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superoxide dismutase (bSOD, OXIS / Orgotase / Peroxinorm)

✓ Approved

GT Biopharma, Inc. · therapeutic agent

What is superoxide dismutase?

superoxide dismutase is a therapeutic agent developed by GT Biopharma, Inc.. It is approved for therapeutic indications.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesbSOD, OXIS, Orgotase, Peroxinorm
CompanyGT Biopharma, Inc.
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, GT Biopharma, Inc.

Therapeutic Indications

superoxide dismutase is developed for 2 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Nervous system disordersAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis✓ Approved
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disordersArthritis✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedFrontiers in plant science2026-10-15

Genome-wide identification of the WRKY gene family in Codonopsis pilosula and functional analysis of CpWRKY8 under drought stress.

Song Shiyi S, Liu Meiqi M, Zhang Meiqi M, Jiang Shan S et al.

Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf., a perennial herbaceous species in the family Campanulaceae, is widely used in traditional medicine for its dried roots. Drought stress severely constrains both the yield and the accumulation of bioactive compounds in this species. In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification and phylogenetic analysis of the WRKY TF (TF) family in C. pilosula, identifying 49 members that were classified into seven subfamilies. Among them, CpWRKY8, a member of the Group IIa subfamily, localized to the nucleus and showed transcriptional activation activity in yeast. Under drought stress conditions, Nicotiana tabacum plants overexpressing (OE) CpWRKY8 exhibited greater tolerance to drought stress than wild-type (WT) N. tabacum plants, as evidenced by higher survival rates, lower malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and higher superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities; furthermore, these physiological advantages were largely maintained following rehydration. Furthermore, yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and dual-luciferase reporter (DLR) assays demonstrated that the abscisic acid (ABA) receptor CpPYR/PYL activated the CpWRKY8 promoter in heterologous systems. In summary, we propose a working model in which CpPYR/PYL indirectly upregulates CpWRKY8; this module enhances drought tolerance by increasing antioxidant capacity, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the molecular breeding of drought-tolerant medicinal plants.

PMID 42876478
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PubMedDrug and chemical toxicology2026-10-15

In ovo exposure to triphenyltin hydroxide induces genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and developmental toxicity in chick embryos, Gallus gallus domesticus.

Paul Dipsanu D, Nath Barbhuiya Sweety S, Giri Sarbani S, Barhoi Dharmeswar D

Triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH) is a widely used agricultural fungicide and environmental pollutant well known for its potent toxicological potential. Despite this, its embryotoxic effects remain unexplored in avian models. This study presents a novel evaluation of TPTH's acute toxicity, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, teratogenic potential, and enzymatic and tissue architectural potential using the in ovo chick embryo model. Fertilized chicken eggs were exposed to varying TPTH concentrations that further revealed a time-dependent median lethal dose (LD50) decline from 547.37 µg/egg at 24 h to 395.74 µg/egg at 96 h. Later, evaluations using 1%, 5%, and 10% of the 96 h LD50 demonstrated profound subcellular damage. The Hen's egg test for micronucleus (HET-MN) assay showed a significant dose-dependent induction of micronuclei, confirming genomic instability. Additionally, a reduced polychromatic to normochromatic erythrocyte (PCE/NCE) ratio indicated severe cytotoxicity and suppressed erythropoiesis. Morphometric assessments revealed teratogenic alterations, including heart tube failure, microcephaly, cranial edema, microphthalmia, localized hemorrhaging, and concentration-dependent growth retardation in body length, eye diameter, and limb elongation. Biochemical assessments revealed that TPTH triggers severe oxidative stress. This was supported by significant dose-dependent reductions in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione across major organs, alongside increased lipid peroxidation in the brain. Histopathological analysis also revealed severe toxicity. These findings validated that TPTH induces potent developmental toxicity through a cascade of genotoxic, cellular, enzymatic damage, and structural alterations, highlighting its extreme embryotoxic risks to avian populations and associated ecosystems.

PMID 42875729
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PubMedFrontiers in plant science2026-10-15

Physiological response strategies of pioneer endemic species Artemisia wudanica along an aeolian disturbance gradient in semi-arid active sand dunes.

Zhang Chi C, Wang Haitao H, Wang Yongcui Y, Qiu Yu Y et al.

Wind erosion and sand burial are recurrent but physically distinct aeolian disturbances in semi-arid dune systems. We investigated how Artemisia wudanica seedlings respond physiologically to matched relative gradients of simulated substrate removal and sand burial under controlled pot conditions. Seedlings were subjected to five simulated wind-erosion levels (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 cm) and five sand-burial levels (0, 1.7, 3.3, 5.0, and 6.7 cm). Chlorophyll, proline, soluble sugar, malondialdehyde (MDA), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were quantified. Treatment effects were evaluated using two-way ANOVA, PCA of standardized variables, disturbance-specific Spearman correlations, and an exploratory path analysis. Disturbance type, relative disturbance level, and their interaction affected all six physiological traits, and PCA separated the two-treatment series in multivariate space. Under sand burial, chlorophyll, proline, and soluble sugar showed positive within-treatment covariation after Spearman correlations. Under simulated wind erosion, POD and SOD covaried positively, whereas MDA was not significantly correlated with either antioxidant enzyme; chlorophyll-proline and soluble sugar-MDA associations also remained significant after correction. The exploratory path model had limited overall fit and was used only to summarize statistical associations, not to establish causal physiological mechanisms. Under the controlled conditions of this seedling experiment, the two isolated treatments were associated with different physiological response and covariation patterns. These results provide testable hypotheses about disturbance-specific seedling responses rather than evidence of switchable association, population-level persistence, or restoration performance. Validation is required under field conditions, across additional life stages, and with pulsed and combined erosion-burial events.

PMID 42876543
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PubMedFrontiers in physiology2026-10-15

Ceramidase is involved in metabolic reprogramming of fibroblasts under hypoxia conditions.

Terlizzi Michela M, D'Andria Emmanuel E, Colarusso Chiara C, Di Caprio Simone S et al.

Physiological metabolic reprogramming is a cells strategy to resist/counteract stress to preserve homeostasis. Hypoxia is an important stress stimulus that can promote tissue remodeling and fibrosis, in which alterations in sphingolipid metabolism may contribute to fibroblast responses. Here, we investigated the potential role of acid ceramidase (ASAH1), a key enzyme of the sphingolipid salvage pathway, in fibroblast adaptation to hypoxic stress. Human fibroblasts were exposed to hypoxia for 24, 48, and 72 hours, and metabolic and redox changes were investigated following pharmacological inhibition of acid ceramidase with D-Nmappd. These findings were complemented by analyses of publicly available bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing datasets from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) lungs. Hypoxic fibroblasts showed metabolic remodeling involving glucose-, amino acid-, and redox-associated pathways, together with changes consistent with an adaptive antioxidant response, including alterations in the GSH/GSSG balance. Pharmacological inhibition of acid ceramidase under hypoxia was associated with changes in carnitine metabolism and long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation, reduced GSH and GSSG levels, and decreased expression of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (NRF2), Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and 8-Oxoguanine DNA Glycosylase 1 (OGG1). In IPF lung tissue, ASAH1 expression was associated with glycolytic and redox-related genes. Single-cell analysis showed that ASAH1-expressing IPF fibroblasts were enriched in transcriptional programs related to hypoxic responses and oxidative stress regulation and displayed features associated with a less activated phenotype. Overall, these findings suggest that acid ceramidase/ASAH1 is associated with fibroblast metabolic and redox adaptation to hypoxic stress and may influence fibroblast activation in IPF.

PMID 42876482
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PubMedFrontiers in immunology2026-10-15

Acute toxic effects of endosulfan on cellular Stress, genotoxicity, and histopathological alterations in Milkfish (Chanos chanos) under freshwater conditions.

Kumar Neeraj N, Ambasankar K K, Singh Dilip Kumar DK, Reddy Kotha Sammi KS

The present study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity of endosulfan (99% purity; α:β ratio of 7:3) in milkfish (Chanos chanos) under freshwater acclimated conditions over a 96-hour exposure period. Milkfish (C. chanos) is a commercially important tropical species widely cultured across freshwater, brackish, marine, and hypersaline environments. An experiment was conducted in Milkfish (C. chanos) acclimated under freshwater condition to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) of endosulfan at 96 hrs using probit analysis. The fish were exposed to graded concentrations of endosulfan (25.5, 26.5, 27.5, 28.5, and 29.5 µg L-¹) for 96 hours. Toxicological effects were evaluated through a suite of biochemical, immunological, neurophysiological, cytogenetic, and histopathological biomarkers. Antioxidative enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, and catalase, were assessed alongside immunological parameters such as blood glucose, phagocytic activity (measured via nitroblue tetrazolium reduction), and serum cortisol levels. Neurotoxicity was evaluated through acetylcholinesterase activity, while chromosomal aberrations and histopathological alterations in the liver and gills were examined to determine cellular and tissue-level damage. The 96-hour LC50 value (95% confidence limits) for C. chanos (mean body weight: 110 g) was estimated at 27.47 µg L-¹. A significant dose and time dependent alteration was observed across all assessed parameters, including antioxidative enzymes, immune responses, neurotransmitter activity, metabolic functions, and cytogenetic integrity. Pronounced chromosomal aberrations in kidney tissues and severe histopathological lesions in the liver and gills were evident following endosulfan exposure. These physiological and structural impairments were further corroborated by marked behavioral deviations from normal activity patterns in exposed fish. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that endosulfan exposure induces substantial biochemical, cytogenetic, and histopathological disruptions in C. chanos, ultimately leading to metabolic dysregulation and organ damage.

PMID 42876559
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PubMedFrontiers in plant science2026-10-15

Integrated physiological, proteomic, and phosphoproteomic analyses of 24-epibrassinolide-mediated yield protection under complete submergence during panicle differentiation in rice.

Du Jie J, Feng Yu Y, Du Yizhen Y, Wang Wenxia W

Complete submergence during panicle differentiation can severely reduce rice yield, yet the physiological and molecular responses associated with yield protection by 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) remain unclear. A two-year pot experiment evaluated submergence-sensitive Jiyou 3 and submergence-tolerant Nongxiangzhan under a non-submerged control (CK), complete submergence without EBR (SUB), and complete submergence following foliar pretreatment with 0.06, 0.12, or 0.24 mg L-1 EBR. Submergence lasted four days. Yield and physiological traits were assessed in both cultivars, whereas tandem mass tag-based proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses were confined to Nongxiangzhan under CK, SUB, and 0.12 mg L-1 EBR (E12). Across cultivars and years, the greatest yield recovery among EBR treatments was observed under E12. Relative to SUB, E12 increased grain yield per plant by 33.79%-42.03%, primarily through higher grains per panicle and seed-setting rate. E12 increased superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase activities while reducing hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde accumulation. This improved redox status coincided with partial recovery of net photosynthetic rate and Rubisco activity. Higher phosphofructokinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, and alcohol dehydrogenase activities indicated greater glycolytic and ethanolic-fermentation capacity. Nitrogen assimilation was partially maintained, and submergence-induced leaf hormone changes were moderated. Proteomic and phosphoproteomic responses converged on photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, redox regulation, and signaling. Integrated analysis identified 14 proteins with concordant abundance and phosphorylation increases, including components of glycolysis, photosynthetic electron transfer, and antioxidant defense, whereas 74.95% of E12-responsive phosphorylation sites occurred without significant abundance changes. EBR-mediated yield preservation was associated primarily with improved redox homeostasis, maintenance of photosynthetic carbon assimilation, and adjustment of carbon metabolism under oxygen limitation, while nitrogen assimilation and hormone regulation may have supported reproductive development. These findings support further multi-environment field evaluation of EBR pretreatment as a candidate management option to reduce yield loss from short-duration complete submergence during rice panicle differentiation.

PMID 42876760
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