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atropine + pralidoxime chloride (Duodote)

✓ Approved

Pfizer, Inc. · CHRM1 · Small Molecule

What is atropine + pralidoxime chloride?

atropine + pralidoxime chloride is a small molecule developed by Pfizer, Inc.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intramuscular (im) injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesDuodote
CompanyPfizer, Inc.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetCHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4
RouteInjectable (Others), Intramuscular (IM) Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Pfizer, Inc.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

atropine + pralidoxime chloride acts on 4 molecular targets:

CHRM1cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1 (M1, HM1)
CHRM2cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2 (HM2)
CHRM3cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 (HM3, PBS)
CHRM4cholinergic receptor muscarinic 4 (HM4, M4R)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

atropine + pralidoxime chloride is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Injury, poisoning and procedural complicationsChemical poisoning✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

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Atropine-Associated Central Anticholinergic Syndrome during Carotid Artery Stenting: A Case Report.

Baek Jang-Hyun JH

Acute neurobehavioral deterioration during carotid artery stenting (CAS) requires prompt evaluation for serious neurological complications. We report a patient in their 70s who developed profound hyperactive delirium approximately 15 minutes after receiving prophylactic intravenous atropine (0.25 mg) during CAS. The episode was characterized by severe agitation, bilateral mydriasis, and facial flushing without focal neurological deficits. Repeated angiography and subsequent neuroimaging showed no evidence of thromboembolism, intracranial hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or cerebral hyperperfusion. Contrast-induced encephalopathy and cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome were considered but were less consistent with the overall clinical, temporal, and radiographic findings. The patient returned to neurological and cognitive baseline approximately 16 hours after symptom onset without specific antidotal treatment. The close temporal relationship to atropine exposure and characteristic neurobehavioral and autonomic features favored atropine-associated central anticholinergic syndrome, which should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute neurobehavioral deterioration during CAS.

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Identifying influential environmental drivers of Alzheimer's disease at the county level using machine learning and explainable artificial intelligence.

Martins Ria R, Cao Yanni Y, Wu Jianyong J

Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevalence varies substantially across United States (US) counties, yet the combined influence of environmental and socioeconomic factors remains incompletely characterized. This study bridges this gap by employing machine learning combined with explainable artificial intelligence to identify and interpret key environmental drivers of AD prevalence across US counties. Utilizing county-level AD prevalence data linked with comprehensive environmental and socioeconomic indicators, we applied an eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) regression framework. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) were used to evaluate global and local feature contributions. The final model demonstrated stable performance (RMSE: 0.89 ± 0.04; R2: 0.62 ± 0.03). Among 15 selected factors, chloride precipitation and median household value emerged as the most influential predictors. Additional significant drivers included land-use metrics (open land, walkability), atmospheric deposition, and localized industrial exposures. SHAP analysis revealed nonlinear, threshold-like increases in predicted AD prevalence at higher chloride levels, while geographic mapping identified regionally distinct exposure profiles. Geospatial analysis and explainable AI demonstrate that AD prevalence is driven by interacting environmental toxicants and socioeconomic disadvantages. This "exposome" perspective highlights that mitigating environmental hazards and systemic inequities is critical for reducing the neurodegenerative disease burden.

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Animal Models of Slow-Transit Constipation: Current Progress, Limitations, and Future Perspectives.

Ren Yucheng Y, Jiao Yurong Y, Li Jun J

Slow-transit constipation (STC) is a subtype of chronic constipation characterized by delayed colonic transit without obstructive defecation. Because in vivo human experimentation is constrained, animal models remain the primary tool for probing STC pathogenesis and testing therapies, yet no unified framework exists for judging howwell current models reproduce human disease. This review systematically appraises the reported STC animal models against a single validity framework and identifies design criteria for the next generation of models. We reviewed pharmacological agent-induced models (loperamide, diphenoxylate, alosetron, morphine, atropine), a physical stimulus model (ice-water gavage), surgical models (rectal distension, partial outlet obstruction, chemical ablation of the enteric plexus), and a naturally occurring inbred strain (the CFP/Yit mouse), and appraised each using the Face-Construct-Predictive validity framework. Existing models show substantial gaps in face validity (drug-withdrawal-dependent, self-limiting constipation rather than chronic progressive dysmotility), construct validity (few reproduce enteric glial cell loss, enteric neuronde generation, interstitial cell of Cajal depletion, and inflammatory infiltration), and predictive validity (induction agents confound therapeutic readouts). Advances in enteric glial biology, microbiota-short-chain fatty acid-motility signalling, single-cell transcriptomics of enteric glia, and genetic susceptibility point toward transgenic, pelvic-nerve-intervention, selective enteric glial ablation, and organoid-enteric nervous system co-culture designs, with sex-stratified evaluation and systematic clinical translation studies. The Face-Construct-Predictive framework exposes the translational shortfall of current STC animal models and defines concrete design criteria for clinically relevant successors, guiding model selection and prioritizing future research.

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Gu Shengjie S, Chu Mingyu M, Hu Ping P, Wang Xuchun X et al.

Catalytic upcycling of polyolefin waste into valuable chemicals presents a promising solution to tackle the growing environmental crisis caused by plastic pollution while promoting a circular economy. However, processing plastic wastes that contain polyvinyl chloride (PVC) poses significant hurdles, as chlorine released during PVC breakdown can poison and deactivate metal catalysts. Here we introduce a non-thermal surface reconstruction strategy that can restore the activity of chlorine-poisoned catalysts at room temperature. Leveraging the potent reductive reactivity of NaBH4, chlorine contaminants on the catalyst surface are effectively eliminated, restoring the active sites. The clean-surface Ru catalysts exhibit enhanced chlorine tolerance and recyclability in the hydrogenolysis of PVC-polyolefin mixtures, offering a practical catalytic pathway for valorizing chlorine-containing plastic waste. Notably, these catalysts also display great activity in polyolefin hydrogenolysis, reaching a space-time yield of solids to condensable products of 5982 gPE · gRu-1 · h-1. This study opens new avenues for plastic upcycling and contributes to sustainable waste management, bringing us closer to a circular economy.

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Cystine as an Ionophore: Redox-Controlled Anion Transport and Toxicity Toward Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells.

Mukherjee Smriti Subir SS, Mishra Satyarthi S, Junkers Tanja T, Bhat Ramray R et al.

Synthetic molecules that selectively transport anions across cellular membranes are an emerging class of therapeutics against cancer. Peptide-derived transporters are attractive for cancer therapy due to their biocompatibility. A disulfide tether is employed here to position two anion-binding hydrophobic tryptophan motifs in close proximity, thereby enhancing membrane insertion and anion selectivity. The tryptophan-flanked cystine functions as an anion carrier with a preference toward nitrate and chloride ions. Reduction of the disulfide to the corresponding free thiol substantially decreases anion transport activity. In situ reduction in vesicular systems, is governed by the membrane uptake of the disulfide. This loss in activity upon reduction to the corresponding cysteine establishes a unique class of anionophores that is active as the oxidized species rather than one activated by reduction. Extension to a cellular context showed a depletion in viability of triple negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells by 50 µM of the transporter compared with untransformed MCF-10A breast cells. In co-cultures, the transporter shifted competitive viability in favor of the untransformed cells. These results establish cystine-based peptides as a chemically programmable class of anionophores that translate potentially into cancer-selective biological activity.

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Phenolic metabolites from Ceratonia siliqua L. pods: chemical characterization, soybean lipoxygenase-1 inhibition, and in vitro gallstone-dissolving capacity.

Mekraf Souheyla S, Boufadi Mokhtaria Yasmina MY, Abbassene Fatiha F, Nedjari Benhadj Ali Kamal K et al.

Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L., Fabaceae) is a Mediterranean tree whose pods are rich in phenolic metabolites and are credited with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,hypolipidemic and antimicrobial properties. The chemical composition of MECp was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection (HPLC/UV). Free radical-scavenging and ferric-reducing capacities were measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) analytical descriptors assays, and soybean LOX-1 inhibition was assessed in vitro and examined in silico by molecular docking against the enzyme (PDB ID: 3O8Y). Gallstones removed at surgery were confirmed as cholesterol stones by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and then incubated in MECp under continuous agitation for 4 weeks, with a sodium chloride solution (NaCl, 9 g/L) as control. Gallstone mass after drying at 40 °C, the percentage of gallstone-dissolving capacity (% GDC) and the pH of the medium were recorded weekly. HPLC/UV analysis identified 20 phenolic metabolites in MECp. The extract contained 160.68 mg GAE/g DE of total phenolics and 9.19 mg QE/g DE of total flavonoids, with median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 0.16, 0.86 and 0.19 mg/mL for the DPPH, FRAP and soybean LOX-1 inhibition assays, respectively. Compared with the control, MECp produced a highly significant increase in % GDC over time, and the docking analysis revealed strong and stable interactions between the major polyphenols and the soybean LOX-1 active site. The dissolution obtained with MECp is consistent with its phenolic composition, and the docking results agree with the soybean LOX-1 inhibition measured in vitro. These findings identify MECp as a promising natural candidate for cholesterol gallstone management and support further preclinical investigation.

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