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ciprofloxacin (Aceoto / Cetraxal / Cetraxal Otico)

✓ Approved

Laboratorios SALVAT · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is ciprofloxacin?

ciprofloxacin is a small molecule developed by Laboratorios SALVAT. It is approved for therapeutic indications via others.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesAceoto, Cetraxal, Cetraxal Otico
CompanyLaboratorios SALVAT
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteOthers
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Laboratorios SALVAT

Therapeutic Indications

ciprofloxacin is developed for 2 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Infections and infestationsOtitis externa✓ Approved
Ear and labyrinth disordersExternal ear inflammation✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedItalian journal of food safety2026-10-15

Assessment of antibiotic residues and microbiological safety in Lebanese dairy products: Akkawi cheese, yogurt, and labneh, collected across Lebanese dairy industries.

Joubrane Karine K, Daher Zeina Z, Jammoul Adla A, Chahrour Jamil Atef JA et al.

Antibiotic residues in dairy products and the resulting antibiotic-resistant bacteria represent a major global public health concern. This study evaluated the microbiological safety of 400 dairy samples collected over two consecutive years (2022 and 2023) from 16 dairy residue industries across four governorates in Lebanon. In addition, antibiotic residues were screened from 126 dairy product samples randomly chosen out of the 400. An optimized multi-class method for the identification and quantification of 30 antibiotics was developed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results revealed that 48% of the analyzed samples were contaminated with at least one antibiotic residue, among which 33% showed co-occurrence of multiple antibiotic classes. Meanwhile, microbiological assessment of 400 dairy samples collected over 2 years from the same dairies revealed higher levels of contamination with total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus in Akkawi cheese samples collected during the first year (44%, 32%, and 15%, respectively) compared to those collected the second year (38.8%, 31%, and 0%). Moderate contamination levels were observed in Labneh (strained yogurt) samples collected during both seasons, with yeast (12%; 11%), molds (1.2%; 11%), total coliforms (6%; 11%), and Escherichia coli (3.7%; 11%). On the other hand, comparable levels of non-conformity were observed in yogurt samples across the two years, with contamination by yeast (7.5%; 6.2%), molds (3.75%; 6.2%), total coliforms (26%; 31.2%), E. coli (20%; 21%), and Staphylococcus aureus (1.25%; 0%). Escherichia coli isolates exhibited resistance to tetracycline while being 100% sensitive to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid. As for S. aureus isolates, they presented a high sensitivity to tetracyclines, doxycycline, and ciprofloxacin. These findings highlight the importance of implementing and maintaining good hygienic practices within dairy industries. Antimicrobial residues of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethazine, and doxycycline were detected at levels below the maximum residue limits.

PMID 42876308
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PubMedChemosphere2026-10-14

Advances in the synthesis of bismuth-based heterojunction photocatalysts and visible light photodegradation of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin in aqueous solutions: Degradation efficiency, degradation products, and their toxicity.

Hassan Mohammad Mahbubul MM, Naeem Muhammad M

Antibiotic pollution in water systems is a critical global challenge that worsens the global water scarcity crisis by contaminating vital freshwater reserves and creating dangerous antimicrobial resistance. Photocatalysis uses solar energy to power green catalytic treatments that clean antibiotic-contaminated water by breaking down persistent pharmaceuticals without using any harsh chemicals. Bismuth-based heterojunction photocatalysts leverage heterojunction engineering that drastically improves charge carrier separation and minimizes electron-hole recombination while enhancing redox potential for the destruction of environmental pollutants. In this article, we reviewed the removal of levofloxacin (LEV) and ciprofloxacin (CIP), the two most detected antibiotics in wastewater and aquatic environments globally, by various bismuth-based heterojunctions. Their photodegradation performance has been compiled and compared, and possible degradation routes, photodegradation mechanisms, and ecotoxicity of the degraded products are discussed. A true comparison of the degradation performance of CIP and LEV by various heterojunctions is difficult because various light sources, radiation intensity, pollutant concentration, and catalyst dose were used in various published studies. Of the heterojunctions so far developed, Fe3O4/Bi2WO6 and Bi2O3/(BiO)2CO3 showed excellent CIP removal, and their photodegradation rate constants were 0.5571 and 0.476 min-1, respectively. Conversely, for the removal of LEV, Bi2WO6/CuS and BiOCl/Bi2Fe4O9 provided excellent photodegradation, and the rate constants were 0.2639 and 0.0934 min-1, respectively. Toxicity analyses show that many degradation intermediates of CIP and LEV are toxic and mutagenic if the photodegradation is incomplete. The development of low-cost photocatalytic drug removal technology based on bismuth-based heterojunctions holds significant potential to make drinking water safer for human and animal consumption.

PMID 42874175
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PubMedRSC advances2026-10-14

Pharmaceutical residues in food samples: occurrence, toxicity, fluorescence quenching mechanisms, and analysis using carbon dot-based fluorescent probes.

Kayani Kawan F KF

Carbon dots (CDs) are an important class of carbon-based nanomaterials and represent a relatively new type of fluorescent nanomaterial that has attracted extensive research interest. Their popularity has increased rapidly due to several advantageous characteristics, including low toxicity, chemical stability, tunable fluorescence behavior, good water solubility, and favorable physicochemical properties. Owing to these features, CDs have been widely explored as sensing materials for the detection of various targets. In this review, pharmaceutical residues in food samples and their associated toxicity are discussed, along with the fluorescence sensing mechanisms and applications of CD-based sensors for the detection of a lot of pharmaceutical drugs in food samples, including tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, sulfonamides, metronidazole, moxifloxacin, penicillin and others. Finally, the future prospects of using CDs for pharmaceutical analysis in food samples are also reviewed.

PMID 42872069
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PubMedRSC advances2026-10-14

CoAl2O4/Co3O4/boron and nitrogen doped biochar for round-the-clock ultra-efficient degradation of 4-nitrophenol with peroxymonosulfate.

Guo Haoran H, Xu Zixuan Z, Ding Xiaoli X, Li He H et al.

Developing a new strategy to boost the degradation efficiency of photocatalysts for toxic phenolic compounds in peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based degradation processes was essential but remained an challenging task. Our study proposed the one-pot construction of CoAl2O4/Co3O4/boron and nitrogen doped biochar (CoAl2O4/Co3O4/BNC) to accelerate the PMS activation and enable ultra-fast degradation of 80 mg L-1 nitrophenol (4-NiP). Radical species (˙OH, SO4˙-, and h+) and non-radical (1O2) played crucial roles during the degradation process. Additionally, 4-NiP was effectively degraded across the full pH range. The catalyst's stability in simulated real aqueous environments was evaluated, demonstrating that the CoAl2O4/Co3O4/BNC exhibited excellent recyclability and anti-interference capability during degradation. Under UV-visible light irradiation, 80 mg L-1 of 4-NiP was degraded within 10 min, it has been demonstrated that illumination accelerates the activation of PMS and the photocatalytic degradation rate of 4-NiP. Furthermore, the degradation efficiency exceeded 95% for seven types of organic pollutants in different water matrices. Seven types of organic pollutants included levofloxacin (LEV), tetracycline (TC), doxycycline hydrochloride (DOX), ciprofloxacin (CIP), 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (2C4Nip), 2-chloro-6-nitrophenol (2C6Nip), these results confirmed the capability of CoAl2O4/Co3O4/BNC to activate PMS for degrading organic pollutants in wastewater.

PMID 42872095
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PubMedNanoImpact2026-10-14

Mechanistic insights into the biological effects of environmentally relevant pharmaceutical-loaded real-life polypropylene microplastics in Drosophila melanogaster.

Alaraby Mohamed M, Balsamo Marta M, Abass Doaa D, Elkady Elham Farghal EF et al.

Although the adsorption of pharmaceuticals by microplastics (MPLs) may reduce environmental contaminant concentrations, their effects on bioavailability and biological toxicity following ingestion remain poorly studied. To mimic environmentally relevant exposure, environmentally relevant polypropylene microplastics (PP-MPLs) derived from post-consumer plastic products (real-life) were used as carriers for the pharmaceuticals paracetamol (PCM) and ciprofloxacin (CFX), using Drosophila larvae in vivo model. Free PCM and CFX were tested at concentrations equivalent to their respective adsorption loadings on PP-MPLs (0.03% and 0.02% w/w, respectively), enabling direct comparison under environmentally realistic conditions. PP-MPLs, with or without adsorbed pharmaceuticals, retained their irregular morphology and heterogeneous size distribution, representing an environmentally relevant mixture of micro- and nanoscale particles. Following oral exposure, PP-MPLs, either alone or carrying adsorbed pharmaceuticals, sequentially traversed the intestinal barrier penetrating the peritrophic membrane, accumulating within enterocytes, and ultimately reaching hemolymph. Particle exposure induced extensive enterocyte vacuolation, significantly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and triggered targeted gene-expression changes involving antioxidant, immune, detoxification, and stress-response pathways, while genes associated with digestive function were consistently deregulated. Despite elevated oxidative stress, PP-MPLs did not alter mitochondrial membrane potential. In contrast, free PCM induced significant mitochondrial depolarization without increasing ROS, whereas this effect was abolished following adsorption onto PP-MPLs, potentially due to reduced bioavailability. Moreover, pharmaceutical-loaded PP-MPLs did not elicit additive molecular toxicity compared with PP-MPLs alone.

PMID 42874708
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PubMedFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2026-10-14

Gut microbial dynamics and antibiotic resistance during rifaximin therapy in severe cirrhosis: a ProPILA-Rifax ancillary study.

Ladeira Ruben R, Biguenet Adrien A, Meunier Alexandre A, Gonthier Marion M et al.

Increasing evidence implicates gut dysbiosis in the pathophysiology of advanced cirrhosis. This is an ancillary study of the ProPILA-Rifax trial (NCT03069131), which evaluated rifaximin (RFX) as primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in patients with severe cirrhosis. Although the combined use of RFX and lactulose is effective in preventing recurrent hepatic encephalopathy (HE), its longitudinal impact on microbial communities and antibiotic resistance remains poorly characterized. We characterized longitudinal changes in the gut microbiome of 42 patients (21 RFX, 21 placebo) over 12 months using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and culture-based phenotypic susceptibility testing. Exploratory analyses between patient bacterial profiles and clinical outcomes (disease severity, overall survival, and incidence of SBP) were conducted. RFX treatment reduced microbial richness and decreased the abundance of taxa typically enriched in advanced cirrhosis (e.g., Escherichia, Streptococcus, Veillonella). RFX increased the proportion of Escherichia coli isolates exhibiting phenotypic resistance to rifampicin, without observed cross-resistance to ciprofloxacin or cefotaxime. In exploratory analyses, a decrease in Child-Pugh scores was correlated with enrichment of commensal taxa. Moreover, higher abundances of Ruminococcus bromii and Blautia obeum at inclusion were respectively associated with improved 12-month survival and a lower incidence of SBP. In severe cirrhosis, RFX profoundly alters gut microbial composition by reducing pathobiont abundance while promoting rifampicin resistance in E. coli. Furthermore, microbiota-derived signatures were associated with Child-Pugh scores, highlighting their potential to improve patient stratification.

PMID 42871147
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