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naproxen (naproxen, Elan / Naprelan / naproxen, IPDAS)

✓ Approved

Victory Pharma, Inc. · PTGS1 · Small Molecule

What is naproxen?

naproxen is a small molecule developed by Victory Pharma, Inc.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand Namesnaproxen, Elan, Naprelan, naproxen, IPDAS
CompanyVictory Pharma, Inc.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetPTGS1, PTGS2
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Victory Pharma, Inc.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

naproxen acts on 2 molecular targets:

PTGS1prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (COX3, PCOX1)
PTGS2prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (GRIPGHS, hCox-2)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

naproxen is developed for 7 unique indications across 4 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Gastrointestinal disordersAbdominal pain✓ Approved
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disordersBursitis✓ Approved
Reproductive system and breast disordersDysmenorrhoea✓ Approved
Metabolism and nutrition disordersHyperuricaemia✓ Approved
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disordersOsteoarthritis✓ Approved

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Related Research Articles

PubMedKidney3602026-10-14

A Case of Severe Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Associated Acute Kidney Injury in a Patient with CYP2C9*2/*2: Lessons from the Vulture Crisis.

Konzett Katharina K, Untersulzner Clemens C, Tiefenthaler Martin M, Harasser Lukas L et al.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a well-recognized cause of AKI, typically occurring in the setting of substantial exposure or predisposing risk factors. We report a case of severe AKI following minimal naproxen exposure in a previously healthy young adult. An 18-year-old man presented with abdominal and flank pain and was found to have KDIGO stage 3 AKI after receiving analgesic treatment for fracture-related pain. The patient had taken two oral 500-mg doses of naproxen seven days before presentation and had received two intravenous 2.5-g doses of metamizole, one on the day before and the other on the day of presentation. Clinical presentation, ultrasonography and magnetic resonance angiography argued against prerenal, postrenal and vascular causes. Suspected interstitial nephritis prompted empiric methylprednisolone therapy. Kidney biopsy revealed acute tubular injury without interstitial nephritis, and corticosteroids were discontinued. Kidney function recovered within two weeks of symptom onset. Given the severity of AKI relative to the reported drug exposure, pharmacogenetic testing was performed and revealed a CYP2C9*2/*2 genotype associated with reduced NSAID metabolism. Although the identified genotype is unlikely to fully account for the severe AKI observed, it may have contributed to the patient's susceptibility to nephrotoxicity. This case highlights pharmacogenetically impaired NSAID metabolism as a potentially underrecognized contributor to AKI and underscores the potential value of pharmacogenetic testing in selected patients without conventional risk factors.

PMID 42873594
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PubMedScience advances2026-10-09

Multidegree fluorescence-optical rotatory dispersion (F-ORD) from submonolayer interfacial chiral films.

Murati Kevin K, Wilson Matthew R MR, Capelozi de Freitas Isabela I, Pinedo T J TJ et al.

Homochiral monomolecular thin films adsorbed to fused silica produced fluorescence-optical rotatory dispersion (F-ORD; i.e., optical rotation of the fluorescence emission relative to the excitation beam) more than seven orders of magnitude greater than anticipated by conventional origins of optical rotatory dispersion (i.e., optical rotation of the excitation beam after passing through a chiral film relative to its initial plane of polarization). Optical rotation of -4.5 ± 0.5° was observed in the principal axis of fluorescence emission relative to that of excitation for submonolayer dip-coated thin films of (S)-naproxen, with the sign of the rotation inverting for comparable films of (R)-naproxen. The chiral-specific F-ORD response was nonreciprocal, inverting in sign upon flipping of the sample orientation (i.e., source-facing versus detector-facing), suggesting selectivity to chiral molecules oriented at the interface. The interface selectivity, chiral selectivity, and large magnitude of the response were in excellent agreement with a fully electric-dipole-allowed orientational mechanism for chiral-specific fluorescence in uniaxial systems. These observations elevate fluorescence as a novel chiral-specific probe with exquisite sensitivity to chirality and interface specificity akin to that normally reserved for even-ordered nonlinear optical interactions, such as second harmonic and sum-frequency spectroscopy.

PMID 42853917
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PubMedCommunications chemistry2026-10-07

Pair distribution function "feat." solid-state NMR in a combined approach for structure determination of organic molecules.

Rosso Chiara C, Rekis Toms T, Chierotti Michele R MR, Bravetti Federica F

Investigating the local structure of molecular solids is critical for establishing structure-property relationships and controlling material performance. Pair distribution function (PDF) analysis probes poorly crystalline, nanocrystalline and amorphous materials, yet its application to organic compounds remains limited. The recently developed Global-PDF-Fit method enables ab initio crystal structure determination of organic molecules, although intrinsic limitations can complicate unique structure identification. Here, we present a synergistic workflow integrating Global-PDF-Fit with solid-state NMR (SSNMR), demonstrating how restraints and intermolecular proximity constraints from 1D magic angle spinning (MAS) and 2D 1H-13C double cross polarization and 1H double quantum/1H single quantum MAS SSNMR experiments reduce computational time, guide structure ranking, and increase reliability, enabling unambiguous structure determination. Demonstrated on 5-aminosalicylic acid and S-naproxen (crystallite sizes of 50-55 nm), the approach provides a robust strategy for structure determination and represents a significant advance in the field of local-structure elucidation of poorly crystalline and nanocrystalline organic solids, where conventional diffraction techniques fail.

PMID 42839000
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PubMedWater research2026-10-04

Ultrafast micropollutant degradation via reductive activation of periodate under VUV/UV (185/254 nm) irradiation beyond photolysis.

Li Ping P, Lu Qiuling Q, Xu Ying Y, Lu Haonan H et al.

The VUV/UV (185/254 nm)-activated periodate (PI)-based advanced oxidation process (AOP) showed superior efficacy for micropollutant removal, achieving nearly 100% degradation of atrazine (ATZ) and naproxen (NAP) within 90 s with 100 μM PI at pH 7.0. The ultrafast micropollutant degradation in VUV/UV/PI AOP was attributed to the enhanced generation of reactive species via synergistic activation of PI. Specifically, water was cracked by VUV into hydrogen atom radical (H•) and/or hydrated electron (eaq-), while PI underwent VUV/UV photolysis and reductive activation by H•/eaq- to produce hydroxyl radical (HO•) and ozone (O3). Scavenging and probing experiments demonstrated the critical route for PI activation by H•/eaq-. Meanwhile, HO• was the dominant reactive species and contributed 85.4% and 82.3% to ATZ and NAP degradation, while O3 played a minor role with contributions of 0.04% and 9.7%, respectively. Iodate was the predominant product of PI decomposition with yield of 90.0% at 100 μM PI, pH 7.0 and 90 s. Increasing PI concentration (25-300 μM) accelerated the degradation of ATZ and NAP due to the stronger photons absorption and enhanced generation of reactive species. Faster ATZ and NAP degradation were observed at acidic pH (4.0-9.0) because protonated and monomeric form of PI were readily activated by photons and H•/eaq-. The existence of Cl-, HCO3- and HA caused light shielding and HO• scavenging effects, impeding the degradation of ATZ and NAP. These findings underlined the importance of reductive species for PI photochemical activation under VUV/UV irradiation.

PMID 42828931
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PubMedJournal of hazardous materials2026-10-02

Interactions between pharmaceutically active compounds and organic foulants in ultrafiltration processes.

Jung Bongyeon B, Han Seungyeon S, Choong Choe Earn CE, Jang Min M et al.

In this study, we systematically investigated the fundamental interactions between pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) and organic fouling layers during ultrafiltration (UF) processes. Two representative PhACs, propranolol (PRP) and naproxen (NPX), were filtered through polyethersulfone membranes fouled with natural organic matter surrogates, including humic acid, bovine serum albumin, and sodium alginate. The results suggested that electrostatic interactions contributed substantially to the association of ionic PhACs with organic fouling layers under the investigated UF conditions. Electrostatic attraction likely promoted the association of cationic PRP with negatively charged fouling layers, whereas electrostatic repulsion likely limited the association of anionic NPX with these layers under neutral and alkaline conditions. Experiments conducted at high ionic strength (1 M NaCl) further supported these mechanisms by suppressing electrostatic interactions, resulting in decreased PRP and improved NPX association with fouling layers. When electrostatic contributions were reduced, the observed PhAC retention was consistent with hydrophobic interaction, with possible additional contributions from π-π interactions and hydrogen bonding. These findings highlight the influence of foulant chemistry on pharmaceutical association.

PMID 42826644
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PubMedRadiology2026-09-29

Case 350: Retained Appendicolith.

Lee Shimwoo S, Miller Joseph J

History A 16-year-old girl presented to the emergency department with a 1-month history of right lower back pain. She was originally seen at an urgent care clinic, where a lumbar radiograph was reportedly normal, and she was prescribed naproxen. However, she came to the emergency department once pain had escalated to 10 out of 10. Over the past month, the patient's right flank had increased in size and "hardened" to touch. She reported no trauma or other inciting incident. She had a prior history of laparoscopic appendectomy for perforated appendicitis more than 6 years earlier at an outside hospital. A prior contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scan, obtained 2 weeks after the appendectomy, was available for review. At evaluation, the patient was febrile and mildly tachycardic (104 beats per minute). Examination of the right flank revealed a 4-cm area of erythema and tenderness with 10-cm surrounding induration. She had leukocytosis (white blood cell count, 12 × 109/L; reference range, <9.44 × 109/L) and elevated C-reactive protein (23 mg/L; reference range, <9 mg/L). US followed by contrast-enhanced MRI of the abdomen was performed. Based on the imaging findings, the patient underwent a percutaneous drainage procedure. All cultures, including aerobic, anaerobic, fungal, and acid fast, were negative, with the caveat that the patient had been started on intravenous antibiotics before the procedure. She was discharged and prescribed 10 days of amoxicillin and clavulanate to complete antibiotic therapy, and the drain was removed 6 weeks later. One month after drain removal, the patient returned to the emergency department with return of severe flank pain, erythema, and purulent drainage. The patient was afebrile with a white blood cell count of 9.8 × 109/L. Contrast-enhanced abdominal CT was performed.

PMID 42808901
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