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ciprofloxacin (Aceoto / Cetraxal / Cetraxal Otico)

✓ Approved

Laboratorios SALVAT · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is ciprofloxacin?

ciprofloxacin is a small molecule developed by Laboratorios SALVAT. It is approved for therapeutic indications via others.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesAceoto, Cetraxal, Cetraxal Otico
CompanyLaboratorios SALVAT
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteOthers
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Laboratorios SALVAT

Therapeutic Indications

ciprofloxacin is developed for 2 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Infections and infestationsOtitis externa✓ Approved
Ear and labyrinth disordersExternal ear inflammation✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedEnvironmental microbiology reports2026-08-30

Biofilm Source Shapes the Tolerance to Short-Term Ciprofloxacin Exposure.

Benavent-Celma Clara C, Oster Sophie S, Pietz Sebastian S, Filker Sabine S et al.

Periphytic biofilms are key mediators of freshwater ecosystem processes but are increasingly exposed to anthropogenic stressors. We compared biofilms sampled upstream and downstream of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, two source communities presumed to differ in prior exposure to wastewater-associated press disturbance, to examine differences in tolerance to ciprofloxacin (CIP) exposure. We assessed biomass, photosynthetic pigments and fatty acid (FA) profiles as well as microbial community structure using qPCR and metabarcoding. Downstream-sourced biofilms exhibited higher biomass stability, reduced pigment and FA losses and fewer bacterial and eukaryotic community shifts under CIP exposure than upstream-sourced biofilms. Upstream-sourced communities, despite higher baseline pigment and FA contents, showed pronounced sensitivity to CIP, including biomass declines and reduced prokaryotic diversity. Taxon-specific responses revealed stress-tolerant Chlorophyceae, cyanobacteria and heterotrophic taxa, which may have contributed to higher functional stability under the tested conditions. Our findings show that biofilm responses to CIP varied with source site and community composition. While not a direct test of environmental filtering, the observed patterns are consistent with its predictions. The results further suggest that legacy effects and spatial heterogeneity may influence biofilm vulnerability to antibiotic exposure, although this requires validation across multiple WWTP-impacted and reference sites.

PMID 42669567
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PubMedFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2026-08-29

A pleuromutilin-ciprofloxacin hybrid exhibits potent activity against Streptococcus suis.

Zhou Guiyu G, Zhao Feike F, Jia Xirui X, Wang Xiaoyu X et al.

The emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus suis, an important zoonotic pathogen, have created an urgent demand for new therapeutic agents with improved antibacterial efficacy. To address this challenge, we previously designed and synthesized a novel hybrid molecule, PHC, by linking ciprofloxacin to a pleuromutilin derivative via an L-homocysteine bridge. Although preliminary evaluations indicated favourable antibacterial activity, the antimicrobial effect of PHC against S. suis and its mechanism of action have not yet been systematically characterized. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of PHC against S. suis and elucidate its underlying antibacterial mechanisms. The antibacterial efficacy of PHC was assessed through time-kill kinetics and a murine infection model. Molecular docking was conducted to predict the interactions between PHC and its potential molecular targets, and RT-qPCR analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of PHC on genes associated with DNA replication, ribosomal function, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism in S. suis. Biofilm formation was quantified using crystal violet staining. In addition, DAPI/PI staining and DiSC3(5) fluorescence assays were employed to assess bacterial membrane integrity and membrane potential, respectively. Changes in intracellular ATP levels and ROS production were further measured to characterize the antibacterial mode of action of PHC. PHC exhibited potent antibacterial activity against S. suis both in vitro and in vivo. Molecular docking and transcriptional analyses suggested that PHC may interfere with bacterial DNA replication and protein synthesis by affecting topoisomerase- and ribosome-associated pathways. In addition, PHC disrupted membrane integrity and membrane potential, altered cellular energy metabolism and promoted oxidative stress responses. Furthermore, PHC demonstrated favourable therapeutic efficacy and biosafety in a murine infection model. PHC exhibits potent antibacterial activity against S. suis through interference with DNA replication- and protein synthesis-related processes, accompanied by enhanced bacterial stress responses and disruption of membrane integrity and cellular homeostasis. This study provides a theoretical basis for the further development of PHC and offers valuable insights for the design of novel hybrid antibacterial agents against S. suis.

PMID 42666492
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PubMedCureus2026-08-29

Delayed Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Following Initially Negative Computed Tomography (CT) Imaging in a Patient With a Mechanical Mitral Valve and Markedly Elevated International Normalized Ratio (INR).

Sauers Kelsey N KN, Tomlinson Paris L PL, Hall Talyr E TE

Warfarin remains the anticoagulant of choice for patients with mechanical heart valves because of its effectiveness in preventing thromboembolic events. However, management becomes particularly challenging when severe supratherapeutic anticoagulation is complicated by intracranial hemorrhage. We present the case of a 76-year-old male patient with a mechanical mitral valve on chronic warfarin therapy who presented after a ground-level fall with head trauma and an admission international normalized ratio (INR) of 9.0. Initial computed tomography (CT) of the head demonstrated only a scalp hematoma without intracranial hemorrhage, with the patient being neurologically intact. Approximately 12 hours later, worsening headache prompted repeat CT imaging, which revealed a new subarachnoid hemorrhage with intraventricular extension and an INR of 10.2 despite withholding warfarin since admission. Anticoagulation was promptly reversed with intravenous vitamin K and prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), and serial imaging demonstrated a stable hemorrhage without the need for neurosurgical intervention. PCC was selected over fresh frozen plasma as it provides more rapid INR correction with a substantially lower infusion volume. Given the patient's high thromboembolic risk from a mechanical mitral valve, anticoagulation was cautiously resumed with heparin bridging followed by warfarin after hemorrhage stabilization. Recent ciprofloxacin exposure, acute alcohol intoxication, and marijuana use were identified as potential contributors to the markedly elevated INR. This case highlights the importance of repeat neuroimaging in anticoagulated patients with new or worsening neurologic symptoms despite initially negative imaging, as well as the challenges of balancing hemorrhagic and thromboembolic risks during anticoagulation reversal and reinitiation.

PMID 42666628
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PubMedInternational journal of microbiology2026-08-29

Characterization and Therapeutic Potential of a Novel Bacteriophage Targeting Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms on Medical Devices.

Niloy Raphael Kabir RK, Mondal Shakhinur Islam SI, Jewel Nurnabi Azad NA, Zaeem Istiaque I et al.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of multidrug-resistant and biofilm-associated infections, particularly on indwelling medical devices, where conventional antibiotics often exhibit limited efficacy. In this study, we isolated and characterized a novel lytic bacteriophage, SA_SGEB_01, targeting MRSA from hospital wastewater in Bangladesh. Biological characterization demonstrated that SA_SGEB_01 possesses favorable therapeutic properties, including a short latent period (~45 min), a burst size of approximately 91 plaque-forming units per infected cell, and stability across a broad pH range (3-11) and temperatures up to 45°C. Host range analysis revealed lytic activity against MRSA and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Whole-genome sequencing showed that SA_SGEB_01 contains a linear double-stranded DNA genome of 18,031 bp with no detectable lysogeny-associated, antibiotic resistance, or virulence genes, supporting its therapeutic suitability. Comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses classified the phage within the genus Rosenblumvirus of the family Rountreeviridae. Phage-antibiotic checkerboard assays demonstrated strong synergistic activity between SA_SGEB_01 and ciprofloxacin, with fractional inhibitory concentration index values below 0.5. Importantly, SA_SGEB_01 significantly reduced biofilm biomass in both 24- and 48-h-old MRSA biofilms and achieved approximately a 2-log10 reduction of viable cells in in vitro silicone catheter-associated biofilms, whereas vancomycin did not produce a statistically significant reduction under the same experimental conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first biologically and genomically characterized S. aureus phage from Bangladesh with demonstrated activity against MDR MRSA biofilms, highlighting its potential as a promising candidate for controlling device-associated MRSA infections.

PMID 42666921
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PubMedJournal of applied microbiology2026-08-29

Carvacrol thymol formulation: bactericidal activity without detectable early resistance induction in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Paino Iêda M M IMM, Soares Jennifer M JM, Mota Danielly C A M DCAM, Paulino Lucca R LR et al.

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance requires alternative antimicrobial strategies capable of controlling bacterial growth while minimizing the risk of resistance selection. This study aimed to evaluate whether combinations of natural bioactive compounds, particularly carvacrol and thymol, could provide bactericidal activity without detectable early resistance induction under short-term experimental conditions, while maintaining fibroblast biocompatibility. Phenolic monoterpenes, carvacrol and thymol, the aromatic aldehyde trans-cinnamaldehyde, t-CNM, and the phenylpropanoid eugenol were evaluated individually and in binary combinations against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 reference strains. Checkerboard assays identified carvacrol-thymol as the most consistent synergistic combination, reducing the concentrations required for bacterial inhibition. Based on MIC and MBC determinations, this combination showed bactericidal activity at reduced concentrations compared with the individual compounds. Under 96 h subinhibitory exposure, the carvacrol thymol combination did not produce a detectable progressive increase in MIC values in the tested strains. In sequential exposure assays using E. coli, susceptibility to carvacrol and thymol was maintained after subsequent ciprofloxacin exposure, as indicated by stable or reduced MIC values. Cytotoxicity assays using human dermal fibroblasts indicated that the effective carvacrol-thymol concentrations preserved cell viability under the tested conditions. These findings indicate that carvacrol-thymol synergy provides bactericidal activity without detectable early resistance induction in the short-term exposure model used here. Although further studies using clinical and multidrug-resistant isolates, longer serial passaging, and mechanistic assays are required, the results support the potential of natural bioactive combinations as candidates for alternative antimicrobial strategies.

PMID 42667357
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PubMedJournal of global antimicrobial resistance2026-08-28

Transmission dynamics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Greenland: a 55-year retrospective observational study.

Sánchez-Serrano Andrea A, Golparian Daniel D, Pedersen Thomas Roland TR, Hoffmann Steen S et al.

Greenland has high gonorrhoea rates, yet the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and especially genomic epidemiology and dynamics of gonococcal lineages remain unexplored. We characterized circulating gonococcal lineages in Greenland over 55 years, their AMR determinants and importation of AMR lineages. We analyzed 463 gonococcal isolates collected from five municipalities in Greenland across 1960-1990 and 2012-2015. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using Etest, and whole-genome sequencing performed using Illumina NextSeq 550. Comparative genomic analysis included isolates from Denmark and other European and global datasets. Tetracycline resistance was the most prevalent, while high-level resistance to benzylpenicillin, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin and ceftriaxone remained rare or absent. Genomic analysis revealed two major clades, with lineage-specific AMR determinants. Most lineages were unique to Greenland or shared exclusively with Denmark, but globally-circulating AMR high-risk clonal complexes have also been introduced in Greenland, e.g., NG-STAR CC20, ST20 and NG-STAR CC158, ST158; with decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone, and resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. The importation of the first AMR high-risk lineage (NG-STAR CC158, ST158) into Greenland threatened historical high antimicrobial susceptibility. Re-established gonococcal AMR surveillance, with genomic surveillance, improved clinical management of gonorrhoea, targeted public health interventions, and enhanced tailored sexual health education are imperative in Greenland.

PMID 42660293
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