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ethinylestradiol + levonorgestrel (Logynon / Trionetta / Ange 28)

✓ Approved

ASKA Pharmaceutical · ESR1 · Steroids

What is ethinylestradiol + levonorgestrel?

ethinylestradiol + levonorgestrel is a steroids developed by ASKA Pharmaceutical. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesLogynon, Trionetta, Ange 28
CompanyASKA Pharmaceutical
Drug ClassSteroids, Small Molecule
Molecular TargetESR1, PGR
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

ethinylestradiol + levonorgestrel acts on 2 molecular targets:

ESR1estrogen receptor 1 (ER, ESR)
PGRprogesterone receptor (NR3C3, PR)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

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Through innovative composition and structural design, this study develops core-shell microspheres featuring Co-W alloy cores and Ag shells. Their formation relies on the synergistic effect of solid-liquid interface dewetting, principle of energy minimization, and marangoni effect. These microspheres serve as functional fillers within liquid metal (LM) matrix to create magnetic liquid metal (MLM) with magnetism and enhanced conductivity. We focus on the physical mechanism of density matching, achieved by using high-density W to align the density of Co-W cores with that of liquid Ag. This strategy effectively suppresses the upward buoyancy of cores during spheroidization. Furthermore, finite element simulations elucidate the critical role of the marangoni effect in promoting the formation of this core-shell structure. Experimental results verify that density matching significantly improves the encapsulation quality of Ag shells, thereby endowing the fillers with exceptional resistance against LM corrosion. Finally, the versatility of this MLM is validated across the magnetically actuated liquid-metal soft robot, refreshable liquid-metal blackboard, self-healing circuits, and magnetic liquid-metal strain sensor. These diverse applications underscore the immense potential of MLM as the robust candidate for modern soft intelligent systems.

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Structure-Dependent Interfacial Electrostatic Regulation Enables Platinum-Efficient Hydrogen Evolution in Pt-Ag Bimetallic Nanowires.

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The electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is central to sustainable hydrogen production. Platinum (Pt) is widely regarded as the benchmark HER catalyst due to its near-optimal catalytic properties. However, its scarcity and high cost severely constrain scalable deployment. Here, we demonstrate that structure-induced interfacial electrostatic regulation enables platinum-efficient HER while minimizing Pt loading. A one-dimensional nanoensemble composed of Ag nanowires decorated with Pt nanoparticles integrates electronic hybridization, facet-dependent charge accumulation, and directional charge transport to boost HER. The solid PtAgNW (S-PtAgNW) nanoarchitecture containing only 15 wt.% Pt achieves the lowest overpotential of 290 mV at an ECSA-normalized current density of 500 mA cm-2 with a Tafel slope of 42 mV dec-1. It delivers a Pt-normalized hydrogen production rate of ∼50 mol gPt -1 h-1 at ∼93% Faradaic efficiency, representing a >6-fold enhancement over its hollow counterpart despite the latter possessing higher Pt loading and similar interfacial chemistry. Mechanistic analysis reveals that Ag-to-Pt electronic coupling and facet redistribution toward Ag(111) enhance electron accumulation under bias, strengthening the interfacial electrostatic environment that governs proton-electron coupling. These findings establish interfacial electrostatic regulation, rather than Pt loading or intrinsic catalyst chemistry alone, as an important determinant of efficient HER.

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Combined LA-ICP-MS with empirical coefficient correction and Bi fire assay for the determination of ultra-trace Pt, Pd, and Au in geochemical samples using a 194Pt isotope spike as the internal standard.

Guo Xiaorui X, Liu Yan Y, Ni Wenshan W, Wang Tiantian T et al.

In this work, a novel and environmentally friendly method based on bismuth fire assay (Bi-FA) combined with laser ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS) was established for the determination of ultra-trace Pt, Pd, and Au in geochemical samples, using a Pt isotope spike (194Pt) as the internal standard. Due to the low toxicity and low, stable blank values of the Bi2O3 collector, Bi-FA could be directly employed for the pre-concentration of Pt, Pd, and Au prior to analysis. The Ag slices prepared by annealing and tableting were analyzed at multiple points by LA-ICP-MS. This approach offered advantages including rapid analysis, good measurement stability, and the elimination of polyatomic ion interference and dilution effects associated with solution-based analysis. As the internal standard, the Pt isotope spike was thoroughly mixed with the target elements (Pt, Pd, and Au in the sample) in each Ag prill, and its distribution was consistent with that of the target elements. This method resolved the issue of uneven distributions of Pt, Pd, and Au in the Ag slices, thereby enabling internal standard correction for LA-ICP-MS by calculating the intensity of 194Pt from the Pt isotope spike. In addition, optimization experiments were conducted for key parameters, including laser frequency, energy density, ablation spot diameter, and ICP-MS dwell time. The Ag slices prepared from certified reference materials (CRMs) were used as the calibration standards. The standard samples had the same matrix as the real samples, which reduced laser ablation fractionation effects, minimized analytical errors, and improved accuracy. The standard curves were plotted by the empirical coefficient method and showed excellent linearity with correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.9999 (Pt), 0.9998 (Pd), and 0.9995 (Au). The limits of detection (LODs) of the method were 0.066 (Pt), 0.052 (Pd), and 0.090 (Au) ng g-1. The proposed method was validated by determining the Pt, Pd, and Au in CRMs, showing excellent agreement with certified values. When applied to geochemical samples, the results were consistent with those obtained by lead fire assay combined with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (Pb-FA-GF-AAS). The recoveries were 2.5-107.8% (Pt), 91.4-108.0% (Pd), and 91.0-109.2% (Au), demonstrating the good accuracy of the proposed method.

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The inefficient carrier transport of earth-abundant tin sulfide (SnS), arising from its intrinsically low crystal symmetry, limits its thermoelectric performance at low temperatures. Here, the substitutional Ag+ doping modifies the Na-doped SnS crystal structure by reinforcing lattice dynamical anisotropy and enhancing in-plane transport properties. Concurrently, the reconstructed valence-band structure evolves into a modulated multiband configuration, increasing the density-of-states effective mass while preserving high carrier mobility. The resulting highly metallic conductivity combined with high thermopower yields the room-temperature power factor of ~101 µW cm-1K-2 in Sn0.96Na0.01Ag0.03S single crystals. Coupled with the intrinsically low thermal conductivity of SnS, the optimized crystal achieves the figure of merit (zT) of ~1.06 at 300 K and ~2.0 at 573 K, delivering a conversion efficiency of ~3.3% and an output power density of ~0.31 W cm-2 in a single-leg module under a 243 K temperature gradient. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of crystal structure modification and multiband engineering in SnS and establish it as a highly promising low-cost thermoelectric material for near-room-temperature energy conversion.

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Genetically Engineered Whole Virus Biorecognition Units for Cu(II) Sensing.

Korkmaz Nuriye N, Kim Jihoon J

A hybrid filamentous fd virus variant (p9V5-p8Cu5) was generated with improved gold (Au) and copper (Cu) binding properties through genetic engineering by displaying five copies of Au-specific V5 peptides (VSGSSPDS) on the head and over 2500 copies of Cu binding Cu5 peptides (HGFANVA) on the elongated body part. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) topography imaging revealed the typical filamentous morphology of the engineered p9V5-p8Cu5 phages with a dry-state thickness of around 2-3 nm. Gold nanoparticle (AuNP) binding of the viruses was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses upon exposure to 20 nm PBS-stabilized AuNPs. The hybrid phages were excessively loaded with AuNPs. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses showed Au, carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) peaks, confirming the presence of AuNPs and the viral organic material. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) analyses, performed using Au-coated quartz crystal sensors, gave a net frequency decrease of 250.20 ± 14.37 Hz for the engineered bacteriophages versus 31.40 ± 4.47 Hz for wild-type fd at the 3rd overtone showing their improved Au binding. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) analyses conducted with Cu(II)-coated magnetic agarose-based NTA beads revealed the enhanced Cu(II) binding of the hybrid viruses. A colorimetric Cu(II) detection system was validated using 20 nm PBS-stabilized AuNPs and p9V5-p8Cu5 phages. Following the Cu(II) exposure, the AuNP-virus complex solution was treated with 10x PBS to induce AuNP aggregation. The level of AuNP aggregation was correlated with the applied Cu(II) concentration. For the case study, a linear relationship (R2 = 0.9926) was obtained as the absorbance ratios at 600 nm and 525 nm (Abs 600/Abs 525) were plotted against the applied Cu(II) concentration from 0 to 15 µM, with an estimated limit of detection (LOD) of around 260 nM (0.0165 mg/L), well below the WHO drinking-water guideline of 1.3 mg/L. No significant interference was observed from Ag(I), Al(III), Au(III), Cd(II), Co(II), Cr(III), Fe(III), Mn(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), Zn(II), Na(I), Ca(II), or Mg(II) at 5 µM. In mixed samples containing Cu(II) together with each competing ion, the response was likewise unaffected, with the exception of Pb(II), which partially suppressed the Cu(II) signal. This study demonstrates the potential of genetically reprogrammed biomaterials as biorecognition units, offering a biocompatible, easily produced, and cost-effective alternative to synthetic peptides in biosensor development.

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