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hydroquinone (pigmentasa / pigmentasa)

✓ Approved

Vinas · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is hydroquinone?

hydroquinone is a small molecule developed by Vinas. It is approved for therapeutic indications via topical.

Drug Profile

Brand Namespigmentasa, pigmentasa
CompanyVinas
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteTopical
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Vinas

Therapeutic Indications

hydroquinone is developed for 2 unique indications across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disordersChloasma✓ Approved
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disordersSkin hyperpigmentation✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedPoultry science2026-07-17

Chicken viperin inhibits fowl adenovirus serotype 4 replication and affects related innate immune signaling pathways.

Wan Lijun L, Wang Sheng S, Zeng Tingting T, Wang Can C et al.

Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) is the main pathogen causing hydropericardium‑hepatitis syndrome (HHS), which seriously endangers the poultry industry. Viperin, an interferon‑stimulated gene (ISG), possesses broad‑spectrum antiviral activity, but its role during FAdV‑4 infection remains unclear. In this study, the chicken viperin gene was cloned and expressed, and its sequence characteristics, protein structure and tissue distribution were systematically analyzed. By overexpressing or silencing viperin in chicken hepatocellular carcinoma (LMH) cells, the effect of viperin on FAdV‑4 replication was investigated; meanwhile, this study examined the expression levels of multiple factors associated with innate immune signaling pathways under different treatment conditions, to investigate the regulatory role of viperin in the innate immune response induced by FAdV‑4. The main results showed that chicken viperin is a ∼41 kDa protein predominantly composed of α‑helices and random coils, and is highly expressed in immune organs. Overexpression of viperin significantly reduced FAdV‑4 viral load and titer, whereas knockdown of viperin promoted viral replication. The expression levels of several innate immune factors, including LGP2, MDA5 and MAVS, varied under different conditions. This study preliminarily demonstrates that chicken viperin inhibits FAdV‑4 replication. By measuring the expression changes of multiple innate immune factors under different conditions, we analyzed and conjectured the innate immune regulatory mechanism of viperin against FAdV‑4. This research provides an important theoretical basis and potential molecular targets for the design of antiviral prevention and control strategies in poultry as well as for the development of next‑generation vaccine adjuvants. Moreover, it offers research directions and experimental ideas for further in‑depth dissection of the molecular mechanism by which viperin inhibits FAdV‑4.

PMID 42462452
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PubMedChemical communications (Cambridge, England)2026-07-17

Calix[4]thiazole: an elusive macrocycle with coordination properties.

Pati Narendra Nath NN, Watanabe Keita K, Sahoo Sameeta S, Ide Yuki Y et al.

Calix[4]thiazole, an elusive thiazole analogue of calix[4]pyrrole, was synthesized via a one-pot Hantzsch condensation. The macrocycle exhibits conformational flexibility and forms cationic Zn2+, Ni2+, and Co2+ complexes as well as a doubly protonated form. The cobalt complex showed amine binding behavior.

PMID 42464722
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PubMedCureus2026-07-17

Screening for Hepatic Steatosis and Fibrosis Among Physicians Attending the Integrated Diabetes and Endocrine Academy Conference: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Sinha Binayak B, Ghosal Samit S, RoyChaudhuri Soumyabrata S, Majumder Anirban A et al.

Introduction Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is commonly detected using the Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score, a non-invasive tool for advanced fibrosis, though its screening utility in this specific population remains uncertain. Transient elastography (FibroScan) measures steatosis using the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and fibrosis using liver stiffness measurement (LSM), both of which remain underexplored in metabolic diseases. This study evaluated the effectiveness of FIB-4 in screening for advanced hepatic fibrosis 3 (F3) and advanced hepatic fibrosis 4 (F4) in physicians with generalised or central obesity. Methods Physicians (n = 162) at the Integrated Diabetes and Endocrine Academy Conference (IDEACON) were assessed for demographics (age, sex), anthropometrics (height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC)), laboratory parameters (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), platelet count), and FIB-4. CAP and LSM were measured using FibroScan, and the diagnostic performance of FIB-4 was evaluated against CAP and LSM-defined outcomes for hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. Results The mean age of the participants was 46.0 years, and 86.3% were male. The mean BMI was 27.6 kg/m², and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was 28.6%. FIB-4 showed poor sensitivity (6.3% for LSM F3/F4 and 5.1% for stage 3 (S3) fibrosis) and area under the curves (AUCs) (0.51, 0.49), despite high specificity (95.7%). Multivariate analysis identified WC (OR = 1.09, p = 0.036) and ALT (OR = 1.05, p = 0.013) as predictors of CAP S3, age (OR = 1.16, p = 0.021) for LSM F3, and T2DM (OR = 33.34, p = 0.010) for LSM F4. Obese participants (88.8%) had higher CAP S3 (25.7%) and LSM F3/F4 (18.1%). Conclusion FIB-4 is inadequate for screening hepatic fibrosis in physicians. Combined CAP and LSM assessment is essential for at-risk individuals with obesity and increased WC.

PMID 42465153
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PubMedDiabetes research and clinical practice2026-07-17

Comparative dementia risk associated with SGLT2 inhibitors versus DPP-4 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes following traumatic brain injury: A propensity score-matched Cohort study.

Kuo Yung-De YD, Hung Shi-Jun SJ, Kuo Chia-Yu CY, Lai Chih-Cheng CC et al.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) independently increase dementia risk. We examined whether glucose-lowering drug selection was associated with dementia risk after TBI. We conducted a retrospective active-comparator cohort study using the TriNetX US Collaborative Network. Adults aged ≥ 50 years with T2DM and a first documented TBI between 2014 and 2025 were included. SGLT2 inhibitor users were compared with DPP-4 inhibitor users. After 1:1 propensity score matching, 5,357 patients remained in each group. Follow-up began 180 days after TBI and continued for up to 5 years. DPP-4 inhibitor use was associated with higher dementia risk than SGLT2 inhibitor use (HR 1.28, 95 % CI 1.08-1.51; p = 0.005). Kaplan-Meier-based 5-year cumulative incidence was 13.0 % versus 9.9 % (absolute risk difference 3.1 %; NNT ≈ 32). All-cause mortality was also higher with DPP-4 inhibitors (HR 1.26; p < 0.001). Among patients with T2DM following TBI, DPP-4 inhibitor use was associated with higher dementia risk and mortality compared with SGLT2 inhibitor use. Further studies are warranted.

PMID 42462925
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PubMedScientific reports2026-07-17

Low-cost approximate multipliers for quantum-dot cellular automata.

Fayazi Shobeir S, Abdoli Hatam H

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a promising beyond-complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) nanotechnology for ultra-low-energy digital systems, but the design of multipliers with low layout cost and power dissipation remains challenging. In parallel, approximate arithmetic has emerged as an effective strategy to trade bounded accuracy for significant reductions in area, delay, and energy in error-resilient applications. This paper introduces a family of approximate multipliers tailored to QCA and majority logic. At the Boolean level, we define an approximate 2 × 2 multiplier whose truth table deviates in only one out of sixteen input patterns (6.25% error rate), and an approximate 4:2 compressor that departs from the exact function in five out of 32 patterns (15.6% error rate), with errors confined to low-weight combinations. Two QCA realizations of the 2 × 2 tile are then proposed: a compact coplanar single-layer layout and a three-layer multilayer layout optimized for short interconnects and regular clock zoning. In addition, a majority-friendly approximate 4:2 compressor is implemented in QCA and employed to construct a 4 × 4 approximate multiplier by tiling the 2 × 2 blocks. All designs are evaluated in QCADesigner-E with a unified setup, reporting cell count, area, latency, cost, efficient complexity, and energy dissipation. Compared to the smallest previously reported 2 × 2 QCA multiplier, our most compact 2 × 2 realization reduces cell count, area, and cost by about 69%, 86.7%, and 86.7%, respectively, while maintaining low energy per operation. The proposed 4:2 compressor further cuts cell count and area by roughly 83% and 86.7%, and cost and efficient complexity by 98.8% and 98.1%, relative to the most compact delay-reporting QCA compressor. At the array level, the resulting 4 × 4 multiplier achieves up to 94-99% lower cost and 90-99% lower efficient complexity than representative QCA multipliers, while reducing average and total energy dissipation by more than 60% and 79% against recent multilayer and coplanar designs.

PMID 42463762
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PubMedHead & neck2026-07-17

Diagnostic Value of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound for TI-RADS 4-5 Benign Thyroid Nodules: A Propensity Score Matching Study.

Song Hongyan H, Hou Tingkun T, Wang Yanfang Y, Nie Fang F

Conventional ultrasonography has limitations in distinguishing benign from malignant thyroid nodules classified as ACR TI-RADS 4-5. We retrospectively enrolled 152 benign and 228 malignant papillary thyroid carcinomas (all ACR TI-RADS 4-5, confirmed by postoperative pathology). Propensity score matching was performed to balance conventional US features. After matching, 81 pairs of benign and malignant nodules were obtained. In this surgically treated cohort, multivariate analysis revealed that absence of filling defects on CEUS was independently associated with a higher likelihood of malignancy (p < 0.05). Incorporating CEUS features into the diagnostic model improved the AUC from 0.699 to 0.780. Notably, benign nodules with different pathological bases exhibited distinct CEUS manifestations. In this retrospective propensity-matched surgical cohort, CEUS provides incremental diagnostic value for ACR TI-RADS 4-5 thyroid nodules beyond conventional US. The combination of CEUS and conventional US improved diagnostic accuracy compared with conventional US alone. However, prospective studies in unselected patients are needed to validate these findings. The complex pathological underpinnings of different benign nodule types may contribute to variations in their CEUS manifestations.

PMID 42464886
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