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aclidinium bromide + formoterol (Eklira+ formoterol / Duaklir / LAS 40464)

✓ Approved

Kyorin · ADRB2 · Small Molecule

What is aclidinium bromide + formoterol?

aclidinium bromide + formoterol is a small molecule developed by Kyorin. It is approved for therapeutic indications via inhaled.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesEklira+ formoterol, Duaklir, LAS 40464
CompanyKyorin
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetADRB2, CHRM3
RouteInhaled
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Kyorin

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

aclidinium bromide + formoterol acts on 2 molecular targets:

ADRB2adrenoceptor beta 2 (B2AR, ARB2)
CHRM3cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 (HM3, PBS)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

aclidinium bromide + formoterol is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disordersChronic obstructive pulmonary disease✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedThe Journal of organic chemistry2026-10-14

Why Does Bromine Sometimes Add to an Alkene and at Other Times Abstract an Allylic Hydrogen Atom? A Computational Investigation of Hydrogen Bromide Addition and Allylic Bromination.

Rablen Paul R PR

The mechanisms of radical-mediated addition of hydrogen bromide to an alkene and of allylic bromination rely on a balance between competing addition and hydrogen abstraction by the bromine radical. In the past, addition has been postulated to be rapid and reversible, while abstraction is much slower but thermodynamically more favorable. G4 calculations are used to investigate this scenario in the case of cyclohexene. While generally supportive of the standard interpretation of the reaction, the calculations suggest that the kinetic barrier to hydrogen abstraction is often more entropic than enthalpic. A variety of other alkenes are also studied to test the limits of this framework. While the barriers to abstraction and the stability of the abstraction and addition radicals vary widely, only in the most extreme cases, such as cyclobutene, cyclopropene, and α-methylstyrene, do these variations compromise the balance between the competing reactions to an extent that interferes with effective allylic bromination. It was also observed that some bromine addition radicals are bridged in structure, especially the more highly substituted ones, while chlorine addition radicals are only rarely bridged.

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PubMedJournal of visualized experiments : JoVE2026-10-14

A Standardized In Vitro Protocol for Evaluating Human Dental Pulp Stem Cell Differentiation and Proliferation on Nanomaterial Scaffolds.

Makawi Dina M DM, Mahran Abeer H AH, Elgendy Abeer A AA, Yehia Tariq A TA et al.

Reliable assessment of osteogenic and odontogenic differentiation, as well as stem cell proliferation, is fundamental to evaluating the biological performance of scaffold-based regenerative strategies. However, variability in experimental protocols, assay selection, and data interpretation often limits reproducibility and inter-study comparison. The protocol described in this article presents a standardized, reproducible workflow for the in vitro evaluation of osteogenic and odontogenic differentiation, as well as proliferative capacity, of stem cells cultured on biomaterial scaffolds. Osteogenic commitment is evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymatic activity and Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κB Ligand (RANKL) immunofluorescence, while odontogenic commitment is assessed by DMP-1 (dentin matrix protein-1) immunofluorescence; both protein endpoints are quantified using standardized H-score methodology. Critical experimental parameters, including cell seeding density, induction timelines, assay conditions, normalization strategies (including protein-normalized ALP activity, cell-normalized 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) viability, and immunofluorescence H-score), and data analysis approaches, are detailed, along with troubleshooting guidance to minimize technical variability. The methodology has been applied as a standardized framework across multiple scaffold-based experimental studies, demonstrating robustness and reproducibility. By providing a comprehensive, validated framework, this article aims to facilitate standardized assessment of stem cell-scaffold interactions and improve comparability across preclinical regenerative studies.

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PubMedBioscience of microbiota, food and health2026-10-14

Therapeutic potential of Sishen Pill: modulating intestinal mucosal microbiota and barrier function in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome with Spleen-Kidney Yang Deficiency.

Li Liwen L, Long Qi Q, Tan Zhoujin Z, Deng Na N

This study aimed to investigate the intestinal microecological mechanisms underlying the effects of Sishen Pill (SSP) on diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) with Spleen-Kidney Yang Deficiency Syndrome, thereby providing experimental evidence for clinical management. Murine models of IBS-D characterized by Spleen-Kidney Yang deficiency were established in SPF-grade female Kunming mice by Folium senna-adenine gavage in conjunction with restraint-tail clamping. Experimental groups received SSP decoction or pinaverium bromide suspension. Intestinal morphological changes were assessed via Alcian blue staining. The concentrations of serum D-lactate (D-LA) and diamine oxidase (DAO) were measured through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The intestinal mucosal microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The model mice exhibited reduced anal temperatures, diarrhea, weight loss, intestinal mucosal barrier injury, and altered mucosal microbiota. SSP treatment alleviated these abnormalities, decreased serum D-LA and DAO levels, and improved the intestinal mucosal structure. Microbiota analysis identified Alkaliphilus as a potential genus associated with SSP intervention, while Streptococcus and Maribacter were correlated with intestinal barrier indicators. These findings suggest that SSP may improve IBS-D with Spleen-Kidney Yang Deficiency by modulating the intestinal mucosal microbiota and restoring mucosal barrier function.

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PubMedNanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-14

The Fundamentals of Halide Perovskite Instability: CsPbBr3 as a Model System.

Prasad Neena N, Goldreich Achiad A, Thomas Alen Sam AS, Immanuel Philip Nathaniel PN et al.

Halide perovskites (HPs) exhibit outstanding optoelectronic properties, making them highly attractive for advanced photonic and electronic applications. Among them, cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) exhibits high photoluminescence efficiency, narrow emission linewidths, and excellent color purity, making it suitable for light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, scintillators, and lasers. However, its practical application remains limited by intrinsic instability and environmental stressors such as moisture, heat, oxygen, and illumination. This review discusses the fundamental degradation mechanisms in HPs, using CsPbBr3 as a representative system, primarily in nanocrystals (NCs), while also considering thin-film and bulk forms. Intrinsic instability arises from the soft ionic lattice, a relatively low tolerance factor, and anharmonic lattice dynamics, which promote defect formation, ion migration, and structural distortion. Low activation energies for ionic transport enable migration of halide (Br-) and A-site (Cs+) ions, leading to defect accumulation, non-radiative recombination, and phase instability. In NCs, surface-dominated effects further accelerate degradation, driven by high defect densities and ligand desorption. Extrinsic factors promote degradation through hydrolysis, photoinduced defect formation, radical-driven reactions, and transformation into secondary phases. These processes can be intensified when multiple environmental stressors act simultaneously, reducing operational stability. These processes form a coupled, condition-dependent degradation network. Their interactions and relative contributions depend on the material form and environmental or operational conditions. Overall, this review highlights the interconnected roles of lattice dynamics, defect formation, ionic transport, and environmental interactions in governing the instability of CsPbBr3-based HPs.

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PubMedJournal of chromatography. A2026-10-14

Neptunium and Plutonium uptake by LN-series resins in halide media.

Holiski Connor K CK, Kmak Kelly N KN, Despotopulos John D JD

Neptunium (Np) and plutonium (Pu) exhibit multiple oxidation states with substantially different coordination and extraction behavior that complicate their separation in acidic media. Extraction chromatography using acidic organophosphorus extractants offers an alternative to solvent extraction while reducing the need for bulk organic solvents, but the behavior of Np and Pu on the LN-series resins in hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hydrobromic acid (HBr) remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we investigate the uptake of Np in HBr and Pu in both HCl and HBr on commercial LN and LN2 resins. Batch weight distribution ratios, uptake kinetics, and column separations were evaluated as functions of acid type and concentration. Plutonium exhibited strong uptake from HCl over the investigated acidity range under redox-conditioning conditions intended to favor Pu(IV), whereas Np uptake measurements in HCl were not reproducible, potentially reflecting oxidation-state instability. In HBr, Np showed substantial retention on both resins, consistent with predominantly Np(IV) behavior, while Pu exhibited limited uptake consistent with bromide-mediated reduction to predominantly Pu(III). Plutonium uptake from HCl and Np uptake from HBr were rapid on both resins with initial uptake plateaus generally reached within ≈ 120 s under the investigated kinetic conditions. A mixed Np/Pu feed was separated using 0.5-mL LN resin columns. Alpha spectrometry showed no detectable Np in the Pu fraction or Pu in the Np fraction. Additional matched single-element column experiments involving uranium (U) and americium (Am) yielded ≈ 95 - 100% recoveries and supported conceptual U/Np/Am and U/Pu/Am schemes requiring future mixed-feed validation. Collectively, these results characterize Np uptake from HBr and Pu uptake from HCl and HBr on LN and LN2 resins and support high-recovery separations for analytical and small-scale radiochemical applications.

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PubMedJournal of thoracic disease2026-10-13

Symptoms improvement and lung function benefits of fixed triple therapy with beclomethasone/formoterol/glycopyrronium inhalation powder in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD: outcomes of the Bulgarian arm of the RESPONSE study.

Petkov Rosen E RE, Kenderov Andrey N AN, Rodopska Neli L NL, Mekov Evgeni V EV et al.

The fixed triple beclomethasone dipropionate/formoterol fumarate/glycopyrronium (BDP/FF/GB) therapy is available in both pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) and dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treatment. While the pMDI form has been extensively investigated in pivotal trials and real-world studies, real-world data on the DPI (88/5/9 μg) formulation remain limited. The RESPONSE study assessed the real-world effectiveness of BDP/FF/GB inhalation powder in a cohort of moderate-to-severe COPD patients uncontrolled with dual combinations. This non-interventional, prospective, multicenter study was conducted across 21 Bulgarian sites. COPD patients (≥35 years) with persistent symptoms [COPD Assessment Tool (CAT) ≥10 and/or modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) ≥2] and moderate or severe pulmonary obstruction [30%≤ forced expiratory volume in 1 second as a percentage of predicted value (FEV1%) <80%] despite dual therapies were switched to BDP/FF/GB DPI and followed for 6 months. The primary endpoint was improvement in CAT scores. Secondary endpoints included lung function, treatment adherence, dyspnea and the percentage of patients achieving CAT score reduction ≥2 from baseline. A total of 363 patients completed the study. Mean CAT scores improved significantly from 23.0 at baseline to 16.9 (P<0.001), regardless of prior dual therapy or inhaler type. Mean (± SD) FEV1% increased from 47.6%±11.9% to 53.2%±15.75% (P<0.001). Treatment adherence and dyspnea also showed significant improvement. Notably, 87.9% of participants achieved a CAT score reduction ≥2 points. The RESPONSE study showed that switching to BDP/FF/GB DPI was associated with clinically meaningful improvements in symptoms, lung function, and adherence in COPD patients inadequately controlled on dual therapy, supporting its role as a practical escalation option in routine care.

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