Drug Database
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clomipramine hydrochloride + sildenafil citrate (Gusejeong / DKB22002 / DKB 22002)

✓ Approved

DongKoo Bio & Pharma · PDE5A · Small Molecule

What is clomipramine hydrochloride + sildenafil citrate?

clomipramine hydrochloride + sildenafil citrate is a small molecule developed by DongKoo Bio & Pharma. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesGusejeong, DKB22002, DKB 22002
CompanyDongKoo Bio & Pharma
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetPDE5A
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, DongKoo Bio & Pharma

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

clomipramine hydrochloride + sildenafil citrate acts on 1 molecular target:

PDE5Aphosphodiesterase 5A (PDE5, CGB-PDE)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

clomipramine hydrochloride + sildenafil citrate is developed for 2 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Psychiatric disordersPremature ejaculation✓ Approved
Reproductive system and breast disordersErectile dysfunction✓ Approved

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Novel Insights into the Biochemistry of Citrate and Its Transporters: Relevance to Metabolic Rewiring, Tumor Microenvironment, and Bone Metastasis in Cancer.

Ganapathy Vadivel V, Sivaprakasam Sathish S, Bhutia Yangzom D YD, Prasad Puttur D PD et al.

Citrate intersects multiple biochemical pathways, yet its role in cancer has received limited attention. Similarly, the Na+-coupled citrate transporter (SLC13A5) has been investigated extensively in connection with epileptic encephalopathy, but its relevance to cancer remains understudied. This review focuses on novel insights into citrate biology and SLC13A5 that suggest a tumor-promoting role for SLC13A5/citrate. Cytosolic citrate is the building block for fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis necessary for membrane biogenesis and serves as a signaling molecule in regulating mitophagy and proteostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum. Cytosolic citrate pools derived from SLC13A5-mediated uptake across the plasma membrane and SLC25A1-mediated export from mitochondria have distinct functions. Citrate inhibits asparaginyl hydroxylase and thus potentiates transcription via hypoxia-inducible factors, consequently enhancing lactatogenic aerobic glycolysis and glutaminolysis in cancer cells. Citrate chelates iron and zinc; hence, cancer cells may be protected from ferroptosis and subjected to metabolic alterations by citrate. Human SLC13A5 is coupled to Na+ and H+, a feature that accelerates the delivery of extracellular citrate into cancer cells in the acidic tumor microenvironment (TME). SLC13A5 is also expressed in intracellular vesicles where it sequesters cytoplasmic citrate, thereby relieving citrate-mediated inhibition of glycolysis. Because the bone matrix is rich in citrate, osteolytic bone metastasis may increase citrate levels in the TME, providing a citrate-rich niche that facilitates cancer cell growth, metabolic reprogramming, and resistance to ferroptosis. Collectively, this review highlights novel biological aspects of citrate and SLC13A5 as they relate to tumor growth and bone metastasis and identifies SLC13A5 as a potential therapeutic target in cancer.

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PubMedJournal of environmental science and health. Part. B, Pesticides, food contaminants, and agricultural wastes2026-10-16

Effects of a bioherbicide and a chemical herbicide on soil microbial community structure, diversity, and nitrogen cycling functions.

Deng Quan Q, Lv Liangchen L, Feng Huaqi H, Liu Dongyang D et al.

The fermentation broth of the bioherbicidal fungus Aspergillus versicolor D5 shows efficacy against dicotyledonous weeds in tobacco fields. However, little is known about its impact on the soil ecological environment of tobacco fields, particularly in comparison with chemical herbicides. This study compares the effects of a bioherbicide (BIO) and rimsulfuron (CHE) on tobacco field soil ecology. Both show comparable weed control efficacy and increase urease and dehydrogenase activities, although BIO causes a smaller urease increase. Unlike CHE, BIO does not inhibit nitrite reductase. Metagenomics shows that BIO slightly alters community structure without reducing diversity, whereas CHE decreases it. BIO increases the abundance of Luteitalea (involved in decomposing complex organic carbon and nitrogen cycling) and Chloracidobacterium (light-assisted carbon metabolism) within the phylum Acidobacteria, whereas CHE significantly reduces the abundance of these bacteria. BIO decreases the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Rhizophagus and Funneliformis, while CHE increases them. Nitrogen cycling analysis shows that BIO only significantly reduces the anammox pathway, causing little overall disturbance, whereas CHE strongly promotes dissimilatory/assimilatory nitrate reduction and nitrate/nitrite uptake pathways. These findings indicate that the fermentation extract of A. versicolor D5 affects soil ecology less than rimsulfuron, causing less disturbance to soil microbial diversity in this study.

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PubMedMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-16

A Robust AQbD-Based RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Acyclovir and Doxepin Hydrochloride in Bulk and Topical Cream Formulation.

Kumar Akshay A, Kumar Mohit M, Saini Abhishek A, Agrawal Mohit M et al.

The present study describes the development and validation of a simple, rapid, and reliable RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of acyclovir and doxepin hydrochloride in bulk and topical cream formulation using an Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) approach. The combination of acyclovir, an antiviral agent, and doxepin, an antipruritic and anti-inflammatory drug, offers a combined topical approach for the management of herpes-associated skin conditions. The method development was guided by a predefined Analytical Target Profile (ATP), followed by systematic risk assessment to identify critical quality attributes (CQAs) and critical method parameters (CMPs). The central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize key chromatographic variables, including mobile phase composition and flow rate. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column using an isocratic mobile phase of acetonitrile and water (40:60 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, with UV detection at 240 nm. The retention times were found to be 2.58 min for acyclovir and 4.64 min for doxepin hydrochloride, indicating efficient separation with good peak symmetry. The method was validated according to ICH Q2(R2) guidelines and demonstrated excellent linearity over the concentration ranges of 2-10 µg/mL (acyclovir) and 12-28 µg/mL (doxepin hydrochloride), with correlation coefficients greater than 0.997. The method exhibited high precision (%RSD < 2%), accuracy (recovery within 99-101%), and good sensitivity with low LOD and LOQ values. The robustness studies confirmed the reliability of the method under small, deliberate variations in chromatographic conditions. The developed cream formulation showed uniform drug content and satisfactory in vitro drug release, with a sustained release profile reaching approximately 96% over 24 h. In conclusion, the proposed AQbD-based RP-HPLC method is suitable for routine quantitative analysis and quality control of acyclovir and doxepin hydrochloride in combined topical formulations.

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PubMedInternational journal of molecular sciences2026-10-16

Production, Optimization and Characterization of Biobased Itaconic Acid from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Velioglu Tosuner Zulfiye Z, Kosaca Mehdi M, Ozturk Urek Raziye R, Yilmaz Onur O et al.

Itaconic acid (IA) is an important bio-based platform chemical with applications in the production of polymers, coatings, resins, and other value-added materials. However, its conventional microbial production relies predominantly on microorganisms that present safety and process-related limitations. This study investigated Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4742 as a potentially safer microbial platform for the production of bio-based IA under submerged fermentation conditions. IA production was optimized using response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design, considering glucose concentration, initial pH, and CaCI2 concentration as independent variables. The maximum IA concentration of 1133.50 ± 54.92 mg/L was obtained at 30 °C, pH 4.5, with 10% (w/v) glucose and without CaCI2 supplementation after 216 h of fermentation. The fermentation-derived IA was subsequently recovered and characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), and thermogravimetric analysis. The analytical results confirmed the molecular identity and high chromatographic purity of the recovered IA. Furthermore, the homopolymerization ability of the fermentation-derived IA was evaluated and compared with that of commercial IA under the same reaction conditions. The 1H-NMR results demonstrated changes consistent with consumption of the IA C=C double bond following polymerization, indicating that the fermentation-derived IA retained its ability to undergo homopolymerization. Overall, these findings demonstrate the potential of S. cerevisiae for producing structurally confirmed bio-based IA and provide a proof of concept for its use as a renewable monomer for poly(itaconic acid) synthesis, supporting its further investigation for the development of bio-based polymeric materials.

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The overconsumption of traditional plastic products causes serious white pollution and ecological pressure. Bio-based composites derived from natural polymers have emerged as promising sustainable alternatives. This work preliminarily fabricates starch- and gelatin-based composite films modified with natural fillers, and characterizes their basic physicochemical properties, dyeing performance, mechanical behavior, soil burial mass loss, and seed germination responses. On the basis of the tested baseline properties, tentative conceptual design schemes for eco-friendly toys were proposed. Notably, all experimental results in this work are preliminary and limited by insufficient experimental replicates. This study provides only basic experimental data and preliminary feasibility references for developing natural polymer composites for low-carbon consumer product scenarios.

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PubMedMicrobial cell factories2026-10-16

Effective bio-activities of the metal nanoparticles mycosynthesized by the plants' fungal endophytes.

Madbouly Adel K AK, Rashad Younes M YM

Fungal endophytes act as bio-nano factories and are favored over bacteria and plant extracts, as they secrete large quantities of proteins and enzymes, facilitating stable, efficient, and economic nanoparticle synthesis. This review highlights the advantages of plant-associated fungal endophytes as bio-factories for metal nanoparticles (MNPs) synthesis and critically examines the biological activities and potential applications of these MNPs in human health, food technology, and agriculture. Compared to chemical synthesis, biogenic MNPs are more resistant to aggregation due to the involvement of different biomolecules, including secondary metabolites, enzymes, and proteins, reducing the metal ions to form MNPs. Biosynthesis of MNPs by several fungal genera, such as Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., and Aspergillus spp., enables alleviation of the undesirable cytotoxicity and increased stability. In the food industry, MNPs play substantial roles in inhibiting browning and preventing food contamination. In agriculture, they act as herbicides, fungicides, pesticides, and plant growth promoters. Field application trials of these MNPs are recommended before their manipulation as a control strategy. In medicine, MNPs behave as antimicrobials, drug-delivery, antioxidants, and anticancer agents. They are applied in ophthalmology to facilitate drug delivery onto the site of infection via the improvement of targeted delivery. MNPs have demonstrated anticancer potency against cancer cell lines; however, they may also display cytotoxicity against the normal cells, especially at small sizes. However, at low pH, release of Ag+‏ ions from AgNPs increases, where such information may aid in reducing the toxicity of the AgNPs. Conjugation of MNPs and antimicrobials has shown synergistic efficacy against the microbial resistance compared to the antimicrobials alone, reducing the development of antimicrobial resistance and decreasing the duration and the dose requirements of antimicrobial treatments. Nevertheless, comprehensive toxicological, pharmacokinetic, environmental, field, and in vivo studies are required before widespread application. The novelty of this review lies in spotting the light on the useful role of fungal endophytes as bio-factories for MNPs biosynthesis and emphasizing the promising applications of these MNPs in human health, food technology, and sustainable agricultural disease management, while highlighting the challenges and research priorities required for their safe and effective translation from laboratory studies to practical applications.

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