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influenza vaccine

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LG Chem Ltd. · · Vaccine

What is influenza vaccine?

influenza vaccine is a vaccine developed by LG Chem Ltd.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via inhaled or injectable (others) or intramuscular (im) injection.

Drug Profile

CompanyLG Chem Ltd.
Drug ClassVaccine, Large Molecules
Molecular Target, ,
RouteInhaled, Injectable (Others), Intramuscular (IM) Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, LG Chem Ltd.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

influenza vaccine acts on 3 molecular targets:

(M1)
(HA)
(neuraminidase, influenza A virus)
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Related Research Articles

PubMedmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences2026-07-17

Post-vaccination expansion of extrafollicular Th10 and regulatory Tfr cells distinguishes strong from weak influenza vaccine responses in older adults.

Mahajan Avinash S AS, Ravichandran Sathyabaarathi S, Marches Radu R, Yazici Yilmaz Yucehan YY et al.

Despite the superior efficacy of high-dose influenza vaccines, over one-third of older adults fail to respond. Yet, the mechanisms underlying this impaired vaccine responsiveness remain poorly understood. Here, we performed longitudinal profiling of older adults (n=60) receiving high-dose influenza vaccination to identify immune programs associated with vaccine responsiveness. Strong responders exhibited a primed baseline immune state characterized by elevated plasma cytokines and chemokines, followed by enhanced IFN-γ responses and coordinated transcriptional and epigenetic activation of cDC2 cells at day 1. By day 7, CD4⁺ T-cell trajectories diverged: strong responders preferentially expanded influenza-specific activated cTfh1 ( CXCR5 + CXCR3 + ICOS + CD38 + ) and influenza-specific Th10 ( CXCR5⁻ CXCR3 + PD1 + IL10⁺ ) cells, whereas weak responders expanded regulatory cTfr ( CXCR5⁺ FOXP3⁺ ) cells. Th10 expansion correlated with plasmablast and antibody responses and was independently validated in a larger influenza vaccination cohort, including younger adults. Functionally, Th10 cells promoted memory B-cell differentiation into plasmablasts and production of influenza-specific IgGs. TCR analyses revealed minimal clonal overlap between Th10 and cTfh1 cells. Together, these findings identify divergent helper and regulatory CD4⁺ T cell programs associated with vaccine responsiveness and establish Th10 cells as a previously unrecognized component of vaccine-induced humoral immunity.

PMID 42465941
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PubMedVirologica Sinica2026-07-17

Pygenic Acid A, a Small-Molecule PD-1/SHP-2 Inhibitor, Enhances Efficacy of Therapeutic Melanoma Vaccines and Prophylactic Influenza Vaccines.

Yan Yan Y, Li Yitong Y, Mei Wenyi W, Li Yixin Y et al.

Overcoming immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments remains a critical challenge in advanced vaccine development. Here, we evaluated Pygenic acid A (PA), an intracellular small-molecule inhibitor targeting the PD-1/SHP-2 axis, as a novel vaccine adjuvant. The adjuvant efficacy of PA was systematically assessed in two murine models: a therapeutic B16-F10 melanoma lung metastasis model and a prophylactic lethal H1N1 influenza virus challenge model. In the melanoma metastasis model, PA potentiated the anti-tumor effect of the mTRP2 vaccine, markedly inhibiting pulmonary metastatic lesions and prolonging the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Mechanistically, PA robustly boosted the intratumoral infiltration of functional T cells, thereby reversing local tumor immunosuppression. In the influenza vaccination model, consistent immunostimulatory effects were observed: the PA-adjuvanted hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine effectively elicited broad-spectrum cross-neutralizing antibody responses and provided complete protection against lethal heterologous influenza virus challenge. Further mechanistic investigations demonstrated that PA specifically promoted the differentiation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and the expansion of germinal center (GC) B cells in draining lymph nodes, while triggering a robust Th1-type cellular immune response dominated by IFN-γ secretion. Furthermore, in vivo safety assessments verified that PA intervention induced no obvious systemic inflammation, hematological abnormalities, or visceral organ injury, indicating a favorable safety profile. Collectively, these results demonstrate that PA serves as a potent and safe intracellular checkpoint-targeting adjuvant capable of potentiating both cellular immunity and cross-protective humoral immunity, holding great translational promise for the development of advanced cancer vaccines and broad-spectrum influenza vaccines.

PMID 42462877
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PubMedThe Journal of infectious diseases2026-07-17

Influenza Antibody Levels Associated with Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza in a Test-Negative Study Design, US Flu VE Network, November 2018-May 2019.

Flannery Brendan B, Chung Jessie R JR, Holiday Crystal C, Jefferson Stacie S et al.

We assessed associations between antibody concentrations within 7 days of symptom onset and testing positive for influenza virus infection among outpatients enrolled in a test-negative study. From November 2018─May 2019, study sites in five states obtained serum and respiratory specimens from outpatients aged ≥18 years presenting with acute respiratory illness. Respiratory specimens were tested for influenza virus, and viral clades were identified by genomic sequencing. We measured influenza antibody titers against vaccine and circulating viruses by hemagglutination inhibition (HI), microneutralization (MN) and neuraminidase inhibition (NAI) assays. Reduction in odds of influenza-associated illness at increasing HI, MN and NAI antibody titers was estimated using logistic regression adjusting for influenza vaccination status and time since beginning of influenza season. Among 175 patients with confirmed influenza virus infection, including 112 with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and 63 with A(H3N2) (44 clade 3C.3a), and 130 test-negative control patients, higher HI, MN and NAI antibody titers against circulating influenza viruses were associated with lower odds of confirmed influenza. Odds of A(H1N1)pdm09 infection were 44% and 54% lower for each two-fold increase in A(H1N1)pdm09 HI or NAI titer, respectively. Odds of A(H3N2) infection were 49% and 28% lower, respectively, for each two-fold increase in MN or NAI titer against circulating A(H3N2) virus clade. NAI titers were independently associated with lower odds of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) after controlling for HI titer. Higher influenza antibody titers against circulating viruses were associated with lower likelihood of influenza virus infection among adult patients with acute respiratory illness.

PMID 42463137
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PubMedVaccine2026-07-17

Quality improvement programs for adult immunization: a scoping literature review.

Dudley Matthew Z MZ, Asif Amimah F AF, Thomas Ebony S ES, Lindley Megan C MC et al.

Quality improvement (QI) programs for healthcare providers have increased childhood immunization coverage. However, practice-level strategies for adult immunization are less clearly defined and may differ from pediatric approaches. To identify and summarize adult immunization QI programs described in published and unpublished literature. We searched PubMed, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations in December 2023 using terms covering four main concepts (QI, adults, healthcare providers, and immunization). Results were exported to Covidence for deduplication, screening, and data extraction. Articles describing at least one U.S. adult immunization QI program were included. We included 272 studies. QI programs most frequently targeted influenza (64%) and pneumococcal (43%) vaccines and used patient education (49%), patient reminders (38%), provider reminders (36%), and provider education (35%). Most (81%) of the 212 studies assessing vaccine coverage following QI programs found a statistically significant increase, including 72% of the randomized controlled trials, 85% of the quasi-experimental studies, 89% of the cohort studies, and all of the non-randomized trials and meta-analyses. Adult immunization QI programs often focus on reminders and education about influenza and pneumococcal vaccines, and they frequently increased adult immunization coverage. Further research is needed to determine the QI components most effective for adult vaccination.

PMID 42462435
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PubMedbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2026-07-17

Molecular-level analysis of serum IgG repertoires in COVID-19-vaccinated people with cystic fibrosis identifies abundant convergent antibodies.

Ionov Steven S, Connor Ruth I RI, Curtis Nicholas C NC, Shin Seungmin S et al.

People with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) are at increased risk of severe disease following respiratory viral infections including influenza and respiratory syncytial virus, and were therefore given priority for COVID-19 vaccination. Retrospective epidemiological data have revealed a lower incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and a reduced fatality rate among pwCF than in the general population, possibly from the stringent infection control measures and early adoption of protective behaviors. Despite several reports of adequate binding and neutralizing titers after vaccination, the molecular features of vaccine-elicited serum antibody repertoires in pwCF remain unknown. We performed high-resolution proteomic analysis of serum IgG, combined with next-generation sequencing of B cells, to quantitatively profile Spike (S)-reactive serological repertoires from nine infection-naïve pwCF after two doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. We recombinantly expressed 20 IgG clonotypes from 6 pwCF as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and measured their binding and neutralization against vaccine-strain and variant viruses. All donors mounted strong binding and neutralizing titers to vaccine-strain virus. Ig-Seq revealed diverse serum repertoires in all vaccinees, with antibodies targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) comprising 64% of each circulating repertoire by abundance. Several serum IgG clonotypes identified across our cohort shared identical or similar IGHV and CDRH3 amino acid sequences with serum IgG from other pwCF or S-reactive mAbs isolated from non-CF individuals. These 'convergent' antibodies made up 14.6% of the anti-S repertoires in our cohort, reaching 24.8% in one pwCF. Convergent antibodies tended to be RBD-reactive and enriched in specific IGHV ; surprisingly, a higher abundance of convergent antibodies in serum correlated with a lower breadth of serum neutralization. All 20 mAbs bound Wuhan S with high affinity (EC 50 < 10 nM), and only RBD-reactive mAbs conferred neutralization to vaccine or variant pseudovirus. While most mAbs bound both the B.1.617.2 (Delta, 17/20) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron, 12/20) strains, convergent mAbs were less likely to bind either variant. Post-vaccine serum IgG repertoires in pwCF are dominated by RBD-focused, high-affinity antibodies and include a substantial convergent component shared with non-CF vaccinees. These findings demonstrate that pwCF mount antibody responses comparable to the general population, and a large group of convergent antibodies may contribute to strain-specific rather than cross-variant immunity.

PMID 42465256
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PubMedBMC neurology2026-07-17

Clinical, neuropsychological and radiological features in influenza virus-associated encephalitis: a case series.

Chapelle Rémy R, Ducrohet Charlotte C, Taifas Irina I, Patarin Lucie L et al.

Influenza virus-associated encephalitis is a rare but potentially threatening complication of influenza. Although it has been reported in various populations, its pathophysiological, clinical, radiological and neuropsychological features remain largely unknown. Further data are therefore needed to develop appropriate management strategies. We describe four French patients (two adults and two children) presenting with neurologic impairment after confirmed influenza, leading to the diagnosis of influenza virus-associated encephalitis. All of them were assessed using an extensive framework including EEGs, brain MRIs and cognitive evaluations. Relevant clinical and biological outcomes are reported for each patient. This case series illustrates the diversity in the initial presentation, trajectories and outcomes of patients diagnosed with influenza virus-associated encephalitis. The reported clinical and paraclinical features point to potentially distinct forms of the disease in terms of pathophysiological mechanisms, with possible prognostic implications. For mild cases, these data suggest that complete recovery may be obtained within a few weeks after the infection, particularly at the neuropsychological level. They also emphasize the importance of early recognition and management of influenza virus-associated encephalitis.

PMID 42464164
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