Drug Database
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exenatide (exenatide LAR / AC 2993 LAR / Bydureon Pen)

✓ Approved

3SBio · GLP1R · Small Molecule

What is exenatide?

exenatide is a small molecule developed by 3SBio. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intradermal injection or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand Namesexenatide LAR, AC 2993 LAR, Bydureon Pen
Company3SBio
Drug ClassSmall Molecule, Polypeptide
Molecular TargetGLP1R
RouteInjectable (Others), Intradermal Injection, Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, 3SBio

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

exenatide acts on 1 molecular target:

GLP1Rglucagon like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R, GLP-1-R)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

exenatide is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 2 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences2026-07-17

Phase I dose escalation of the Exportin 1 inhibitor, Selinexor, in combination with chemoradiation in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma.

Mathen Peter P, Chaudhry Huma H, Mackey Megan M, Cooley-Zgela Theresa T et al.

Glioblastoma (GBM) remains associated with poor outcomes, with most recurrences occurring within the high-dose radiation field suggesting persistent radioresistance. Exportin 1 (XPO1) inhibition with Selinexor has demonstrated radiosensitizing effects in preclinical models. We conducted a phase I trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of Selinexor in combination with standard chemoradiation for newly diagnosed GBM. This investigator-initiated phase I dose-escalation trial (3+3 design) enrolled adults with newly diagnosed GBM or gliosarcoma. Patients received standard radiotherapy (60 Gy in 30 fractions) with concurrent temozolomide and escalating doses of Selinexor. Three dose levels were evaluated: 80 mg weekly (weeks 1, 2, 4, 5); 60 mg twice weekly (weeks 1, 2, 4, 5); and 60 mg twice weekly (weeks 1-6) throughout radiotherapy. The primary endpoint was determination of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) based on dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs). Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), patterns of failure, and patient-reported outcomes (MDASI-BT). Eleven patients were enrolled. Median age was 58 years, and median KPS was 90. The MTD was established at Selinexor 60 mg twice weekly during weeks 1, 2, 4, and 5 of chemoradiation. Dose level 3 exceeded the MTD with two DLTs. Treatment compliance was high, with minimal missed radiotherapy fractions. Median PFS was 15.9 months (95% CI, 6.2-28.5), and median OS was 17.4 months (95% CI, 14.1-not reached). Most recurrences were central (5/6 evaluable patients). Notably, multiple cases of delayed pseudoprogression were observed at 5, 9, 10, and 23 months post-radiotherapy. Patient-reported symptom burden remained stable over time. Selinexor can be safely combined with standard chemoradiation in patients with newly diagnosed GBM, with an MTD of 60 mg twice weekly during select treatment weeks. Preliminary efficacy signals and an increased incidence of delayed pseudoprogression suggest a potential radiosensitizing effect. These findings support further investigation of Selinexor in larger, prospective studies.

PMID 42465896
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PubMedBMC public health2026-07-17

Ambient PM2.5 and respiratory tract disorder-related outpatient visits among healthcare workers: an ecological time-series study.

Tangsangwornthamma Chaturon C, Suntinipanon Sivakorn S, Wongrathanandha Chathaya C, Aimyong Natnaree N

Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with adverse respiratory outcomes, yet evidence among healthcare workers remains limited. This study examined temporal associations between weekly ambient PM2.5 concentrations and respiratory tract disorder (RTD)-related outpatient visits among healthcare workers, an occupationally active urban population potentially affected by ambient air pollution. An ecological time-series study was conducted among healthcare workers at a 1,000-bed tertiary-care hospital in Bangkok, Thailand, from November 2018 to April 2019. RTD- and respiratory tract symptom (RTS)-related outpatient visits were identified using ICD-10 codes (J00-J99) from electronic medical records. Weekly average ambient PM2.5 concentrations were obtained from the nearest national monitoring station. Weekly outpatient visit counts were analysed using Poisson or negative binomial regression models and expressed as incidence rate ratios (IRRs) per 10 µg/m³ increase in PM2.5 concentration, adjusted for temporal trends. Among 12,458 healthcare workers, short-term increases in weekly ambient PM2.5 concentrations were associated with higher outpatient visit counts for overall RTDs (IRR 1.139, 95% CI 1.059-1.225), common cold (1.164, 1.082-1.252), allergic rhinitis (1.240, 1.126-1.365), sinusitis (1.168, 1.017-1.342), and asthma (1.429, 1.003-2.037). Significant associations were also observed for upper respiratory symptoms including sneezing, sore throat, cough, and shortness of breath. Short-term increases in ambient PM2.5 concentrations were temporally associated with higher respiratory outpatient visits among healthcare workers. These findings extend evidence regarding air pollution and respiratory health to an understudied occupational population and reinforce the public health importance of continued air quality management in urban environments.

PMID 42464267
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PubMedJournal of the peripheral nervous system : JPNS2026-07-17

Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Efgartigimod PH20 in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy: ADHERE/ADHERE+ Trial Interim Analysis.

Allen Jeffrey A JA, Istas Geoffrey G, Kuwabara Satoshi S, Mole Trevor T et al.

In ADHERE, subcutaneous efgartigimod PH20 (1000 mg once weekly) was effective and well tolerated in participants with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). ADHERE+ is an open-label extension of ADHERE assessing long-term safety and efficacy. Eligible participants from ADHERE run-in period (prior CIDP treatments discontinued), stage A (open-label efgartigimod), and stage B (stage A responders randomized to placebo or efgartigimod) could roll over to ADHERE+ and receive efgartigimod. The primary outcome was to assess long-term safety and tolerability. Efficacy outcomes evaluated adjusted Inflammatory Neuropathy Cause and Treatment (aINCAT) score, Inflammatory Rasch-built Overall Disability Scale (I-RODS) score, and mean grip strength (GS) from ADHERE run-in baseline through ADHERE+ week 36. At interim data cut-off (February 16, 2024), 228/229 eligible participants advanced to ADHERE+. Prolonged efgartigimod exposure did not increase the incidence (n = 171/228 [75.0%]) or severity of TEAEs (grade ≥ 3 TEAEs, n = 41/228 [18.0%]); regardless of immunoglobulin G level, there was a low incidence of infections. Stage A responders reported long-term clinically meaningful improvements in mean aINCAT (decreased by 1.2 points), I-RODS centile metric (increase of 8.8 points), and GS scores (increase of 17.5 kPa) from run-in baseline to ADHERE+ week 36, irrespective of stage B treatment. Interim results from ADHERE+ indicate long-term efgartigimod PH20 treatment in participants with CIDP was well tolerated (maximum exposure = 187.3 weeks; mean (SD) treatment duration = 58.0 [33.8] weeks). Clinically meaningful improvements in disability and strength were observed across assessments, regardless of stage B treatment or prior treatment status, with greater improvements seen over time.

PMID 42463457
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PubMedNeuroscience2026-07-17

Postnatal maturation of forelimb motor cortex and its impact on behavior in rats.

Iwasaki Yaoko Y, Fjisawa Yhuki Y, Ooshiro Naomi N, Ikutomo Masako M et al.

The motor cortex expands postnatally in several species; however, the timeline of body representation development and its impact on hand movements remain unclear. We investigated the relationship between forelimb motor cortex maturation and forelimb behavior in 50 male Wistar rats aged 4 to 8 weeks. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) was used to examine motor representations in the motor cortex, and motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from the wrist dorsiflexors. Grip strength and kinesiological features of pellet-reaching tasks were assessed weekly, and wrist dorsiflexor morphology was evaluated. The forelimb motor cortex expanded between weeks 4 and 5, followed by reorganization of its internal representations. During this period, MEP amplitude, the MEP/maximal evoked potential ratio, and muscle fiber diameter increased, while ICMS thresholds decreased. ICMS-evoked movements progressed from wrist dorsiflexion and elbow flexion at 4 weeks, to digit flexion at 5 weeks, and then to digit and shoulder extension at 6 weeks. Reaching performance and grip strength improved weekly and stabilized by 6 weeks. To determine the relationship between motor area expansion and forelimb motor development, an electric microlesion made in the expanded area at 8 weeks of age, 6 weeks after expansion, regressed forelimb motor function to the 6-week level. In contrast, damage to the original area led to impaired fundamental forelimb motor function. These findings indicate that postnatal expansion of the forelimb motor cortex, and strengthening of corticospinal synapses, are crucial for the maturation of skilled limb movements, highlighting the importance of cortical plasticity in the development of motor control.

PMID 42463038
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PubMedAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy2026-07-17

Population pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in subsequent-line treatment in African children with HIV.

van Dyk Jennie J, Waitt Catriona C, Mugerwa Henry H, Wiesner Lubbe L et al.

Ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (atazanavir/r) is an effective once-daily option for pediatric subsequent-line antiretroviral therapy when used with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Tuberculosis co-treatment complicates its use because rifampicin markedly induces atazanavir/r clearance. Although twice-daily atazanavir/r can overcome this interaction in adults, data in children are lacking. We aimed to characterize atazanavir population pharmacokinetics in children with HIV and simulate the effect of rifampicin co-treatment. Atazanavir concentration-time data in African children with HIV from CHAPAS-4 (ISRCTN22964075) and VirTUAL (NCT03923231) were analyzed by nonlinear mixed-effect modeling. We investigated the effect of weight, age, atazanavir formulation, ritonavir dose, and NRTI backbone (tenofovir alafenamide [TAF]-emtricitabine, abacavir-lamivudine, or zidovudine-lamivudine). Simulations were performed across weight bands to evaluate atazanavir/r exposures under standard conditions and, using adult-derived induction effects, predict exposures and possible dosing regimens during rifampicin co-treatment. Seventy children were included, with a median (range) age of 10.9 (3.2-17.7) years and weight of 29 (15-85) kg. A two-compartment model with sequential zero- and first-order absorption best described atazanavir disposition. The estimated typical value of atazanavir clearance was 4.8 L/h for a 27-kg individual. Atazanavir pharmacokinetics in children were unaffected by the NRTI backbone. Once-daily atazanavir/r with current dosing guidelines achieved adequate exposures across weight bands. When simulating pharmacokinetics during rifampicin co-treatment, twice-daily atazanavir/r is expected to restore exposures to levels comparable to once-daily dosing without rifampicin. These findings provide a framework for future clinical evaluation in children with HIV and tuberculosis.

PMID 42467063
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PubMedmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences2026-07-17

Gene-Temperature Interactions and Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Rogne Tormod T, Wang Rong R, Wang Pin P, Chen Kai K et al.

High ambient temperature in early pregnancy has been linked to an increased risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). To better understand biological mechanisms, the current study evaluated potential interaction between temperature and genetic characteristics. We used data from California birth records (1982-2008) and California Cancer Registry (1988-2011) to identify ALL cases (n=3,353) diagnosed ≤14 years of age and non-cancer controls (n=3,530) matched 1:1 on sex, race, ethnicity, and birth year and month. Weekly ambient temperatures throughout pregnancy were assessed on a 1-km grid around the birth address, while genetic data were available from a genome-wide association study using neonatal blood spots. We evaluated the association between ambient temperature and ALL risk by quartiles of established genetic risk score for ALL. Next, we formally tested gene-temperature interactions in the association with ALL, correcting for multiple testing, for genes previously identified with epigenetic changes due to both temperature and ALL. All analyses were adjusted for potential confounders. The elevated risk of ALL per 5 °C increase of weekly mean ambient temperature, confined to early pregnancy, was more pronounced among children with the lowest genetic susceptibility to ALL, especially among Latino children (first quartile: odds ratio [OR] = 1.50, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14-1.97); fourth quartile: OR=1.03, 95% CI: 0.83-1.28). There were significant interactions (p<0.002) between ambient temperature and polymorphisms in BNC1 among non-Latino White children, and suggestive interactions (p<0.05) with TBPL2 and NRXN1 in the full population. Our findings suggest that there may be interactions between ambient temperature in early pregnancy and offspring genotype in the risk of childhood ALL. If replicated, these findings could help elucidate the biological mechanisms linking high ambient temperature in early pregnancy and the risk of childhood ALL.

PMID 42465884
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