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atropine + pralidoxime chloride (Duodote)

✓ Approved

Pfizer, Inc. · CHRM1 · Small Molecule

What is atropine + pralidoxime chloride?

atropine + pralidoxime chloride is a small molecule developed by Pfizer, Inc.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intramuscular (im) injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesDuodote
CompanyPfizer, Inc.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetCHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4
RouteInjectable (Others), Intramuscular (IM) Injection
StatusApproved

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

atropine + pralidoxime chloride acts on 4 molecular targets:

CHRM1cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1 (M1, HM1)
CHRM2cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2 (HM2)
CHRM3cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 (HM3, PBS)
CHRM4cholinergic receptor muscarinic 4 (HM4, M4R)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

atropine + pralidoxime chloride is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Injury, poisoning and procedural complicationsChemical poisoning✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedSoft matter2026-08-30

Study of the interaction of a poloxamer with short and long alkyl chain imidazolium ionic liquids.

Heller William T WT, Shang Yingrui Y, Do Changwoo C, Cao Zhiqiang Z

The ethylene oxide (EO)/propylene oxide (PO) triblock copolymers (EO)m-(PO)n-(EO)m, also known as poloxamers, self-assemble in aqueous solution due to the differences in hydrophobicity between EO and PO. Both the overall length of the blocks and their relative lengths in the copolymer impact self-assembly. Even though poloxamers lack charge, they respond to the presence of salts, including ionic liquids (ILs). Here, the response of poloxamer 188 to 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chlorides having long and short alkyl chains was studied by small-angle neutron scattering. The dilute state of both the polymer and ILs was studied, with the IL concentrations being below published critical micelle concentrations. The goal was to probe initial stages of self-assembly. The results demonstrate a clear interaction between the long chain imidazolium chloride and the poloxamer that is surfactant-like, which is not observed for the short alkyl chain salt.

PubMedCureus2026-08-30

Automatic Frequent Measurements of Plasma Sodium, Potassium, Total Carbon Dioxide, Urea Nitrogen, and Other Values During Hemodialysis.

Lew Susie Q SQ, Ing Todd S TS, Sam Ramin R, Pham Susie N SN et al.

Customizing acute and chronic hemodialysis treatments by tailoring the prescription can occur by knowing the patient's electrolyte and acid-base status at any given moment. Point-of-care (POC) testing using whole blood samples can provide laboratory results of sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and lactate. The impact of dialysis on these values will impact patient outcomes and quality of life. Besides knowing the laboratory results, one can calculate the anion gap and osmolar gap to treat patients with disorders such as diabetic ketoacidosis and alcohol poisoning, respectively. We describe a new technology for obtaining blood samples from the hemodialysis arterial line and using a POC device installed in the dialysis machine to perform electrolyte and blood gas measurements, and inform the clinician promptly of possible prescription adjustments to meet the needs of the patient requiring acute or chronic hemodialysis. Besides the obvious benefits, we highlight some pitfalls associated with using whole blood versus serum samples, and arterial versus venous blood samples.

PubMedClinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico2026-08-30

Sanguinarine chloride exerts its antitumor effects on enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer by inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting senescence via targeting AR signaling.

Tao Yan Y, Li Lanlan L, Xu Na N, Yang Haiyu H et al.

Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a leading cause of cancer-associated morbidity among men globally. Although enzalutamide (ENZ), a second-generation androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, serves as a mainstay therapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), therapeutic resistance inevitably emerges. This underscores an urgent demand for innovative treatment strategies. CCK-8, colony formation, EdU staining, flow cytometry, Hoechst 33,258 staining, western blotting, proteomics analysis, and senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining were performed to reveal the role and underlying mechanisms of S.C in ENZ-resistant prostate cancer. Target prediction, molecular docking, and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were used to identify the target of S.C. Finally, the impact of S.C in vivo was evaluated using ENZ-resistant xenograft models. Our results showed that S.C effectively suppresses cell viability in ENZ-resistant models through the dual induction of apoptosis and cellular senescence. Database mining, molecular docking, and CETSA identified AR as a putative target of S.C, which was subsequently validated in vivo. S.C treatment significantly inhibited the AR signaling pathway and suppressed tumor growth in ENZ-resistant xenograft models. To our knowledge, this study demonstrates that S.C could be a promising multi-mechanistic agent which can overcome ENZ resistance by targeting AR and inducing two distinct cell death pathways, offering a potential novel therapeutic strategy for CRPC.

PubMedJournal of materials chemistry. B2026-08-30

Design of Fenton reaction-based poly(γ-glutamic acid)-grafted tyramine hydrogels with intrinsic photothermal properties.

Muppuri Supritha S, Hsu Yu-I YI, Uyama Hiroshi H

Temperature regulates biochemical reactions, and controlled hyperthermia has been widely investigated for therapeutic applications. However, conventional hyperthermia is limited by non-specific heat distribution, which can damage surrounding healthy tissues. Photothermal therapy (PTT) enables localized heat generation under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, although most reported PTT systems involve exogenous nanomaterials that require complex synthesis, surface functionalization, or integration with carrier systems to improve dispersion and retention at the target site. These modifications increase material complexity and may introduce toxicity concerns. Herein, poly(γ-glutamic acid)-tyramine (PGA-Tyr) hydrogels were prepared via Fenton reaction-mediated crosslinking, in which dityramine bonds formed the hydrogel network and in situ-generated ferric ions facilitated NIR-to-thermal energy conversion. The effects of iron(II) chloride (FeCl2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the degree of substitution (DS) of PGA-Tyr on gelation kinetics, mechanical properties, swelling behavior, and pore structure were systematically investigated. Ferric ion-containing hydrogels demonstrated efficient photothermal conversion, and the temperature increased to approximately 52.5-53.1 °C under NIR irradiation. Futhermore, optimization of the hydrogel formulation increased the photothermal conversion efficiency from ∼16% to 36.52%, with stable performance over repeated irradiation cycles. Hydrogel network density and ferric ion content regulated light penetration and heat retention, thereby enabling efficient thermal regulation. Increasing the network density improved hydrogel stability, whereas enzymatic treatment accelerated degradation. Overall, Fenton-mediated PGA-Tyr hydrogels exhibit tunable mechanical, swelling, and photothermal properties and provide a material platform for further biological evaluation in photothermal biomedical applications.

PubMedOphthalmology science2026-08-29

Stepwise Increase in Concentrations of Atropine Treatment for Myopia Control Study.

Wei Shifei S, An Wenzai W, Sun Yunyun Y, Liang Xintong X et al.

To explore a stepwise atropine treatment strategy for myopic control: beginning with 0.01% atropine for 6 months, followed by adjustment to higher concentrations based on treatment response. Prospective study. Total of 150 children aged 8 to 14 years with spherical equivalent refractive error (SER) range of -1.00 D to -6.00 D in both eyes were enrolled. The study was divided into 2 phases. In the initial 6-month period, children received 0.01% atropine eye drops daily in both eyes. In the subsequent 12-month switchover period, children with less than -0.25 D progression continued with 0.01% atropine; those with progression between -0.25 D and -0.375 D were shifted to 0.02% atropine; and those with progression over -0.375 D were switched to 0.04% atropine. Cycloplegic refraction, axial length (AL), pupil size, and intraocular pressure were measured at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, and 18 months. Differences in myopia progression and axial elongation from 6 months to 18 months among 3 treatment groups. In the initial 6-month period, mean SER changes for the 0.01% atropine groups, 0.02%, and 0.04% atropine switchover groups were -0.03 ± 0.18 D, -0.31 ± 0.07 D, and -0.53 ± 0.12 D, respectively, which reflect the group assignment rule. In the 0.02% atropine switchover group, myopia progression reduced from -0.31 ± 0.07 D to -0.09 ± 0.22 D (6-12 months) and -0.12 ± 0.25 D (12-18 months). The 0.04% atropine switchover group showed a reduction from -0.53 ± 0.12 D to -0.02 ± 0.18 D (6-12 months) and -0.16 ± 0.31 D (12-18 months). Between 6 months and 18 months of subsequent 12-month switchover period, the mean SER change was -0.31 ± 0.30 D, -0.21 ± 0.38 D, and -0.18 ± 0.40 D in the 0.01%, 0.02%, and 0.04% atropine groups, respectively, with a respective mean increase in AL of 0.15 ± 0.11 mm, 0.13 ± 0.11 mm, and 0.14 ± 0.10 mm. This study provides preliminary evidence that a stepwise atropine treatment regimen, starting with 0.01% atropine for 6 months and then increasing to 0.02% or 0.04% based on myopia progression, appears to be a promising strategy that warrants further investigation in controlled trials. Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

PubMedOphthalmology and therapy2026-08-29

Correction: Low-Concentration Atropine for Myopia Management: Recent Evidence and Clinical Implications.

Jawaid Imran I, Lanca Carla C

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