Drug Database
EX

exenatide (exenatide LAR / AC 2993 LAR / Bydureon Pen)

✓ Approved

3SBio · GLP1R · Small Molecule

What is exenatide?

exenatide is a small molecule developed by 3SBio. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intradermal injection or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand Namesexenatide LAR, AC 2993 LAR, Bydureon Pen
Company3SBio
Drug ClassSmall Molecule, Polypeptide
Molecular TargetGLP1R
RouteInjectable (Others), Intradermal Injection, Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, 3SBio

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

exenatide acts on 1 molecular target:

GLP1Rglucagon like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R, GLP-1-R)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

exenatide is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 2 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-16

The Effect of Cyclic Ozonation on the Molecular Stability of Fatty Acids and Cholesterol in Egg Yolk During Storage.

Balawejder Maciej M, Piechowiak Tomasz T, Sokołowicz Zofia Z, Malec Jacek J et al.

Egg yolks are a valuable source of fatty acids and cholesterol; however, their lipid fraction undergoes natural degradative changes during storage. This study evaluated the effect of cyclic gaseous ozonation (5 ppm for 10 min, applied once weekly) on the fatty acid profile and cholesterol content of hen egg yolk during 5 weeks of storage. Chromatographic analyses (GC-MS) were conducted at weekly intervals (Weeks 0-5). In the control group (without ozonation), storage duration exerted a statistically significant effect on the lipid profile, leading to a progressive decline in the relative proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Specifically, the linoleic acid content decreased from 8.88% to 5.6% by Week 5, while docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) underwent degradation to trace levels. Conversely, the ozonated group showed no statistically significant differences in the relative content of any of the thirteen identified fatty acids over the 5-week period, confirming the relative preservation and stability of the lipid profile. Cholesterol content remained stable (initial value 16.89 mg g-1) and was not significantly altered in either group throughout the storage period. These results indicate that cyclic gaseous ozonation represents an effective approach for preserving the relative stability of the yolk fatty acid profile (including DHA) without adversely affecting cholesterol levels, while the direct evaluation of primary oxidation indices remains a subject for future research.

PMID 42883278
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PubMedHealthcare (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-16

Heterogeneities by Age and Sex in Associations Between Electronic Device Use Frequency and Comorbid Mental Health Symptoms: The Roles of Self-Efficacy and Social Support.

Qin Xiao-Dong XD, Lu Li L, Li Rong R, Li Zi-Wei ZW et al.

Objectives: This study aims to examine age and sex disparities in the relationships between the weekly frequency of electronic device use and mental health comorbidities (anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, and stress), and the roles of self-efficacy and social support. Methods: Data were derived from the 2021 Psychology and Behavior Investigation of Chinese Residents (PBICR), which adopted a cross-sectional research design using a self-reported questionnaire-based survey. Random forest models were performed to examine the role of electronic device use on mental health, multinomial logistic regressions were conducted to quantify the associations, and mediation analyses via structural equation modeling were conducted to explore the roles of self-efficacy and social support, and all analyses were conducted by stratifying age and sex. Results: Of the 11,031 participants, 23.58%, 18.88%, and 16.91% of the young, the middle-aged, and older people reported mental health comorbidities, respectively. The weekly frequency of mobile phone use was identified as the second most important predictor of mental health comorbidities in adolescents and the young, as well as middle-aged adults. High-frequency mobile phone use was inversely associated with comorbidities, especially in young and middle-aged males. Low- and mid-frequency computer use were positively associated with comorbidity, especially in all males. The weekly frequency of mobile phone use played no significant direct role, and the significant direct association of weekly frequency of computer use was identified in middle-aged and older males. The mediating roles of self-efficacy and social support presented age and sex disparities. Conclusions: Despite the inherent limitations of cross-sectional, self-reported weekly data, the present findings highlight that policymakers and clinicians should consider the dual-edged role of digital device use in mental health, leveraging its benefits through tailored digital interventions while mitigating risks across diverse demographic groups.

PMID 42881580
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PubMedDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-16

Beyond Tuberculosis: Late Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis in an Adolescent with Bronchiectasis and Recurrent Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolation: A Case Report.

Mihailov Oana Mariana OM, Luțenco Valerii V, Țocu Lavinia L, Mihailov Raul R et al.

Background and Clinical Significance: Cystic fibrosis may remain undiagnosed until adolescence, when recurrent respiratory infections and bronchiectasis are attributed to a previous severe infection. Case Presentation: We report the case of a male adolescent in whom approximately five years elapsed between microbiologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis in July 2021 and recognition of cystic fibrosis in August 2026. Archived records documented two sputum specimens that were acid-fast bacilli smear-positive (1+) and culture-positive (1+) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. During adolescence, persistent bronchiectasis, recurrent Gram-negative respiratory infections, digital clubbing, and repeated Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation prompted etiologic reassessment. A single documented sweat chloride concentration was 114 mmol/L. CFTR analysis of blood collected on 18 August 2026, reported on 16 September 2026, identified homozygous c.1521_1523delCTT (p.Phe508del; F508del), providing molecular confirmation. Spirometry showed FEV1 2.69 L (79.6% predicted), FVC 3.73 L (91.56% predicted), and FEV1/FVC 72.01% (z-score -2.58), consistent with airflow obstruction; without total lung capacity measurements, restriction or a mixed ventilatory defect could not be confirmed. The previously recorded azithromycin regimen was 500 mg orally three times weekly. Tobramycin inhalation solution 300 mg/5 mL was prescribed as one ampoule twice daily for 28 days, followed by 28 days off, with three planned cycles and salbutamol 15 min before administration. Management of cystic fibrosis also included airway-clearance therapy, dornase alfa 2.5 mg once daily, a high-calorie diet, pancreatic enzyme replacement, and vitamin supplementation. Longitudinal post-treatment spirometry, anthropometry, and validated quality-of-life measurements were not available. Conclusions: Previous pulmonary tuberculosis should not terminate etiologic investigation when bronchiectasis, repeated Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation, digital clubbing, or progressive structural lung disease persists. Earlier recognition may permit earlier coordinated cystic fibrosis care and genotype-appropriate CFTR-modulator assessment.

PMID 42882257
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PubMedHealthcare (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-16

Two Family Gradients in Children's Physical Activity and Fitness: Socioeconomic Position, Family Structure, and Where They Diverge.

Zhang Yanfeng Y, Pan Xiang X, Gao Yibo Y, Hu Haixia H

Family circumstances are related to children's physical activity and fitness, yet the two are rarely examined together in the same children. We examined how socioeconomic position and family structure (only-child status) relate to domain-specific reported activity and measured fitness. Socioeconomic position was the mean of maternal and paternal educational attainment, with higher values indicating higher attainment. We designed and conducted a cross-sectional survey of 8228 children in grades 1 to 9 from 27 schools. The questionnaire covered the preceding six months in three domains: physical education class, in-school extracurricular activity and out-of-school exercise. Weekly frequency, duration and intensity were reported for each and summed to weekly moderate-to-vigorous activity (MVPA). Fitness comprised 10 device-measured indicators and, in primary grades, a 5-item motor battery. Linear and logistic models used school fixed effects and school-clustered standard errors, with Benjamini-Hochberg correction. Median reported weekly MVPA was 300 min; 26.3% of the 7533 children with computable MVPA met the 60 min-per-day guideline. Socioeconomic position was associated with reported MVPA (0.077 SD, 95% CI 0.032 to 0.122) and with meeting the guideline (odds ratio 1.21, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.37). The association appeared in out-of-school exercise but not in physical education class, a contrast of 0.064 SD (95% CI 0.024 to 0.104). Socioeconomic position was also associated with lower handgrip strength (-0.044 SD, 95% CI -0.064 to -0.024) and with more sit-ups in primary grades. Only children showed no clear difference in reported activity in any domain, yet they had lower composite fitness (-0.102 SD, 95% CI -0.142 to -0.061), which remained after adjustment for reported MVPA. The socioeconomic gradient in reported activity was concentrated outside the physical education class; family structure was associated with measured fitness without a matching difference in reported activity.

PMID 42881628
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PubMedPrehospital and disaster medicine2026-10-16

Circadian and Seasonal Patterns of Recorded Emergency Medical Service Workload by Diagnostic Category: A Two-Year Retrospective Analysis with Forecasting from Türkiye.

Ozkaya Sefer S, Yurdakul Mehmet Serkan MS

Emergency Medical Services (EMS) demand varies across circadian, weekly, and seasonal timescales. This study is among the first such integrated analyses in the Turkish 112 EMS context. The primary objective of this study was to characterize circadian patterns in overall EMS case-record volume and across seven clinical groups, as well as hourly, weekly, and seasonal variation in diagnostic composition across eight categories. Secondary objectives were to estimate adjusted temporal associations and evaluate frozen transfer of aggregate daily forecasts from 2024 to the immediately subsequent 2025 holdout. This retrospective study analyzed 60,811 routinely collected EMS case-record rows from Karaman Province, Türkiye over 731 days in 2024-2025. Interaction, cosinor, and negative binomial (NB) models characterized temporal patterns; aggregate daily case-record volume was forecast using weekly Fourier terms with autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) errors trained on 2024 and frozen for 2025. The data represented provincial case-record workload, an operational proxy for population demand rather than a census of all inbound calls or unique patients. Case-record volume peaked at 21:00 and was lowest at 06:00; adjusted volume at 21:00 was 3.53-times that at 06:00 (95% CI, 3.28-3.81). Hourly diagnostic composition differed modestly (Cramér V = 0.061). Rhythmicity was detected in all seven clinical groups (all joint-test P values < 0.001), but low full-cell R2 values indicated substantial unexplained hour-date variation; acrophases ranged from 14:41 to 19:14 and relative amplitudes from 28.6% (Respiratory) to 67.9% (Trauma). Standardized Trauma share was higher in summer than winter (25.7% versus 18.1%), whereas Respiratory share was higher in winter than summer (9.7% versus 3.6%). Adjusted volume was higher on Monday than Saturday and higher in August than November (IRRs 1.11 and 1.23, respectively). In the frozen 2025 holdout, the selected model achieved mean absolute scaled error (MASE) = 0.722 and 95% prediction-interval coverage of 96.2%. Clinical-group rhythms and seasonal composition differences were observed. The frozen evaluation quantified aggregate daily forecast transfer only from 2024 to the immediately subsequent 2025 within one provincial series. Findings support local monitoring of recorded evening workload and seasonal diagnostic composition, particularly the higher Trauma share in summer and the higher Respiratory share in winter.

PMID 42885221
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PubMedSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-16

Sensor-Based Reachable Workspace Assessment for Tracking Upper-Extremity Mobility Changes over Time Following the Spencer Technique in Older Adults.

Chan Vicky V, Farrens Andria A, Han Nathan N, Chen Addy A et al.

Age-related declines in upper-extremity mobility remain a challenge to assess in older adults. This study examined whether a sensor-based motion analysis of reachable workspace (RWS), quantified using relative surface area (RSA), could track longitudinal upper-extremity mobility changes in a cohort of community-dwelling older adults receiving the Spencer Technique, an established therapeutic intervention for the shoulder. Fifteen community-dwelling older adults ≥65 years with shoulder mobility limitations identified by reduced goniometric ROM received the Spencer Technique twice weekly for two weeks. Outcomes including RSA, shoulder flexion and abduction via goniometry, Apley scratch test, DASH and upper extremity NeuroQoL were assessed at baseline, weekly, post-therapy, and 1-month follow-up. Total RSA significantly increased from baseline to post-therapy and 1-month follow-up in both dominant and nondominant upper extremities and remained significant after Holm correction (adjusted p ≤ 0.030). Bilateral shoulder flexion and abduction along with Apley scratch tests demonstrated parallel improvements. DASH scores did not demonstrate significant change, whereas NeuroQoL UE scores increased significantly at 1-month follow-up after Holm correction (adjusted p = 0.031). Total RSA demonstrated responsiveness to longitudinal changes in upper-extremity reachability following the Spencer Technique that parallel changes observed with standard clinical assessments. These findings support the utility of sensor-based RWS as a quantitative measure for tracking longitudinal upper-extremity mobility over time in older adults.

PMID 42884504
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