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enalapril maleate (Epaned)

✓ Approved

Silvergate Pharmaceuticals, Inc. · ACE · Small Molecule

What is enalapril maleate?

enalapril maleate is a small molecule developed by Silvergate Pharmaceuticals, Inc.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesEpaned
CompanySilvergate Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetACE
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Silvergate Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

enalapril maleate acts on 1 molecular target:

ACEangiotensin I converting enzyme (DCP1, ACE1)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

enalapril maleate is developed for 2 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Cardiac disordersCardiac failure✓ Approved
Vascular disordersHypertension✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedJournal of Korean medical science2026-10-13

Superior Efficacy of Besifovir in Reducing Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk Compared to Tenofovir in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

Shin Yoon E YE, Kim Jae Young JY, Kim Hyuk H, Yoo Jeong-Ju JJ et al.

Besifovir dipivoxil maleate (BSV) is a novel therapeutic option for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). However, its long-term effectiveness in reducing the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database from 2018 to 2022. A total of 32,383 patients with CHB were included (BSV, n = 2,358; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [TDF], n = 30,025). Propensity score matching was conducted at a 1:3 ratio to minimize selection bias. The primary outcome was the incidence of HCC, with cirrhosis development as the secondary endpoint. In the overall population, 57 cases of HCC were reported in the BSV group (2,358 individuals, 5,918 person-years), while 1,268 cases of HCC were reported in the TDF group (30,025 individuals, 83,587 person-years). After propensity score matching, the incidence of HCC was significantly lower in the BSV group (9.63 per 1,000 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.43-12.49) than in the TDF group (15.36 per 1,000 person-years; 95% CI, 13.72-17.18), with an incidence rate ratio of 1.59 (P = 0.001). This protective effect remained consistent in both cirrhotic (hazard ratio [HR], 1.609; P = 0.028) and non-cirrhotic subgroups (HR, 1.831; P = 0.002). BSV treatment demonstrated superior efficacy in reducing the risk of HCC compared to TDF, regardless of baseline cirrhosis status. These findings suggest that BSV may provide enhanced protection against HCC in patients with CHB.

PMID 42865284
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PubMedRevista peruana de medicina experimental y salud publica2026-10-13

Hampi Tariki Kit: thin-layer chromatography for semiquantitative screening of solid oral medicines in Peru.

Mónico-Rosales Gladys M GM, Mostacero-Rodríguez Fredy R FR, Quispe-Paitán B Rosa BR, Rodríguez-Calzado E Javier EJ et al.

To develop and validate rapid thin-layer chromatography (TLC) methods integrated into the Hampi Tariki kit for the semiquantitative screening of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in oral solid medications marketed in Peru. Eight TLC methods were developed and validated for tablets and capsules containing acyclovir, dicloxacillin, dimenhydrinate, ibuprofen, diclofenac sodium, paracetamol, norfloxacin, phenazopyridine hydrochloride, chlorphenamine maleate, and phenylephrine hydrochloride. Fifty-seven commercial samples available in the national market, from different manufacturing laboratories, including branded and generic products previously verified as compliant by official methods at the Centro Nacional de Control de Calidad (CNCC) of the Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), were evaluated. Silica gel 60 F254 plates, reference standards, and analytical grade solvents were used. Validation was performed according to ICH Q2(R1) guideline, evaluating selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, visual detection limit, and robustness. The methods allowed for visual and densitometric differentiation of levels equivalent to 80%, 100%, and 120% of the declared content. Retention factor (Rf ) values were between 0.20 and 0.85, and multicomponent formulations presented chromatographic resolution ≥1.0. Correlation coefficients were greater than 0.99 for system and method linearity; repeatability showed coefficients of variation less than 3.0%, intermediate precision less than 5.0%, and bias against high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) remained within the ±3.00% range. Deliberate variations evaluated in robustness did not produce significant changes in Rf values. The developed methods demonstrated adequate analytical performance as rapid semiquantitative screening tests. Integrated into the Hampi Tariki kit, they constitute a proposal with potential to support the preliminary identification of suspicious samples and prioritize their confirmation by HPLC or other official methods.

PMID 42867952
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PubMedBulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology2026-10-12

Biochemical, Genotoxic and Somatic responses of Oreochromis Niloticus Exposed to Enalapril Maleate in Water.

da Silva Allana Kiara Peretti AKP, Colaço Otávio Augusto Wolff OAW, Mannes Yorrannys Y, Ramsdorf Wanessa Algarte WA

Pharmaceutical residues are increasingly detected in aquatic environments; however, information regarding the ecotoxicological effects of antihypertensive drugs such as enalapril maleate remains limited, particularly in fish. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of aqueous exposure to EM on somatic, biochemical, and genotoxic biomarkers in Oreochromis niloticus under controlled laboratory conditions. A 21-day subchronic bioassay was conducted using fish exposed to EM-contaminated water at nominal concentrations of 100, 500, 1000, and 2000 µg/L, alongside a control group. Genotoxic effects were evaluated using the comet assay and micronucleus test, while biochemical biomarkers - including acetylcholinesterase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, and lipid peroxidation - were assessed to investigate oxidative stress and potential neurotoxicity. Somatic condition was also analyzed as an indicator of overall organism health. The results demonstrated genotoxic effects, evidenced by DNA damage. Biochemical analyses revealed alterations consistent with oxidative stress and potential neurotoxic responses, while somatic indices showed minor but detectable health changes. Although the observed damage levels were relatively low, these findings indicate that continuous exposure to EM and its byproducts can induce sublethal physiological disturbances with potential long-term consequences for aquatic organisms. Overall, this study highlights the relevance of ecotoxicological monitoring of EM in aquatic systems. The observed biological responses underscore its potential ecological risk, and future studies should incorporate preliminary stability assessments and evaluate long-term effects and degradation products to better understand the environmental impact of this antihypertensive drug.

PMID 42862340
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PubMedAmerican journal of hypertension2026-10-01

Effects of Anti-Hypertensive Agents on Orthostatic Changes: Secondary Analysis of the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS).

Liu Esther Y EY, Lee Grace G, Khan Md Marufuzzaman MM, Petriceks Aldis A et al.

Orthostatic hypotension (OH) and orthostatic hypertension (OHT) are common among adults with hypertension and may complicate antihypertensive treatment selection.However, the impact of specific antihypertensive agents on orthostatic blood pressure (BP) responses and risk of OH or OHT remains incompletely characterized. We performed a secondary analysis of the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS), a multicenter randomized clinical trial (1987-1993). A total of 902 adults aged 45-69 years with diastolic BP 90-99 mmHg were randomized to acebutolol, amlodipine, chlorthalidone, doxazosin, enalapril, or placebo. Orthostatic BP change (standing minus seated BP) was assessed at randomization, 1 month, and every 3 months up to 54 months. OH was defined as a systolic BP decrease ≥20 mmHg or diastolic BP decrease ≥10 mmHg; OHT was defined as a systolic BP increase ≥20 mmHg or diastolic BP increase ≥10 mmHg. Generalized estimating equations evaluated associations between agents and orthostatic BP changes overall, by baseline BP, and over time. Among 897 participants with orthostatic BP measurements (mean age 54.8 years; 38.5% female; 19.6% Black), doxazosin increased odds of OH (OR 1.45; 95% CI, 1.05-2.02) and reduced odds of OHT (OR 0.66; 95% CI, 0.51-0.86) versus placebo. Chlorthalidone reduced OHT among participants with baseline OHT (P=0.018). Amlodipine and doxazosin attenuated orthostatic systolic BP changes across baseline orthostatic BP change strata. Over time, amlodipine and chlorthalidone reduced odds of OH (P=0.001, 0.044). Specific antihypertensive agents demonstrated distinct effects on orthostatic BP regulation. Consideration of orthostatic effects during antihypertensive selection may help individualize therapy, improve hemodynamic stability, and optimize treatment for patients at risk of orthostatic dysregulation.

PMID 42820774
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PubMedCardiology in the young2026-09-30

Effectiveness of ivabradine in a paediatric case of cardiomyopathy secondary to a noradrenaline-producing paraganglioma.

Tanaka Yu Y, Go Kiyotaka K, Yoshida Shuichiro S

A boy with heart failure and mechanical pulsus alternans was treated with enalapril malate and carvedilol; however, left ventricular contraction did not improve. After treatment with ivabradine, the pulsus alternans disappeared, and left ventricle contraction improved. Thorough evaluation revealed an abdominal paraganglioma producing noradrenaline, and excision of the tumor normalised the left ventricle contraction. Catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy caused by paragangliomas is an extremely rare but important differential diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy. Thus, ivabradine is a good candidate for the treatment of heart failure, even in the presence of catecholamine-producing tumours.

PMID 42813551
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PubMedInternational journal of pharmaceutics2026-09-29

Ionic liquid self-assembly enables high-loading inhalable delivery of remdesivir.

Akram Alaa A, Kutkat Omnia O, Gomaa Mokhtar M, Aboulhoda Basma Emad BE et al.

Clinical use of remdesivir (RDV), the first FDA-approved antiviral for COVID-19 treatment, is limited by poor aqueous solubility and intravenous administration. In this study, an inhalable dry powder (IDP) based on hyaluronic acid (HA)-coated cholinium ionic liquid (IL)-core liposomes (HA-CAGE-Lp@IDP) was developed to overcome these limitations. Two ILs, cholinium maleate (CAME) and cholinium geranate (CAGE), markedly enhanced RDV solubility. Mechanistic studies revealed distinct IL localization within liposomes, with CAME predominantly dissolved in the aqueous core, whereas CAGE self-assembled into an IL-rich dense core that enabled superior RDV solubilization and loading (30% w/w). The optimized HA-coated CAGE liposomes were lyophilized into an IDP that preserved nanoparticle integrity. HA-CAGE-Lp@IDP exhibited favorable powder flowability (Hausner's ratio = 1.08) and aerodynamic properties suitable for deep lung deposition (FPF = 53.5%; MMAD = 2.99 µm). The formulation retained potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity in vitro with excellent cytocompatibility (selectivity index = 296.87). In a SARS-CoV-2 hamster model, inhaled HA-CAGE-Lp@IDP achieved rapid viral suppression comparable to marketed RDV, with approximately 99% inhibition of viral replication in the lungs and trachea and marked histopathological improvement. These findings establish HA-coated IL-core liposomes as a promising inhalable platform for localized pulmonary RDV delivery and outpatient antiviral therapy.

PMID 42810603
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