Drug Database
ME

metronidazole (Elyzol / Pernyzol / Elyzol Dental Gel)

✓ Approved

Pfizer, Inc. · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is metronidazole?

metronidazole is a small molecule developed by Pfizer, Inc.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via topical.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesElyzol, Pernyzol, Elyzol Dental Gel
CompanyPfizer, Inc.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteTopical
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Pfizer, Inc.

Therapeutic Indications

metronidazole is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Infections and infestationsPeriodontitis✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedInternational journal of dentistry2026-07-17

Policy Interventions to Prevent Periodontal Disease in Rural India: A Scoping Review.

Nagpal Nandini N, Shetty Neetha J NJ, Singh Shruti S, P Gitanjali G

Periodontal diseases remain a major public health concern, particularly in rural populations where access to preventive oral healthcare is limited. Various periodontal disease prevention policies have been implemented through rural health centers, yet their effectiveness has not been comprehensively mapped. The objective of this study is to systematically map and evaluate existing evidence on the effectiveness of periodontal disease prevention policies implemented in rural health centers. This scoping review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology and PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Studies evaluating periodontal disease prevention policies in rural health settings were included. Databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Embase were searched. Data were charted and synthesized narratively. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Most studies evaluated community-based oral health education programs, training of frontline health workers, screening initiatives, and outreach activities in rural India. Short-term improvements were observed in oral health knowledge, oral hygiene practices, plaque levels, and community engagement. However, evidence regarding long-term periodontal outcomes, policy implementation, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness was limited. Existing evidence suggests that community-based oral health education programs, outreach activities, and training of frontline health workers can improve oral health knowledge, hygiene practices, and short-term periodontal outcomes in rural India. However, evidence evaluating formal periodontal disease prevention policies, their long-term effectiveness, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness remains limited. These findings highlight the need for stronger integration of periodontal disease prevention into primary healthcare services, continued capacity building of community health workers, and robust policy evaluation frameworks. Future research should focus on long-term outcomes and scalable implementation models to support evidence-based oral health policy development in rural India.

PMID 42465732
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PubMedCase reports in dentistry2026-07-17

Mucogingival Treatment of a Gingival Invagination After Tooth Extraction: A 3-Year Follow-Up After a Perio-Ortho Multidisciplinary Approach.

Alberichi Jennifer J, Rojas Mariana M, Cometti Juan Carlos JC, Pilloni Andrea A

Gingival invagination is a relatively common occurrence following orthodontic closure of extraction sites. The present paper reports a combined periodontal and orthodontic treatment in a patient after lower incisor tooth extraction, in which periodontal plastic surgery was performed prior to the orthodontic space closure. A 28-year-old female patient was treated for orthodontic concerns. The comprehensive treatment plan encompassed periodontal supportive therapy, tooth extraction, and periodontal plastic surgery utilizing the "connective tissue platform technique." Postsurgery, orthodontic treatment was administered with Invisalign aligners. Radiographs and clinical examinations conducted 3 years after treatment completion confirm the long-term stability of the outcomes, both in terms of function and esthetics. Gingival invagination after mandible incisor extraction could be successfully treated by an additional application of a periodontal plastic surgery technique, which, combined with a posterior orthodontic treatment, solved a multidisciplinary treatment challenge.

PMID 42465581
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PubMedScientific reports2026-07-17

Analysis of the effects of metabolic syndrome and periodontitis on cortical-trabecular bone structure of the mandible and periodontal inflammation.

Bostan Semih Alperen SA, Yemenoglu Hatice H, Koyuncu Akın Halil AH, Ozgur Furkan F et al.

To evaluate the effects of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and periodontitis on mandibular cortical and trabecular bone structure and their association with periodontal inflammatory burden, 80 individuals were allocated to four groups: systemically and periodontally healthy (MetS - P-, n = 20), periodontitis only (MetS - P+, n = 20), MetS only (MetS + P-, n = 20), and both conditions (MetS + P+, n = 20). Trabecular bone was assessed by fractal dimension (FD) analysis in three regions, while cortical morphology was evaluated on panoramic radiographs using radiomorphometric indices: symphysis index (SI), anterior index (AI), molar index (MI), panoramic mandibular index (PMI), and Klemetti index (KI). Periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) and periodontal epithelial surface area (PESA) were calculated to quantify inflammatory load. Condyle and angulus FD values were higher in MetS groups (p < 0.05). AI and SI were highest in MetS + P+ and lowest in MetS - P- (p < 0.05). MI and PMI showed no intergroup differences (p > 0.05). KI distribution differed significantly, with more C1 in controls and more C2 in MetS + P+ (p < 0.05). PISA was greatest in MetS + P+ (p < 0.05). Positive correlations were observed between PESA and AI, and between PISA and both AI and SI (p < 0.05). Coexistence of MetS and periodontitis is associated with regional mandibular trabecular and cortical bone alterations and increases periodontal inflammatory burden, suggesting a combined effect of metabolic stress and periodontal inflammation on bone microarchitecture.

PMID 42463849
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PubMedbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2026-07-17

Longitudinal Salivary Immunophenotyping Reveals Distinct Cellular Signatures of Periodontal Disease Activity and Resolution.

Naqvi Raza Ali RA, Tokarski Matt M, Ceredon Kristofer K, Gluck Joseph J et al.

To investigate whether salivary immune cell profiling can serve as a non-invasive approach to monitor periodontal disease activity and therapeutic response by characterizing innate and adaptive immune cell dynamics in periodontitis. This longitudinal study included systemically healthy adults with periodontitis and healthy controls. Periodontal parameters (PPD, BOP, plaque/calculus, and radiographic bone loss) were recorded by calibrated examiners (κ=0.85) following established criteria. Stimulated saliva and gingival biopsies were collected before and 4-6 weeks after non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT), and from healthy controls. Multiparametric flow cytometry was used to characterize myeloid and lymphoid cell populations and polarization markers. Bacterial transcripts and host inflammatory markers were assessed by qRT-PCR. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA. Periodontitis subjects exhibited significantly elevated salivary bacterial transcripts, which decreased but did not normalize following NSPT. Both myeloid and lymphoid immune cell populations increased in periodontitis compared with healthy controls and declined after therapy. This was accompanied by a pronounced pro-inflammatory shift with elevated IFN-γ-producing macrophages, dendritic cells, Th1/Th17 cells, and B cells, including the novel identification of IFN-γ-producing B cells in saliva and mirrors the gingival immune cell profiles. In contrast, anti-inflammatory populations (IL-10-producing myeloid cells, Tr1 cells, and regulatory B cells) were reduced in disease and partially restored following NSPT. Salivary immunophenotyping non-invasively monitors PD activity and therapeutic response by capturing dynamic immune changes that reflect gingival signatures and track post-therapy resolution. Scientific rationale: Salivary immune profiling offers a real-time, non-invasive tool for assessing periodontal disease status and treatment outcomes, with potential applications in precision diagnostics and personalized periodontal care.Principle findings: Periodontitis was associated with increased salivary bacterial burden and a marked pro-inflammatory immune profile involving both innate and adaptive immune cells, including newly identified IFN-γ-producing B cells. Non-surgical periodontal therapy partially restored anti-inflammatory immune responses and reduced inflammatory cell populations, supporting salivary immunophenotyping as a promising non-invasive biomarker approach for monitoring disease activity and treatment response.Practical implications: Salivary immune cell profiling could serve as a simple, non-invasive tool to monitor periodontal disease activity and response to therapy in clinical practice. Identification of specific inflammatory cell subsets may also aid in developing personalized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for periodontitis.

PMID 42465300
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PubMedScientific reports2026-07-17

Effect of deep margin elevation with different base materials on periodontal health in a clinical study.

Ragab Rofida R, Abdallah Ahmed A, Saad Rasha R, Riad Mona M

This prospective clinical investigation evaluated the effects of proximal box elevation using three base materials on periodontal tissues in premolar teeth treated with direct composite restorations. In endodontically treated maxillary premolars, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected after restoring cavities using three base materials: resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI), flowable composite (Tetric N-Flow), and injectable hybrid composite (Beautifil Flow Plus). Periodontal health was assessed by measuring interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) concentrations, bleeding on probing (BOP), and pocket depth (PD) immediately and at 3 months postoperatively. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA to compare groups, Levene's test to assess homogeneity of variances, and paired t-tests and chi-square tests were used to assess differences within groups. the results revealed that the levels of IL-1, TNF, and PD differed significantly among the three base materials at different time points. The Beautifil Flow Plus group showed the highest TNF levels, the most substantial absolute reduction, and the lowest reduction in IL-1 levels. However, there were no significant differences in BOP among the three materials at any time interval. Within the limitations of this three-month study, all materials were clinically acceptable, though Tetric N-Flow and RM-GI showed a more favorable short-term inflammatory profile than Beautifil Flow Plus. However, due to the limited sample size and short follow-up, no definitive claims regarding long-term periodontal compatibility or clinical superiority can be made.

PMID 42463745
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PubMedFrontiers in immunology2026-07-17

CD48 and CXCR4 as immune-associated biomarkers in periodontitis: an integrative analysis and validation study.

Gu Yue Y, Bu Mingyang M, Sun Jingyuan J, Liu Juan J et al.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by progressive destruction of periodontal supporting tissues, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis remain incompletely defined. This study aimed to identify key genes associated with periodontitis through an integrative bioinformatics strategy combined with experimental validation. Two independent transcriptomic datasets (GSE16134 and GSE10334) were analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis, protein-protein interaction network construction, and machine-learning approaches, including random forest and support vector machine algorithms, were employed to screen for candidate hub genes. Gene set enrichment analysis was performed to investigate potential biological functions. A ligature-induced rat periodontitis model and human periodontal tissue samples were used for validation through micro-computed tomography, histological analysis, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative real-time PCR. CD48 and CXCR4 were identified as key genes consistently selected across datasets and analytical methods. Both genes were significantly upregulated in periodontitis samples and demonstrated robust diagnostic performance. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that these genes were closely associated with immune-inflammatory pathways. Experimental validation further confirmed increased expression of CD48 and CXCR4 at both mRNA and protein levels in rat and human periodontal tissues. CD48 and CXCR4 are potential biomarkers associated with periodontitis and may be involved in the regulation of immune-inflammatory processes, particularly those related to inflammatory cell recruitment and periodontal tissue destruction, thereby providing additional insight into disease pathogenesis and offering promising molecular candidates for future translational investigation.

PMID 42465757
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