisser correction (p < 0.05). Color change values of both groups increased markedly with time aging, indicating that nanoparticle reinforcement significantly influenced the color change over time. At all aging intervals, the ZrO2 group demonstrated the lowest ΔE values, followed by ZnO, while the control group exhibited the highest discoloration. After 600 h of accelerated aging, mean ΔE values were 3.23 for the control group, 2.82 for ZnO, and 2.16 for ZrO2, exhibiting a superior color stability of zirconia-reinforced silicone. Nano-ZrO2 showed better color change stability than nano-ZnO at all aging periods, indicating that it may be used to increase the esthetic longevity of maxillofacial silicone prosthesis.

PMID 42668787
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