Drug Database
GL

glycopyrrolate (Robinul Forte / Robinul / Cuvposa)

✓ Approved

Merz · CHRM1 · Small Molecule

What is glycopyrrolate?

glycopyrrolate is a small molecule developed by Merz. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesRobinul Forte, Robinul, Cuvposa
CompanyMerz
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetCHRM1, CHRM3
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Merz

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

glycopyrrolate acts on 2 molecular targets:

CHRM1cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1 (M1, HM1)
CHRM3cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 (HM3, PBS)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

glycopyrrolate is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Gastrointestinal disordersSalivary hypersecretion✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedThe journal of ECT2026-10-13

Percussion Pacing as a Rescue for Peri-Stimulus Asystole During Electroconvulsive Therapy.

Arora Vivek V, Kataria Sandeep S

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) can provoke a brief parasympathetic surge, commonly causing transient sinus bradycardia or a short sinus pause. Most events last only seconds and resolve without intervention. Rarely, however, bradyarrhythmia or asystole may persist long enough to threaten cerebral perfusion, requiring anesthesia teams to respond immediately. We report the case of a male patient with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder who underwent bilateral ECT under methohexital and succinylcholine. Baseline sinus bradycardia was present at 47 beats per minute. Immediately after the ECT stimulus, the monitor demonstrated high-grade atrioventricular block that progressed to ventricular asystole with a flat plethysmographic waveform. Within 10 to 15 seconds, while glycopyrrolate and epinephrine were being prepared, percussion pacing was delivered using the ulnar aspect of a closed fist over the left lower sternal edge at ∼ the fourth-to-fifth intercostal space. Each blow produced a QRS complex on electrocardiography and a pulsatile deflection on the plethysmogram. An organized intrinsic rhythm returned after 3 impulses. The patient recovered uneventfully, and subsequent ECT sessions were preceded by prophylactic intravenous glycopyrrolate without recurrence. This case describes percussion pacing as an immediately deployable, equipment-free bridge within the cardiovascular rescue strategy for ECT services, with a low threshold to escalate to chest compressions and advanced cardiac life support.

PMID 42864698
Read full article →
PubMedAmerican journal of veterinary research2026-10-07

Cardiovascular effects of increasing doses of glycopyrrolate in anesthetized New Zealand white rabbits.

Marchiori Jocelyn J M JJM, Sanchez Andrea A, Beaufrère Hugues H, Hawker William W et al.

To characterize the cardiovascular effects of 3 increasing doses of glycopyrrolate in healthy rabbits anesthetized with isoflurane. 9 healthy 1-year-old female New Zealand white rabbits were anesthetized with isoflurane and received increasing doses of glycopyrrolate at low dose (LD; 0.025 mg/kg), medium dose (MD; 0.05 mg/kg), and high dose (HD; 0.1 mg/kg) IV. Heart rate was recorded at baseline and 3, 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after administration of each dose. An arterial blood sample was collected to measure plasma glycopyrrolate concentrations at baseline and 3 and 30 minutes after administration of each dose. Analysis of plasma glycopyrrolate concentrations was performed using LC-MS-MS. The HD led to a significantly higher heart rate δ value than LD and MD only at 3 minutes (all P < .003). The HD caused significantly higher systolic arterial pressure and mean arterial pressure δ values at 3, 5, 20, and 30 minutes (P < .05) and diastolic arterial pressure at 3, 20, and 30 minutes (P < .05) than LD. The MD caused a significantly higher diastolic arterial pressure δ value at 20 and 30 minutes (P < .05) and mean arterial pressure at 5, 20, and 30 minutes (P < .05) than LD. The mean plasma concentration that elicited a significant increase in heart rate was 62 ± 16.11 ng/mL. A brief increase (< 5 minutes) in HR in nonbradycardic rabbits was observed with 0.1 mg/kg of glycopyrrolate during isoflurane anesthesia. Even at HDs, clinical effects of glycopyrrolate in rabbits appear very short lived.

PMID 42843405
Read full article →
PubMedJournal of multidisciplinary healthcare2026-09-27

Early Prediction of Postoperative Urinary Retention After General Anesthesia Using Explainable Machine Learning.

Chang Hsiao-Cheng HC, Chen Li-Yun LY, Lin Yu-Shiang YS

Postoperative urinary retention (POUR) is a common and clinically important perioperative complication associated with pharmacological effects and autonomic dysfunction, which may lead to increased patient discomfort and delayed recovery. Its multifactorial etiology makes early clinical identification challenging. This study investigated the feasibility of using machine learning to predict early POUR after general anesthesia using readily available, non-invasive perioperative data. Model interpretation techniques were further applied to improve transparency and identify key clinical features contributing to risk stratification. This retrospective single-center cohort study included 522 adult inpatients from Cathay General Hospital who underwent surgery under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation and were subsequently admitted to the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). Early POUR was defined as postoperative urinary retention occurring during the PACU stay, generally within approximately one hour after extubation. A total of 11 routinely available non-invasive clinical features were used to develop and evaluate multiple machine learning models for predicting early POUR. These machine learning models included conventional classifiers, neural network-based models, and ensemble learning algorithms, including LightGBM, a gradient boosting-based ensemble learning algorithm. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis was performed to interpret model predictions and identify key clinical features associated with early POUR. Early POUR occurred in 58 of 522 patients (11.1%). Among the evaluated machine learning models, LightGBM demonstrated favorable overall classification performance in predicting early POUR, with an accuracy of 81.03% and an F1 score of 81.50%. Logistic Regression achieved the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) among the evaluated models (AUC = 0.7099). SHAP analysis identified several key predictors, including glycopyrrolate use, age, ASA class, anesthesia duration, and postoperative pain. This study suggests that machine learning may be a feasible approach for early POUR risk prediction. Interpretable approaches may facilitate individualized anesthetic planning and support clinical decision-making in the PACU, particularly in guiding early bladder monitoring and catheterization decisions for patients at risk of POUR.

PMID 42801195
Read full article →
PubMedThe Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine2026-09-23

Cannabis-Associated Aerodigestive Symptoms in an Adolescent: A Case Report of Globus Sensation, Dysphagia, and Hypersalivation.

Draper Isabel I, Randhawa Pawanpreet P, Guilford Kristen K, Onigu-Otitte Edore E

Cannabis use remains common among adolescents, and evolving product potency and routes of administration raise concern for underrecognized effects on oropharyngeal and esophageal function. A 16-year-old male presented with globus sensation, dysphagia, and hypersalivation after 2 years of daily cannabis use. Extensive evaluation, including flexible laryngoscopy and barium esophagram, was unremarkable. Empiric treatment with proton pump inhibitors, antibiotics, and allergy medications offered minimal benefit. Symptoms partially improved after cannabis cessation and with glycopyrrolate, with further resolution following sustained abstinence. This case highlights a temporal association between chronic cannabis use and unexplained aerodigestive symptoms, including dysphagia, globus sensation, and hypersalivation in an adolescent. Adult studies suggest cannabinoid-mediated alterations in esophageal motility, but adolescent-specific data are limited. Alternative etiologies, including eosinophilic esophagitis, which was not excluded due to the absence of endoscopy with biopsies, remain possible.

PMID 42776104
Read full article →
PubMedPoultry science2026-09-06

Inhibition of either the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system increases tonic immobility duration in laying hens.

von Seggern I C IC, Sutherland H L HL, Erasmus M A MA, Fraley G S GS

Tonic immobility (TI) is a temporary state where a chicken remains immobile after restraint. It is a commonly used fear test in research, where a longer latency to right is equated with more fear. Despite its commonality, there is limited research done on the physiological systems that underlie TI. The objective of our study was to examine the roles of the sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous systems (PNS) on TI. In experiment 1, sixteen Dekalb White hens (43 weeks of age) were given 0.1 mL/kg of either saline as a control (CON), labetalol (5 mg/mL) to inhibit the SNS (LAB), or glycopyrrolate (0.2 mg/mL) to inhibit the PNS (GLY). In experiment 2, eight Hy-Line Silver hens (20 weeks of age) were given either 0.2 mL/kg of saline as a control (CON2) or 0.2 mg/kg of a 1:1 glycopyrrolate and labetalol mixture (DRUG). For both experiments, latency to first leg movement, first head movement, and to right were measured, as well as thermal temperatures. In experiment 1, heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) were also measured. The MIXED procedure was used to analyze latencies for experiment 1. Experiment 2 utilized a Welch's T-test. An ANOVA was used for all RR, HR, and thermal temperatures. Data were considered significant when P < 0.05 and trending when 0.05 < P < 0.10. For experiment 1, after injection and before induction, GLY had a lower respiratory rate (p = 0.019) compared to LAB and CON. This trend continued through the first minute (p = 0.020) and the average time under TI (p = 0.010). The CON group was quicker to right than the GLY (p = 0.007) and LAB (p = 0.0726). For experiment 2, the CON2 group was also quicker to right than DRUG (p = 0.052). These results indicate that both the PNS and SNS play a role in TI recovery, however further studies need to be undertaken to better understand the neurobiology of tonic immobility.

PMID 42700504
Read full article →
PubMedFrontiers in pharmacology2026-09-04

Effects of premedication with atropine, penehyclidine, and glycopyrrolate on postoperative delirium in older patients undergoing endoscopic gastric or esophageal submucosal dissection: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, controlled clinical trial.

Xian Wen Lin WL, Peng Jing J, Wei Qinxian Q, Wang Na N et al.

Anticholinergic drugs are commonly used as premedication in clinical practice. The effects of premedication of atropine, penehyclidine, and glycopyrrolate on postoperative delirium in older patients remain unclear. The aim of this study was to observe the effects of premedication with atropine, penehyclidine, and glycopyrrolate on postoperative delirium (POD) in older patients undergoing endoscopic gastric or esophageal submucosal dissection. Older patients undergoing endoscopic gastric or esophageal submucosal dissection were randomly divided into atropine group (A group), glycopyrrolate group (G group), penehyclidine group (P group), and normal saline group (NS group), with 144 cases in each group. The primary outcome was the incidence of POD 24 h after surgery. The secondary outcomes were the incidence of POD 48 h and 72 h after surgery, perioperative saliva secretion levels, RASS scores, QoR-15 scores, VAS scores of dry mouth, postoperative nausea VAS scores, and severity of postoperative vomiting. The incidence of POD 24 h after surgery was significantly higher in the A (20.1%) and P (23.6%) groups than in the NS group (9%) (95% CI, 0.030-0.191, p = 0.006, and 95% CI, 0.062-0.229, p = 0.001, respectively), and the incidence of POD between the NS group (9.0%) and G group (10.4%) was comparable (95% CI, -0.054-0.082, p = 0.843). Oral saliva secretion in the A, G, and P groups at T1-T5 was significantly lower than that in the NS group (all p < 0.001). Twenty four hours after surgery, the QoR-15 score in the A group (124.0 ± 13.3) was significantly lower than that in the NS group (132.4 ± 12.1) (95% CI, -11.338 to -5.397, p < 0.001). Glycopyrrolate is more suitable as a premedication for older patients without aggravating postoperative delirium or prolonging dry mouth. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=212300; Registration number: ChiCTR2300078413.

PMID 42694852
Read full article →

+1297 more articles available with a free account

Sign up free to view all articles →

Ask about glycopyrrolate