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budesonide (Xavin / Pulairmax / Aerosial)

✓ Approved

Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. · NR3C1 · Small Molecule

What is budesonide?

budesonide is a small molecule developed by Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via inhaled.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesXavin, Pulairmax, Aerosial
CompanyTeva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetNR3C1
RouteInhaled
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

budesonide acts on 1 molecular target:

NR3C1nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 (GR, GCCR)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

budesonide is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disordersAsthma✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedCureus2026-09-04

Risperidone-Induced Nasal Congestion and Increased Urinary Frequency.

Abu Baker Hessa H, Alnuaimi Bushra B, Alkot Ali A

Risperidone is a second-generation antipsychotic that is widely used in the treatment of psychotic disorders. It is generally well tolerated, although uncommon adverse effects have been reported. Nasal congestion and urinary frequency have only rarely been described in association with risperidone treatment. A 27-year-old male with delusional disorder developed nasal congestion and urinary frequency after starting risperidone. He underwent evaluation by both family medicine and otolaryngology (ENT), and no alternative cause of his symptoms was identified. Despite treatment with antihistamines, intranasal budesonide, and xylometazoline, his symptoms persisted. The symptoms resolved when he stopped taking risperidone for two days and returned when the medication was restarted. Risperidone was subsequently discontinued and replaced with aripiprazole. Following the switch, the patient's symptoms resolved completely. This case suggests a probable association between risperidone and the development of nasal congestion and urinary frequency. Awareness of these uncommon adverse effects may help clinicians identify medication-related symptoms, avoid unnecessary investigations, and improve treatment adherence.

PMID 42694781
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PubMedBMC nephrology2026-09-03

Management strategies for post-transplant IgA nephropathy in kidney transplant recipients: a scoping review.

Bell Samuel S, Toal Michael M, McClure Mark M, Maxwell Alexander P AP et al.

Post-transplant Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy (IgAN) is an important cause of premature graft loss. Management strategies are often extrapolated from native IgAN, with available evidence limited to heterogeneous, predominantly small retrospective studies. To characterise diagnostic criteria, map management strategies, and summarise associated clinical outcomes in post-transplant IgAN. A literature search was performed in MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus (1st January 2000-11th December 2025) following Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. English-language studies of adult kidney transplant recipients with biopsy-proven post-transplant IgAN and documented management strategies were included. Data on study design, cohorts, diagnostic criteria, interventions, and outcomes were charted and narratively described. Twenty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Most were single-centre retrospective cohorts. Diagnostic criteria varied, but typically histological evidence of IgA deposition alone was sufficient. IgAN was often clinically relevant, with proteinuria > 1 g/day frequently reported. Reported treatments included renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)-blockade, immunosuppression adjustment, rituximab, tonsillectomy and pulsed corticosteroids. Several small case series explored emerging therapies (iptacopan, budesonide, telitacicept). Study heterogeneity precluded quantitative data synthesis. RAAS-blockade was the most commonly used intervention and was associated with benefit in several studies. Tonsillectomy was associated with improved outcomes but reported only in Japanese cohorts. Other interventions (rituximab, pulsed steroids, emerging therapies) warrant prospective clinical trials. Amid evolving paradigms in native IgAN management, this review highlights heterogeneity in diagnostic criteria, outcome reporting, and interventions for the management of post-transplant IgAN. Robust prospective, multicentre studies are urgently required to define optimal management in this high-risk population.

PMID 42687161
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PubMedFrontiers in pharmacology2026-09-03

Efficacy and safety of Nefecon, glucocorticoids, or supportive therapyadded to RASi+SGLT2i in IgA nephropathy.

Zhou Tiantian T, Zhang Hao H, Liu Shangchao S, Ji Yongqiang Y et al.

IgAN is the most common primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. Currently, "RASi + SGLT2i" has become the standard basic treatment regimen. Nefecon is an oral budesonide formulation targeting the intestinal mucosa. A single-center retrospective cohort study was conducted, including patients with eGFR >30 mL/min/1.73 m2 and proteinuria >0.5 g/d. The basic treatment group received RASi + SGLT2i, the glucocorticoids group received additional glucocorticoids, and the Nefecon group received 16 mg/d of Nefecon. The treatment lasted for 9 months. The primary endpoint was the change in 24-h urine protein. The 24-h UPro in all three groups decreased significantly from baseline, and there was no statistically significant difference in the reduction among the groups (P = 0.897). The reduction in the Nefecon group (-59.9%) was similar to that of the glucocorticoids group (-46.5%), and it took effect faster (3 months vs. 6 months). The baseline eGFR of the Nefecon group was lower but remained stable during treatment. Clinical remission rate (urine protein reduction ≥50%): the basic treatment group 41.8%, the glucocorticoids group 52.4%, and the Nefecon group 70.0% (P = 0.018), but the baseline urine protein of the Nefecon group was higher, and the results were biased. There was no difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the Nefecon group and the glucocorticoids group (50.0% vs. 45.2%, P = 0.52), and the infection rates were 5.0% and 9.5% respectively (P > 0.05). However, isolated leukocyte elevation was more common in the Nefecon group (25.0% vs. 9.5%). The effect of RASi + SGLT2i combined with Nefecon in reducing urine protein is similar to that of glucocorticoids, with faster onset and stable renal function. The conclusion is robust after multi-factor correction, but the retrospective design leads to baseline imbalance and limited correction efficacy, which requires verification through a prospective study. Nefecon may be a potential alternative to glucocorticoids, but attention should be paid to the risk of infection during use.

PMID 42688466
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PubMedJournal of medical economics2026-09-02

Budget impact analysis for albuterol-budesonide fixed-dose combination in the as needed treatment of adult patients with asthma in Kuwait.

Hamdy Elsisi Gihan G, Al-Bader Mohamed M, Al-Razzuqi Hanan H, Al-Asfoor Muneera M et al.

This study assessed the budget impact, from the perspective of the Kuwaiti healthcare payer, of introducing an as-needed fixed-dose combination of albuterol and budesonide (alb/bud-FDC) compared with albuterol alone and ICS-SABA for the management of asthma. A budget impact analysis (BIA) was conducted to estimate the financial consequences of introducing alb/bud-FDC rescue inhaler compared with albuterol and ICS/SABA over a four-year time horizon. Only direct medical costs were measured, including medications, follow-up investigations, and hospital admissions. Resource utilization data were extracted from the existing literature and subsequently validated. Clinical parameters were derived from clinical trials. The uncertainty inherent in the model was explored through a one-way sensitivity analysis. The total asthma patient population (n = 15,763) was estimated. Of these, 11,823 patients were identified as having partially controlled or uncontrolled asthma and were deemed eligible for treatment with alb/bud-FDC. The total annual costs (drug and non-drug costs) were estimated to be KWD 14,870,455 ($82 million) before alb/bud-FDC entry (SABA scenario) compared to KWD 14,479,021 ($80 million) post-entry (new scenario), resulting in a total budget savings of KWD 391,434 ($2.1 million) after four years. The total annual costs were estimated to be KWD 9,009,634 ($50 million) before alb/bud-FDC entry (ICS/SABA scenario) compared to KWD 8,717,921 ($48 million) post-entry (new scenario), resulting in a total budget savings of KWD 291,713 ($1.6 million) after four years, primarily driven by reduction in healthcare resource utilization. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the most influential parameters affecting the budget impact were the rates of exacerbation associated with the use of SABA and alb/bud-FDC, and alb/bud-FDC average unit/inhaler per year and costs. Our findings indicate that replacing albuterol or ICS-SABA with the alb/bud-FDC rescue inhaler across different asthma severity levels improves clinical outcomes while reducing overall healthcare costs through lower expenditures associated with severe asthma exacerbations and maintenance oral corticosteroid (OCS) use. This evaluation is relevant to healthcare decision makers for guiding that alb/bud-FDC is budget-saving for eligible patients, while reducing the burden to patients and improving their control and symptoms. These savings should be interpreted within the context of the overall asthma management budget.

PMID 42682159
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PubMedFrontiers in immunology2026-09-02

Real-world multicenter evidence on Nefecon for attenuating proteinuria and kidney function decline in IgA nephropathy.

Chen Shasha S, Jiang Lanping L, Zhang Yanyan Y, Wang Wei W et al.

Targeted-release budesonide (Nefecon) has demonstrated efficacy in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) trials, yet real-world data across disease severity spectrum remains limited. This multicenter, retrospective cohort study included 148 biopsy-proven IgAN adults (Nefecon =79; RASi =69). Primary endpoints were 9-month changes in proteinuria and eGFR. Mahalanobis distance matching within propensity score calipers addressed baseline imbalances. Response dynamics and safety were secondarily evaluated. Despite worse baseline eGFR (median 54.2 vs. 85.3 mL/min/1.73m²; P < 0.001) and more severe pathological lesions in the Nefecon group compared to RASi group, Nefecon was associated with greater proteinuria reduction (-1.25 vs. -0.58 g/24h; P < 0.001) and favorable eGFR trajectories (+2.7 vs. -11.2 mL/min/1.73m²; between-group difference 13.9 mL/min/1.73m2; 95% CI 12.7 to 15.1; P <0.001), findings remained largely consistent after Mahalanobis distance matching adjustment. Complete and partial remission rates were higher (29.1% and 54.2% vs. 10.1% and 23.2%; P < 0.001), with 59.5% achieving ≥50% proteinuria reduction versus 21.7% (RR 2.70, 95% CI 1.62-4.51). Treatment effects varied by baseline disease severity. Enhanced antiproteinuric efficacy was observed in patients with proteinuria >1.5 g/24h (interaction P = 0.003), while kidney function preservation was most pronounced in those with eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73m². Notably, 51.1% of initial non-responders achieved remission by 9 months, with complete remission rates increasing 4.6-fold over time. Adverse events were consistent with corticosteroid exposure; menstrual disturbance occurred in 39.5% of females. Serious adverse events were rare (2.5%). This real-world observational analysis shows Nefecon associated with improved proteinuria and eGFR outcomes across IgAN severity, extending randomized trial evidence to patients with advanced CKD and revealing substantial delayed response.

PMID 42682870
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PubMedMedicine2026-09-01

Successful treatment of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis using a combination of oral voriconazole and the bronchoscopic instillation of amphotericin B: A case report and literature review.

Wu HuaMan H, Tian MaoLiang M, Chen Zhao Z, He XiaoYu X et al.

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a complex pulmonary disease that results from hypersensitivity reactions triggered in response to A fumigatus. To date, there have been few reports of ABPA patients exhibiting elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels. Moreover, while systemic antifungal treatment often results in substantial side effects when administered to ABPA patients, there has been little published regarding bronchoscopic amphotericin B instillation as an alternative treatment strategy. We describe an ABPA patient who was repeatedly misdiagnosed with lung cancer. This 60-year-old woman complained of a 5-year history of a recurrent cough with whitish viscous sputum that had recurred and worsened within the 2 days before presentation. This woman had visited hospitals many times during this interval, and pulmonary computed tomography scans had revealed an occupying lesion in the left upper lobe of her lung. This, coupled with her elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels and other lung cancer markers, led to the misdiagnosis of lung cancer. As we found that she also exhibited elevated serum IgE and circulating eosinophil counts, and Aspergillus was detected through rapid on-site evaluation, we sent a further blood sample for fungal antigen-specific antibody testing. This approach revealed markedly elevated levels of A fumigatus-specific IgE, Aspergillus-specific IgG and IgM, leading to the confirmation of an ABPA diagnosis. The patient was administered inhaled budesonide together with antifungal therapy consisting of oral voriconazole and bronchoscopic amphotericin B instillation. She was additionally provided empiric antibiotic treatment to alleviate her cough and reduce phlegm production. Her symptoms and the associated lung lesion improved significantly. Bronchoscopic amphotericin B instillation represents a safe and effective approach to treating ABPA, providing a means of increasing local drug concentrations while minimizing the potential for systemic adverse reactions.

PMID 42675710
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