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levothyroxine sodium

✓ Approved

Institut Biochimique · TSHR · Small Molecule

What is levothyroxine sodium?

levothyroxine sodium is a small molecule developed by Institut Biochimique. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

CompanyInstitut Biochimique
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetTSHR
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Institut Biochimique

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

levothyroxine sodium acts on 1 molecular target:

TSHRthyroid stimulating hormone receptor (hTSHR-I, LGR3)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

levothyroxine sodium is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Endocrine disordersHypothyroidism✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedRevista espanola de medicina nuclear e imagen molecular2026-08-30

Duration of levothyroxine discontinuation and pre-radioiodine TSH levels in thyroid cancer.

Mintegui G G, Martínez Z Z, Basantes M M, Ferrando R R

Radioiodine treatment in differentiated thyroid carcinoma requires elevated TSH levels to optimize the uptake of [131I]NaI. Levothyroxine suspension is the usual strategy for inducing endogenous TSH elevation, although the optimal duration of this suspension remains controversial. To evaluate the effect of the duration of levothyroxine suspension on TSH levels achieved prior to radioiodine treatment. Retrospective cohort study that included 104 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma treated at a reference university center. Patients were classified according to the time of discontinuation of levothyroxine prior to radioiodine treatment: three weeks (group A, n = 21) and four weeks (group B, n = 83). TSH levels between groups and their distribution by categories (<30, 30-49, 50-69, 70-99 y ≥100 mIU/L) were analyzed. The proportion of patients who reached the recommended TSH threshold (≥30 mIU/L) was also evaluated. The mean age (SD) was 46.7 (10.3) years and 87 patients were women. The mean TSH was 70.9 mIU/L (95% CI: 54.5-87.2) in group A and 88.7 mIU/L (95% CI: 84.8-92.6) in group B. The proportion of patients who achieved TSH ≥ 30 mIU/L was significantly higher in group B (100% vs 76.2%; p < 0.001). The distribution of TSH levels by category differed significantly between both groups (p < 0.001). On the other hand, the proportion of patients with TSH ≥ 100 mIU/L did not show significant differences (60.2% vs 47.6%; p = 0.42). In multivariate analysis adjusted for age, sex, and radioiodine dose, levothyroxine discontinuation time was not independently associated with the likelihood of TSH ≥ 100 mIU/L. Three weeks of levothyroxine suspension allowed TSH levels ≥30 mIU/L to be reached in most patients, although a proportion did not reach the recommended threshold. Four weeks were associated with adequate TSH elevation in all patients in this cohort. TSH monitoring during preparation could allow for more individualized strategies that optimize thyroid stimulation, minimizing unnecessary exposure to hypothyroidism.

PMID 42669345
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PubMedACS applied materials & interfaces2026-08-30

Upshifted d-Band Center and Electron Delocalization in High-Entropy MXene Enabling Highly Reversible Anode-Free Sodium Batteries.

Wang Zhe Z, Hu Xianghui X, Hai Pengqi P, Sun Jiajia J et al.

Anode-free sodium metal batteries (AFSMBs) have attracted significant attention owing to their exceptionally high theoretical energy density and low-cost advantages. However, their practical application is severely hindered by uncontrolled sodium dendrite growth and unstable electrode/electrolyte interfaces. Herein, we propose an interface modification strategy based on high-entropy MXene, (Ti1/5V1/5Zr1/5Nb1/5Ta1/5)2CTx (HE-MXene), to regulate the electronic structure of the current collector. It has been demonstrated that the synergistic interactions among multiple transition metal elements in HE-MXene upshift the d-band center and induce electron delocalization, which effectively enhance sodium ion adsorption and promote uniform charge transfer, ultimately facilitating homogeneous sodium deposition and the formation of an inorganic-rich SEI. As a result, the HE-MXene-modified electrode reduces the sodium nucleation overpotential to 6.2 mV. Specifically, the half-cell achieves stable cycling for over 400 h at 0.5 mA cm-2 and 1 mAh cm-2, while the symmetric cell delivers an extended lifespan exceeding 1500 h at 1 mA cm-2 and 1 mAh cm-2. This work elucidates the electronic mechanism by which interfacial modification layers optimize sodium deposition behavior and SEI chemistry at the atomic scale, offering perspectives for the design of high-performance AFSMBs.

PMID 42669415
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PubMedCureus2026-08-30

Two Cases of Intentional Sodium Nitrite Poisoning With Contrasting Outcomes: The Critical Role of Early Recognition and Treatment.

Lichtarska Kinga K, Filitaryna Sviatlana S, Wiatr Monika M, Marciniak Magda M et al.

Intentional sodium nitrite poisoning may result in severe methemoglobinemia and life-threatening tissue hypoxia. We present two cases of intentional sodium nitrite ingestion with markedly different clinical outcomes, both managed at the same center and treated with methylene blue at different stages of clinical deterioration, thereby illustrating the potential importance of early recognition and treatment timing. The first patient was a 31-year-old man without a significant medical history who was found unconscious in his apartment after an unknown interval following ingestion; therefore, the time to emergency medical intervention could not be determined. He remained in cardiac arrest upon admission, with ongoing advanced life support, mechanical ventilation, and mechanical chest compressions. Methylene blue was administered intravenously immediately upon admission to the Toxicology Unit in two doses of 2 mg/kg (170 mg each) given 15 minutes apart, corresponding to a total cumulative dose of 4 mg/kg (340 mg). Initial laboratory investigations revealed an extremely high methemoglobin level of 97% (typical reference value: <2%), profound acidosis (pH 6.684), severe hyperlactatemia (29 mmol/L), and critically impaired oxygenation. Return of spontaneous circulation was not achieved, and the patient was pronounced dead 40 minutes after admission to the Toxicology Unit. The second patient was a 22-year-old woman with a history of personality disorder who ingested 7.5 g of sodium nitrite and promptly informed her family, enabling rapid activation of Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Methylene blue was administered intravenously approximately 50 minutes after ingestion in two doses of 2 mg/kg (160 mg each) given 15 minutes apart, corresponding to a total cumulative dose of 4 mg/kg (320 mg). Her initial methemoglobin concentration was 66.1%, and antidotal treatment resulted in rapid clinical and laboratory improvement. Despite requiring prolonged intensive care and treatment for pneumonia, she was discharged after 22 days without neurological sequelae. These cases highlight the critical importance of early recognition and prompt initiation of antidotal therapy in sodium nitrite poisoning. The markedly different outcomes observed in two patients exposed to the same toxic agent suggest that prolonged untreated tissue hypoxia may have a greater influence on prognosis than the absolute methemoglobin concentration alone. Although no firm conclusions can be drawn from two cases, the findings suggest that early methylene blue administration combined with intensive supportive care may be associated with favorable outcomes even in severe poisoning.

PMID 42668821
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PubMedInternational journal of biological macromolecules2026-08-30

Temperature- and sodium-hydroxide-dependent regulation of single-helix curdlan conformations.

Yan Xiaoshuang X, Ru Geying G, Feng Jiwen J

Curdlan exhibits diverse biological activities. However, elucidating the structure-activity relationship of curdlan remains challenging owing to its conformational complexity and variability in well-defined systems. This study systematically examines the impact of temperature, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration, and curdlan concentration on the single-helix conformation of curdlan. 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, gel permeation chromatography, and dynamic light scattering analyses confirm that the single-helix conformation of curdlan is successfully formed in dilute (0.15 M-0.24 M) NaOH solutions within the temperature range of 35 °C-50 °C, whereas partial conversion to aggregated or mixed helical structures occurs at lower temperatures (5 °C-25 °C). 23Na NMR parameter variations reveal direct Na+ interactions with the random-coil or single-helix conformations of curdlan. NMR and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy experiments confirm that the single-helix structure of curdlan facilitates stable encapsulation of Congo red via supramolecular assembly at 35 °C-50 °C. This study provides new insights into the conformation-activity relationships of β-(1,3)-glucans.

PMID 42669341
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PubMedCureus2026-08-30

Automatic Frequent Measurements of Plasma Sodium, Potassium, Total Carbon Dioxide, Urea Nitrogen, and Other Values During Hemodialysis.

Lew Susie Q SQ, Ing Todd S TS, Sam Ramin R, Pham Susie N SN et al.

Customizing acute and chronic hemodialysis treatments by tailoring the prescription can occur by knowing the patient's electrolyte and acid-base status at any given moment. Point-of-care (POC) testing using whole blood samples can provide laboratory results of sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and lactate. The impact of dialysis on these values will impact patient outcomes and quality of life. Besides knowing the laboratory results, one can calculate the anion gap and osmolar gap to treat patients with disorders such as diabetic ketoacidosis and alcohol poisoning, respectively. We describe a new technology for obtaining blood samples from the hemodialysis arterial line and using a POC device installed in the dialysis machine to perform electrolyte and blood gas measurements, and inform the clinician promptly of possible prescription adjustments to meet the needs of the patient requiring acute or chronic hemodialysis. Besides the obvious benefits, we highlight some pitfalls associated with using whole blood versus serum samples, and arterial versus venous blood samples.

PMID 42669024
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PubMedPharmacological research2026-08-30

Cardio-renal protection of MRAs in kidney-transplanted diabetic patients.

El Essawy Basset B, Safa Kassem K, Al-Dalbhi Sultan S, Chandraker Anil K AK

Kidney transplantation (KT) remains the optimal treatment for kidney failure, improving survival and quality of life. However, long-term graft outcomes have plateaued, largely due to transplant CKD and cardiovascular disease; agents such as mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) may help mitigate these risks. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) overactivation contributes to oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in both the heart and kidneys, suggesting a potential role for mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) in improving long-term patient and graft outcomes. Although evidence in KT is limited, MR blockade may offer clinical benefits by targeting aldosterone-mediated pathways. Proteinuria promotes sodium reabsorption in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron via epithelial sodium channels (ENaC), contributing to hypertension and volume overload. MRAs have been shown to reduce albuminuria and blood pressure in patients with diabetic nephropathy, even on background renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blockade. The use of MRAs post-KT should be individualized, considering patient comorbidities and concomitant immunosuppressive therapy. While MRAs may provide cardiovascular and antiproteinuric benefits, the risk of hyperkalemia-though reduced with non-steroidal MRAs-must be carefully managed. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: When the kidneys no longer work properly, receiving healthy kidney is the best way of treatment, called transplantation. After kidney transplantation (KT), the patient should receive several medicines to keep the new kidney healthy and protect it from rejection and failure. These medicines may help with immunity against the transplanted kidney or protect the kidney in general. One way the medicines may work is to decrease the effect of the hormone aldosterone, which helps control water and salt balance in the kidney by hanging on to sodium while releasing potassium from the body. By blocking aldosterone receptors, the body reduces protein leaking in the urine, controls blood pressure, minimizes kidney scarring, and protects against the hazardous effects of diabetes on the kidneys. Most evidence for these benefits comes from people who have not received a transplant, and transplant-specific studies are still small. In transplant recipients, these medicines may interact with anti-rejection therapy and can raise potassium. Care therefore requires careful patient selection, review of other medicines, and close monitoring of potassium, kidney function, and anti-rejection drug levels.

PMID 42669336
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