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clotrimazole + betamethasone (Flotiran / Lotrisone / Lotricomb)

✓ Approved

Merck & Co. · NR3C1 · Small Molecule

What is clotrimazole + betamethasone?

clotrimazole + betamethasone is a small molecule developed by Merck & Co.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via unknown.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesFlotiran, Lotrisone, Lotricomb
CompanyMerck & Co.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetNR3C1,
RouteUnknown
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Merck & Co.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

clotrimazole + betamethasone acts on 2 molecular targets:

NR3C1nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 (GR, GCCR)
sterol demethylase, Candida albicans (ERG11)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

clotrimazole + betamethasone is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Infections and infestationsWound infection fungal✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedLasers in medical science2026-07-16

Combined compound betamethasone and 595 nm pulsed dye laser improves hypertrophic scar and is associated with enhanced autophagy in myofibroblasts.

Sui Shijia S, Bian Shijun S, Xia Zhikuan Z, Wu Jiamin J et al.

Compound betamethasone combined with 595 nm pulsed dye laser (PDL) is widely used in the clinical management of hypertrophic scars. However, the mechanisms underlying this enhanced effect remain poorly understood. This study evaluated its therapeutic efficacy and investigated whether induction of autophagy in myofibroblasts is associated with scar improvement. A rabbit ear hypertrophic scar model was established and divided into control, compound betamethasone injection (BI), PDL, and combined (BI + PDL) groups. Scar morphology and histological changes were assessed. Autophagy was evaluated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunohistochemical detection of LC3B and p62. In vitro, hypertrophic scar-derived myofibroblasts were treated with betamethasone dipropionate (BD), PDL, or their combination (BD + PDL). Cell viability, collagen expression, and autophagic activity were analyzed using CCK-8 assays, Western blotting, MDC staining, immunofluorescence, and TEM. Chloroquine was used to assess autophagic flux. The combined BI + PDL treatment produced the most pronounced improvement in scar architecture, with reduced collagen deposition, decreased microvessel density, and increased number of apoptotic cells. Autophagy levels were significantly elevated in the combination group both in vivo and in vitro. In cultured myofibroblasts, BD + PDL markedly inhibited cell viability and reduced type I and type III collagen expression. This effect was accompanied by increased autophagosome formation, an elevated LC3II/LC3I ratio, and decreased p62 expression. Importantly, inhibition of autophagic flux with chloroquine attenuated the collagen-suppressive effect of the combined treatment. Compound betamethasone combined with 595 nm PDL significantly improves hypertrophic scars, an effect associated with enhanced autophagic activity in myofibroblasts which may partly mediate collagen degradation.

PMID 42461415
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PubMedObstetrics and gynecology2026-07-16

Child Neurodevelopmental Outcomes After Late Preterm Hypoglycemia.

Gyamfi-Bannerman Cynthia C, de Voest Jessica A JA, Tita Alan T N ATN, Blackwell Sean C SC et al.

To evaluate whether hypoglycemia in neonates born to mothers at risk for late preterm delivery was related to adverse effects on childhood neurodevelopment. This was a prospective follow-up study of children aged 6 years or older whose mothers were enrolled in the Antenatal Late Preterm Steroids multicenter randomized trial. The study was conducted at 13 centers that participated in the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network cycle from 2011 to 2016. Follow-up was from 2017 to 2022. Adult consent and child assent were obtained. The primary exposure was hypoglycemia , defined as a blood glucose concentration less than 40 mg/dL within 24 hours of birth. The primary outcome, proportion of GCA (General Conceptual Ability) scores lower than 85 (-1 SD) from the DAS-II (Differential Ability Scales, 2nd Edition), was analyzed by the presence of hypoglycemia at birth, irrespective of initial trial treatment assignment (betamethasone or placebo). Secondary outcomes included GMFCS (Gross Motor Function Classification System) level, SRS-2 (Social Responsiveness Scale, 2 nd Edition) scores, and CBCL (Child Behavior Checklist) scores. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed, the latter adjusted for prespecified variables known to be associated with the primary outcome. Of 1,026 children enrolled, 1,020 (99.4%) had blood glucose data and 944 had data for the primary outcome. Of these 944, 785 (83.2%) were delivered late preterm and 208 (22.0%) had hypoglycemia, of whom 84 (40.4%) were treated. Those with hypoglycemia were more likely to have private insurance, have older mothers, receive betamethasone, and identify as White. There were no differences in the primary outcome, GCA score lower than 85 (15.9% in those with hypoglycemia vs 18.5% in those without; adjusted relative risk 1.03; 95% CI, 0.74-1.45), and no difference in secondary outcomes. Severity of hypoglycemia also was not associated with any outcomes. In our cohort, hypoglycemia was not associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes in children born predominantly late preterm.

PMID 42462244
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PubMedAmerican journal of veterinary research2026-07-15

Trephination and the Seldinger technique achieve comparable sinonasal distribution of clotrimazole cream in canine cadavers.

Langton Sarah S, Chan Justin J, Gal Arnon A, Burchell Richard R

To compare the volumetric distribution of clotrimazole cream within the sinonasal cavities of cadaver dogs using frontal sinus trephination or the Seldinger technique. Cadaver dogs with normal sinonasal cavities underwent frontal sinus trephination or the Seldinger technique in this prospective experimental study between October 2022 and March 2023. Contrast-enhanced clotrimazole cream was instilled into the sinonasal cavities, and distribution was assessed using CT. Volumetric measurements were performed using open-source medical imaging software spanning regions from the frontal sinus, cribriform plate, canine tooth, and maxillary premolar 4 to the naris. 25 cadaver dogs were enrolled; 22 met the inclusion criteria, and 3 cadavers were excluded (1 due to intracranial penetration via trephination). Both techniques achieved excellent frontal sinus filling (> 75%). Mean instillation volumes required for ipsilateral naris filling increased with body weight: 2.4 ± 0.2 mL/kg (cadavers < 10 kg), 3.0 ± 0.2 mL/kg (cadavers 10 to < 20 kg), 3.6 ± 0.2 mL/kg (cadavers 20 to < 40 kg), and 4.5 ± 0.6 mL/kg (cadavers > 40 kg). Computed tomography-guided measurements were required for cadavers < 20 kg to minimize complications during trephination. The Seldinger technique achieved sinonasal filling comparable to trephination in healthy cadavers. The volume of cream required varies for patient weight groups. Both techniques achieved comparable sinonasal clotrimazole filling; however, procedural feasibility may be influenced by small‑breed cadavers and those with normal sinonasal anatomy. Further studies in live patients are required to determine procedural feasibility, complication rates, and effectiveness.

PMID 42447907
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PubMedBMC immunology2026-07-14

Efficacy of the combination of antimicrobial therapy with immunomodulators in the management of immunological female infertility due to anti-sperm antibodies associated with bacterial vaginosis during unexplained infertility: double-blind factorial randomised controlled trial.

Maindo Alongo Mike-Antoine MA, Batina Agasa Salomon S, Labama Otuli Noël N, Juakali Sihalikyolo Jean-Jeannot JJ et al.

Unexplained infertility (UI) is a subject of major concern in reproduction and can be associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV) and/or antisperm antibodies (ASA), yet therapeutic strategies for these conditions in resource-limited settings are poorly defined. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of immunomodulators compared with placebo following antimicrobial therapy among infertile women with UI linked to ASA and BV. This double-blind, 2 × 3 factorial randomised controlled trial was conducted at a tertiary referral hospital in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 123 women with UI, positive ASA, and BV were randomised to receive either metronidazole alone or combined antimicrobial therapy (metronidazole, clotrimazole, and clindamycin) for Factor 1, followed by prednisolone, zinc acetate, or placebo (paracetamol 100 mg) for Factor 2. The primary outcome was time to clinical pregnancy within six months, analysed in the modified intention-to-treat population as a time-to-event endpoint using Kaplan-Meier methods, the log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards models. The study protocol was initially approved by the provincial health district ethics committee (701/FBL/DPS/TSHOPO/SEC/0173/2023). The trial has been retrospectively registered with the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry on 08 October 2024 under the identifier PACTR202410672612184. Among 123 participants, immunomodulators significantly increased clinical pregnancy rates compared with placebo (38.55% vs. 12.5%; aHR = 3.43 [1.34-8.81]; p = 0.010). Adjusted analyses showed significantly higher pregnancy rates for both zinc acetate (40.48%; aHR 3.46 [1.27-9.40]; p = 0.012) and prednisolone (36.59%; aHR 2.75 [1.01-7.68]; p = 0.027) compared with placebo, with no significant difference between the two active agents (p = 0.623). Combined antimicrobial therapy was superior to metronidazole alone in achieving therapeutic BV cure at visit 2 (58.06% vs. 37.7%; RR 1.52 [1.04-2.22]; p = 0.023) and, at the margins of the factorial design, was associated with a higher cumulative conception rate (aHR 2.20 [1.09-4.43]; p = 0.027). The Factor 1 × Factor 2 interaction was not statistically significant (likelihood-ratio p = 0.59). While the overall incidence of adverse events was comparable between zinc (16.67%) and prednisolone (21.95%) (p = 0.541), zinc acetate was associated with significantly higher patient-reported tolerance (p = 0.007). Sequential treatment involving combined antimicrobial therapy followed by immunomodulation significantly improves clinical pregnancy rates in women with UI associated with BV and ASA. Zinc acetate offers an effective and better-tolerated alternative to prednisolone for this indication.

PMID 42443734
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PubMedReproduction (Cambridge, England)2026-07-12

Chorioamnionitis and Glucocorticoids Elicit Acute Adverse Effects on the Developing Ovine Fetal Ovaries.

Seah K Y M KYM, Carter S W D SWD, Usuda H H, Pinnington T R TR et al.

Antenatal corticosteroid (ANS) therapy and chorioamnionitis are common antecedents of preterm birth, yet their effects on the developing fetal ovary remain poorly understood. Long-term follow-up of 45% of participants from the Auckland Steroid Trial reported that high-dose antenatal betamethasone exposure was associated with a modest delay in female reproductive maturation and a non-significant two-year reduction in menopause age (Lord et al., 2025), raising concerns regarding potential effects on ovarian lifespan. Using a sheep model of pregnancy, we investigated the impact of antenatal betamethasone exposure and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced chorioamnionitis on fetal ovarian development. Date-mated Merino ewes were randomized to saline control, ANS, or chorioamnionitis treatment groups administered 2 or 8 days before delivery. Female lambs were delivered preterm at 124±1 days' gestation, underwent standardized 30 minutes ventilation, and ovarian tissues were collected for transcriptomic and histological analyses. RNA sequencing demonstrated marked transcriptional alterations following both ANS and chorioamnionitis, affecting pathways involved in cell cycle regulation, ovarian development, and cellular function. Histological assessment identified changes in follicle populations. ANS exposure was associated with increased markers of apoptosis, including significantly elevated TUNEL and caspase-3 staining. Chorioamnionitis exposure resulted in significant reduction of primary follicle numbers and trends toward increased tertiary and atretic follicles. Markers of ovarian and stromal cell populations were unchanged. Although limited by sample size and assessment of individual rather than combined exposures, these findings demonstrate that both ANS and chorioamnionitis induce acute molecular and structural changes in the developing fetal ovary, with potential implications for ovarian reserve, reproductive lifespan, and long-term female reproductive health.

PMID 42435406
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PubMedMolecular psychiatry2026-07-12

Single-nucleus transcriptomics-based drug screening platform for focal cortical dysplasia.

Fang Chuantao C, Meng Guilin G, Yang Lin L, Wang Lijun L et al.

Focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs) are a major cause of drug-resistant epilepsy, yet their molecular and pathological complexity has limited the development of effective antiseizure medications. Here, we performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing on 49 human neocortical specimens spanning FCDI-III. We identified prominent transcriptional alterations in non-neuronal populations, particularly astrocytes and vascular cells, with signatures suggestive of endothelial and smooth muscle cell dysfunction. In contrast, neuronal populations exhibited additional subtype-specific heterogeneity. Notably, vascular-associated signatures were consistently observed across FCD subtypes, suggesting a convergent feature of diseased cortex. To systematically explore candidate interventions, we integrated cell-type-resolved transcriptional signatures with the Connectivity Map to prioritize compounds from ~40,000 perturbagens. This analysis yielded 20 candidates, among which four compounds (Betamethasone, Lodamin, Valproxam, and Licochalcone A) reduced seizure-like activity in vivo, as assessed by behavioral assays and local field potential recordings. These effects were further evaluated in an mTOR-driven FCD model. Collectively, our findings establish a transcriptome-guided framework for linking multicellular disease signatures to candidate therapeutic strategies in refractory epilepsy.

PMID 42436259
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