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inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (eTIV_f / Evagrip / Fluvirin)

✓ Approved

Novartis AG · Vaccine · Vaccine

What is inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine?

inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine is a vaccine developed by Novartis AG. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intradermal injection or intramuscular (im) injection or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NameseTIV_f, Evagrip, Fluvirin
CompanyNovartis AG
Drug ClassVaccine, Large Molecules
RouteInjectable (Others), Intradermal Injection, Intramuscular (IM) Injection, Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Novartis AG

Related Research Articles

PubMedFrontiers in veterinary science2026-07-17

A trivalent inactivated PDCoV-PEDV-TGEV vaccine confers protective efficacy in piglets coinfected with porcine rotavirus.

Zha Yinhe Y, Yu Xiaoyu X, Duan Yu Y, Zhang Wentao W et al.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) are the primary enteric coronaviruses responsible for viral diarrhea in piglets. These pathogens frequently co-circulate with porcine rotavirus (PoRV) under field conditions, leading to increased disease severity and complicating prevention efforts. Although multivalent vaccines targeting these three coronaviruses have been developed, their protective efficacy in the presence of PoRV coinfection remains largely unknown. Based on our previously developed trivalent inactivated PDCoV-PEDV-TGEV vaccine, the present study evaluated its immunoprotective efficacy in piglets naturally infected with PoRV. The results showed that, despite the background of persistent PoRV infection, the trivalent vaccine induced detectable neutralizing antibodies against PEDV, PDCoV, and TGEV (titers≥1:64). Furthermore, vaccination significantly reduced fecal viral shedding after challenge, shortened the duration of diarrhea, and alleviated intestinal pathological damage. Immunofluorescence assays confirmed that antigen deposition of the target coronaviruses in the intestines of vaccinated piglets was markedly reduced. However, vaccinated piglets continued to shed PoRV, indicating that the vaccine did not confer sterilizing immunity but rather reduced clinical severity. This study provides the experimental evidence that the trivalent inactivated vaccine confers effective protection against the three major porcine enteric coronaviruses even under complex clinical conditions involving PoRV coinfection. These findings offer important insights for developing immunization strategies to control multi-pathogen infections in swine production.

PMID 42465716
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PubMedmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences2026-07-17

Post-vaccination expansion of extrafollicular Th10 and regulatory Tfr cells distinguishes strong from weak influenza vaccine responses in older adults.

Mahajan Avinash S AS, Ravichandran Sathyabaarathi S, Marches Radu R, Yazici Yilmaz Yucehan YY et al.

Despite the superior efficacy of high-dose influenza vaccines, over one-third of older adults fail to respond. Yet, the mechanisms underlying this impaired vaccine responsiveness remain poorly understood. Here, we performed longitudinal profiling of older adults (n=60) receiving high-dose influenza vaccination to identify immune programs associated with vaccine responsiveness. Strong responders exhibited a primed baseline immune state characterized by elevated plasma cytokines and chemokines, followed by enhanced IFN-γ responses and coordinated transcriptional and epigenetic activation of cDC2 cells at day 1. By day 7, CD4⁺ T-cell trajectories diverged: strong responders preferentially expanded influenza-specific activated cTfh1 ( CXCR5 + CXCR3 + ICOS + CD38 + ) and influenza-specific Th10 ( CXCR5⁻ CXCR3 + PD1 + IL10⁺ ) cells, whereas weak responders expanded regulatory cTfr ( CXCR5⁺ FOXP3⁺ ) cells. Th10 expansion correlated with plasmablast and antibody responses and was independently validated in a larger influenza vaccination cohort, including younger adults. Functionally, Th10 cells promoted memory B-cell differentiation into plasmablasts and production of influenza-specific IgGs. TCR analyses revealed minimal clonal overlap between Th10 and cTfh1 cells. Together, these findings identify divergent helper and regulatory CD4⁺ T cell programs associated with vaccine responsiveness and establish Th10 cells as a previously unrecognized component of vaccine-induced humoral immunity.

PMID 42465941
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PubMedVirologica Sinica2026-07-17

Pygenic Acid A, a Small-Molecule PD-1/SHP-2 Inhibitor, Enhances Efficacy of Therapeutic Melanoma Vaccines and Prophylactic Influenza Vaccines.

Yan Yan Y, Li Yitong Y, Mei Wenyi W, Li Yixin Y et al.

Overcoming immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments remains a critical challenge in advanced vaccine development. Here, we evaluated Pygenic acid A (PA), an intracellular small-molecule inhibitor targeting the PD-1/SHP-2 axis, as a novel vaccine adjuvant. The adjuvant efficacy of PA was systematically assessed in two murine models: a therapeutic B16-F10 melanoma lung metastasis model and a prophylactic lethal H1N1 influenza virus challenge model. In the melanoma metastasis model, PA potentiated the anti-tumor effect of the mTRP2 vaccine, markedly inhibiting pulmonary metastatic lesions and prolonging the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Mechanistically, PA robustly boosted the intratumoral infiltration of functional T cells, thereby reversing local tumor immunosuppression. In the influenza vaccination model, consistent immunostimulatory effects were observed: the PA-adjuvanted hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine effectively elicited broad-spectrum cross-neutralizing antibody responses and provided complete protection against lethal heterologous influenza virus challenge. Further mechanistic investigations demonstrated that PA specifically promoted the differentiation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and the expansion of germinal center (GC) B cells in draining lymph nodes, while triggering a robust Th1-type cellular immune response dominated by IFN-γ secretion. Furthermore, in vivo safety assessments verified that PA intervention induced no obvious systemic inflammation, hematological abnormalities, or visceral organ injury, indicating a favorable safety profile. Collectively, these results demonstrate that PA serves as a potent and safe intracellular checkpoint-targeting adjuvant capable of potentiating both cellular immunity and cross-protective humoral immunity, holding great translational promise for the development of advanced cancer vaccines and broad-spectrum influenza vaccines.

PMID 42462877
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PubMedVaccine2026-07-17

Protective immunity of lectin-adjuvanted intraperitoneal injection vaccine against Aeromonas veronii infection in Oreochromis niloticus.

Guha Ritam R, Wangkahart Eakapol E, Elumalai Preetham P

Disease outbreaks caused by Aeromonas veronii pose a significant threat to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) aquaculture. Lectin-based adjuvants, such as concanavalin A (ConA), can potentially enhance vaccine efficacy by stimulating both innate and adaptive immunity. This study evaluated the immunoprotective potential of a ConA-adjuvanted, formalin-inactivated A. veronii vaccine administered intraperitoneally. Nile tilapia were vaccinated intraperitoneally with the inactivated A. veronii vaccine formulated with ConA. Safety was assessed by monitoring fish behavior and physiological responses. Innate immune activation was evaluated through lysozyme (LZM), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) assays. Humoral response was measured via serum IgM levels. Gene expression in head kidney and spleen tissues was analyzed for TCR-β, IgM, MHC -II, CD4, and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8). Protective efficacy was determined by challenging vaccinated fish with live A. veronii and calculating relative percent survival (RPS). The vaccine was safe, with no adverse effects observed. Vaccinated fish showed significant increases in LZM, MPO, and SOD activities, indicating enhanced innate immunity. Serum IgM levels peaked at 42 days post-vaccination, demonstrating robust humoral response. Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of immune markers confirming activation of humoral (IgM), proinflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-8) and cell-mediated pathways (TCR-β, MHC-II, CD4). Following challenge, the ConA-adjuvanted vaccine group exhibited the highest RPS (79%), significantly higher than controls. These results highlight the potent immunostimulatory effect of ConA and the vaccine's capacity to bridge innate and adaptive immunity in Nile tilapia. The adjuvant effects of ConA have improved the vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity.

PMID 42462678
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PubMedThe Journal of infectious diseases2026-07-17

Influenza Antibody Levels Associated with Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza in a Test-Negative Study Design, US Flu VE Network, November 2018-May 2019.

Flannery Brendan B, Chung Jessie R JR, Holiday Crystal C, Jefferson Stacie S et al.

We assessed associations between antibody concentrations within 7 days of symptom onset and testing positive for influenza virus infection among outpatients enrolled in a test-negative study. From November 2018─May 2019, study sites in five states obtained serum and respiratory specimens from outpatients aged ≥18 years presenting with acute respiratory illness. Respiratory specimens were tested for influenza virus, and viral clades were identified by genomic sequencing. We measured influenza antibody titers against vaccine and circulating viruses by hemagglutination inhibition (HI), microneutralization (MN) and neuraminidase inhibition (NAI) assays. Reduction in odds of influenza-associated illness at increasing HI, MN and NAI antibody titers was estimated using logistic regression adjusting for influenza vaccination status and time since beginning of influenza season. Among 175 patients with confirmed influenza virus infection, including 112 with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and 63 with A(H3N2) (44 clade 3C.3a), and 130 test-negative control patients, higher HI, MN and NAI antibody titers against circulating influenza viruses were associated with lower odds of confirmed influenza. Odds of A(H1N1)pdm09 infection were 44% and 54% lower for each two-fold increase in A(H1N1)pdm09 HI or NAI titer, respectively. Odds of A(H3N2) infection were 49% and 28% lower, respectively, for each two-fold increase in MN or NAI titer against circulating A(H3N2) virus clade. NAI titers were independently associated with lower odds of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) after controlling for HI titer. Higher influenza antibody titers against circulating viruses were associated with lower likelihood of influenza virus infection among adult patients with acute respiratory illness.

PMID 42463137
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PubMedBMC veterinary research2026-07-17

Design and immunoinformatics characterization of a novel multi-epitope vaccine rPRRSV-35N targeting NADC30-like and NADC34-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus variants.

Xu Dawei D, Wang Hefei H, Li Miao M, Zhang Ying Y et al.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), caused by the genetically diverse porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), remains a major economic burden to the global swine industry. Current commercial vaccines, including modified live virus (MLV) and inactivated vaccines, have shown limited effectiveness against newly emerging PRRSV variants, particularly NADC30-like and NADC34-like strains. There is therefore a need for improved vaccine strategies targeting these circulating strains. In this study, we used immunoinformatics approaches to design a multi-epitope vaccine candidate, rPRRSV-35N, against PRRSV NADC30-like and NADC34-like strains, based on antigenic profiling and prediction of T- and B-cell epitopes. This multi-epitope vaccine candidate integrates six cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, three helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes, and seven linear B-cell epitopes (LBE). The epitopes were linked sequentially by flexible linkers. Porcine β-defensin-2 (PBD-2) and PADRE epitopes were incorporated to potentially improve immunogenicity. In silico prediction showed an antigenicity score of 0.6597 and a solubility probability of 0.530. It showed no toxicity or allergenicity, with a molecular weight of 36.64 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of 9.81. Molecular docking and normal mode analysis indicated stable interactions with TLR2 and TLR4 receptors. Immunoinformatics simulations further revealed that the candidate has the potential to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. The construct was designed for in silico cloning into pET28a(+), and the plasmid was commercially synthesized. Following transformation of the synthetic plasmid into E. coli BL21(DE3), protein expression was verified by Western blot analysis. This study constructed the multi-epitope vaccine candidate rPRRSV-35N targeting NADC30-like and NADC34-like PRRSV strains. Its expressibility was preliminarily verified via molecular cloning and protein expression assays. Further in vivo studies are required to assess its protective efficacy.

PMID 42464250
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